學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 心理助人工作者的同理失常量表編製與替代性創傷之相關研究
The Development of Empathic Strain Scale for Psychological Helpers and Its Relationships with Vicarious Traumatization
作者 蔡依玲
Tsai, Yi Ling
貢獻者 陳婉真
Chen, Wan Chen
蔡依玲
Tsai, Yi Ling
關鍵詞 心理助人工作者
同理失常
替代性創傷
psychological helpers
empathic strain
vicarious traumatization
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Jul-2013 14:06:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在建立衡量同理失常之量化工具,以瞭解心理助人工作者同理失常與替代性創傷之概況,同時亦探討心理助人工作者的同理失常及替代性創傷之關係,並探究不同背景變項的心理助人工作者,在同理失常及替代性創傷之差異情形。

本研究採問卷調查法,使用自編的「同理失常量表」與胡峯鳳(2007)編製之「替代性創傷傾向量表」進行研究,並以立意取樣的方式抽取239位臺灣地區心理助人工作者做為正式研究對象。所得資料以探索性因素分析、描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及皮爾遜積差相關等統計方法進行分析。

本研究結果發現如下:
一、自編之「同理失常量表」經正式施測後,量表間的同質性佳,累積解釋變異量達57.68%,並有不錯的效標關聯效度;總量表的內部一致性α為.901。綜論之,本量表信效度皆表現良好,為一頗佳的測量工具,能適切的測量出心理助人工作者的同理失常程度。
二、心理助人工作者在同理失常、替代性創傷傾向上呈現中低程度。
三、心理助人工作者的同理失常與替代性創傷具有高度相關。
四、不同性別、接案時數、受督情形之心理助人工作者,在同理失常量表、替代性創傷傾向量表的得分上無顯著差異。
五、不同工作性質、工作年資之心理助人工作者,在同理失常量表、替代性創傷傾向量表的得分上有顯著差異存在。

整體而言,本研究的貢獻乃發展同理失常量表,進而協助心理助人工作者能對同理失常作自我覺察及有效地因應。根據研究結果,提出相關討論及具體建議,供心理諮商與輔導實務、教育養成與未來相關研究做為參考。
The main purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative measure to assess empathic strain, to understand the situation of empathic strain and vicarious traumatization, and to investigate the relationships between empathic strain and vicarious traumatization of psychological helpers. Moreover, the study was to discuss the two variables of different background.

The study adopted a method of questionnaire survey, and the instruments used in this study were “Empathic Strain Scale” and “Vicarious Traumatization Scale”. The study used the purposive sampling to get the questionnaires, and the population was 239 psychological helpers in Taiwan. The study was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson product-moment correlation.

The main findings of this study were as follows:
1. The analysis results exhibited that the “Empathic Strain Scale” was internal consistency, good construct validity and criterion-related validity. It also showed the good reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the total scales was .901. In short, the scale was a quite good measurement.
2. The levels of empathic strain and vicarious traumatization were lower middle.
3. The relationships between empathic strain and vicarious traumatization of psychological helpers was highly relevant.
4. The gender, service hours and counseling supervision of psychological helpers showed no significant difference in empathic strain and vicarious traumatization.
5. The different job categories and years of experience of psychological helpers showed significant difference in empathic strain and vicarious traumatization.

Overall, the contribution of this study is to develop the“Empathic Strain Scale”, and thus assist the psychological helpers to enhance their self-awareness and effective coping. According to the findings, the discussion and specific recommendations were for psychological counseling practice, counseling education, and future related research.
參考文獻 壹、中文部分
王文秀(1998)。諮商師被督導經驗對其諮商挫折之因應及其專業成長之影響研究。中華輔導學報,6,1-34。
王世億(2007)。友情內涵之建構及與同理心相關之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
王俊明(1999)。問卷與量表的編製及分析方法。載於張至滿、王俊明(主編),體育測驗與評價(139-158頁)。臺北市:中華民國體育學會。
王昭惠(2009)。助人者看不見的傷口:心理助人者替代性創傷形成歷程之初探(未出版之碩士論文)。國立交通大學,新竹市。
余振民、黃淑清、彭瑞祥、趙祥和、蔡藝華、鄭玄藏(譯)(2007)。諮商與心理治療理論與實務(原作者:G. Corey)。臺北市:雙葉書廊。(原著出版年:2001)
吳明隆(2000)。SPSS統計應用實務。臺北市:松崗電腦圖書。
吳明隆(2010)。SPSS操作與應用-問卷統計分析實務。臺北市:五南。
吳美慧、吳春勇、吳信賢(1995)。義工制度的理論與實施。臺北市:心理。
吳紫伃、許竑彬(2011)。諮商中的同理心技術初探。台灣心理諮商季刊,3(2),1-14。
吳雅慧(2005)。碩士層級諮商新手於全職實習的諮商困境與因應(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
李如珺(2010)。協助自殺企圖者之後-諮商師自我照顧的反思。諮商與輔導,291,37-40。
李佳儒(2004)。小樹之歌~諮商學習者在專業實習中心路歷程之敘說研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。
李明峰(2009)。駐地實習諮商心理師對諮商關係的覺察與反應歷程之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學,台南市。
李花環(1992)。準諮商員心理需求之調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
周美惠(2003)。諮商義工服務經驗對中年婦女生命歷程之影響-以台北市生命線為例(未出版之碩士論文)。世新大學,臺北市。
周詩婷(2010)。大專校院諮商師替代性創傷經驗研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
林家興(2000)。諮商與心理治療執業現況之調查研究。師大學報:教育類,45(2),55-74。
林淑君、陳秉華(2002)。心理治療者的反移情研究。教育心理學報,34 (1),103-122。
邱秀燕(2000)。青少年家庭系統分化、心理分離—個體化、自我發展及情緒適
應之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
邱琇琳(2005)。專業助人者之替代性受創與因應策略-以公部門家防社工為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣大學,臺北市。
邱皓政(2006)。量化研究與統計分析。臺北市:五南。
洪素珍、楊大和、黃燕珠(譯)(2002)。創傷與治療師-亂倫生存者心理治療中的反移情與替代性受創(原作者:L. A. Pearlman, & K. W. Saakvitne)。臺北市:五南。
洪雅莉(2001)。九二一救災社工員創傷壓力與社會工作處遇之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。東海大學,臺中市。
洪儷瑜(1984)。輔導員的同理心、心理需求與輔導關係、當事人的自我探索及情緒改變之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
胡峯鳳(2007)。大專院校諮商師替代性創傷、自我照顧及組織脈絡之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
徐晗、黃志劍(2010)。探討心理諮詢中“同理心”的應用—人本主義心理學與意象對話技術的結合。湖北經濟學院學報,7(2),25-27。
張希言(2009)。同理心、展現規則、情緒勞務與工作滿足關係之研究-以護理人員為樣本(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
張春興(2006)。現代心理學。臺北市:東華。
張紹勳、林秀娟(1995)。SPSS for Windows統計分析-初等統計與高等統計。台北市:松崗電腦圖書。
許永芳(2002)。國小學童同理心發展及其相關因素之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南師範學院,臺南市。
陳百越(2003)。治療者自我涉入、同理心與初期治療關係的探討(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學,桃園縣。
陳美琴(2000)。對救災人員的照顧。九二一震災心理復健工作研討會,行政院衛生署。
陳美琴(2004)。921 助人者之替代性創傷與照顧—談救災經驗整合。輔仁醫學期刊,2,S89-S99。
陳晏琮(2011)。看不見的傷痛:從災難事件探討國軍心輔人員面對替代性創傷的歷程與回應(未出版之碩士論文)。國防大學政治作戰學院,臺北市。
陳雅婷、王智弘(2007)。私人開業心理諮商診所的行銷倫理。應用倫理研究通訊,44,15-21。
陳豐偉、張家銘(譯)(2005)。同理心的力量(原作者:P. Ciaramicoki, & K. Ketcham)。臺北市:麥田。
麥麗蓉(2009)。助人工作者於危機處理過程中的壓力因應與自我照顧。台灣心理諮商季刊,1(3),11-21。
曾正奇(2004)。諮商初期來談者抗拒行為之分析研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
曾威豪(2009)。助人工作者之不同成人依附風格、個體化與同理心之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
曾淑芳(1998)。準諮商員諮商輔導學習經驗之分析研究~以彰化師大為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
曾雅雯(2004)。回家─一個助人「專業」學習者的生命敘說與主體實踐歷程(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹師範學院,新竹市。
黃孟寅(2011)。諮商心理師專業耗竭與自我照顧之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
黃姝文(2007)。諮商師的自我覺察與反移情對倫理的影響。諮商與輔導,263,30-32。
楊世瑩(2006)。SPSS 統計分析實務。台北市:旗標。
楊明磊(2000)。資深諮商工作者的專業發展--詮釋學觀點(未出版之博士論文)。彰化師範大學,彰化市。
葉建君(2010)。資深諮商心理師自我照顧經驗之探討─從全人健康觀點(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
葛樹人(1991)。心理測驗學。臺北市:桂冠圖書。
董淑鈴(2004)。淺談心理治療中的反移情。輔導季刊,40(4),33-39。
劉小菁(譯)(2001)。助人工作者自助手冊:活力充沛的秘訣(原作者:T. Skovholt)。臺北市:張老師文化。
劉盈宏(2007)。全職駐地實習諮商師的實習經驗與專業成長之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
潘怡如、李明濱(2004)。同理心的心身醫學觀。北市醫學雜誌,1,5-12。
蔡秀玲、陳秉華(2009)。諮商督導任務中受督者情緒覺察之督導介入初探分析。教育心理學報,41,205-222。
鄧宏瑜(2011)。探討諮商關係中的同理心。諮商與輔導,303,39-44。
鄭家雯(2004)。走出心靈迷霧:諮商師調適與因應接案無力感經驗之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立屏東師範學院,屏東市。
謝珮玲(2003)。心理治療師在心理治療歷程之反移情經驗研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
謝珮玲、王麗斐(2007)。心理治療師反移情經驗之歷程研究。教育心理學報,38(4),461-480。
鍾思嘉(2001)。專業助人者的替代性創傷與因應策略。彰化師範大學教育部學生輔導支援中心舉辦之「九二一震災心理復健學術研討會發表實務論壇與實務方案」學術研討會。2012年1月10日,取自 921 地震數位知識庫,網址http://kbteq.ascc.net/archive/moe/moe-p48.html
簡華妏(2006)。華人文化脈落中諮商與心理輔導專業工作者之反移情處理能力.孝道信念與順道行為對諮商效能的影響之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
顏璉瑋(2006)。駐地實習諮商心理師專業發展:關鍵事件之分析研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
魏源(2005)。同理心:心理諮詢與治療關係中的特質概念。中國臨床康復,9(40),80-81。
蘇絢慧(2011)。當傷痛來臨:陪伴的修練。臺北市:寶瓶文化。


貳、英文部分
Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & Harrington, D. (2001). The Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Families in Society. 82(4), 363-371.
Badger, K., Royse, D., & Craig, C. (2008). Hospital social workers and indirect trauma exposure: An exploratory study of contributing factors. Health and Social Work, 33(1), 63-71.
Baird, B. N. (1996). The internship, practicum, and field placement handbook: A guide for the helping professions. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1981). The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(2), 91-100.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90.
Brady, J. L., Guy, J. D., Poelstra, P. L., & Brokaw, B. F. (1999). Vicarious traumatization, spirituality, and the treatment of sexual abuse survivors: A national survey of women psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(4), 386-393.
Buch, N. J. (2009). Compassion fatigue: Are you at risk? Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(1), 24-28.
Campbell, J. M. (2000). Becoming an effective supervisor: A workbook for counselors and psychotherapists. Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.
Catherall, D. R. (1991). Aggression and projective identification in the treatment of victims. Psychotherapy, 28, 145-149.
Catherall, D. R. (1995). Coping with secondary traumatic stress: The importance of therapist`s professional peer group. In Stamm, B. H. (2nd ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researcher, and educators (pp.65-79). Baltimore, MD: The Sidran Press.
Cerney, M. S. (1985). Countertransference revisited. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63(4), 136-148.
Clark, A. J.(2007). Empathy in counseling and psychotherapy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
Collins, G. B., & Collins, T. M. (2005). Crisis and trauma. New York: Lahaska press.
Corcoran, K. J. (1982). An exploratory investigation into self-other differentiation: Empirical evidence for a monistic perspective on empathy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19(1), 63-68.
Corcoran, K. J. (1983). Emotional separation and empathy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 667-671.
Corey, G., & Corey, M. S. (1993). Becoming a helper. CA: Brooks/Co1e Publishing Company.
Cronille, T. A., & Meyer, T. W. (1999). Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers: Prevalence, severity and predictive factors. Traumatology, 5, 1-17.
Crothers, D. (1995). Vicarious traumatization in the work with survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of Psychology Nursing and Mental Health Service, 3(4), 9-13.
Cunningham, M. (2003). Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: Empirical findings. Social Work, 48(4), 451-459.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(4), 1-17.
Davis, M. H. (1983) Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimentional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of counseling psychology, 43(3), 261-274.
Edmunds, S. B. (1997). The personal impact of working with sex offenders. In S. B. Edmunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 11-26). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (pp. 1-20). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Finch, H. (2006). Comparison of the performance of varimax and promax rotations: Factor structure recovery for dichotomous items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 43(1), 39-52.
Gladstein, G. A. (1983) Understanding empathy: Integrating counseling, developmental, and social psychology perspectives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(4), 467-482.
Goldstein, G. A., & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 712-722.
Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes. New York: Jason Aronson.
Izard, C. E., & Buechler, S. (1980). Aspects of consciousness and personality in terms of differential emotions theory. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 165-187). New York: Academic Press.
Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 423-432.
Kassam-Adams, N. (1995). The risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary trauma in psychotherapists. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinician, researchers, and educators (pp. 37-47). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.
Katz, R. L. (1963). Empathy: Its nature and uses. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
Lo Coco, G., Gullo, S., Prestano, C., & Gelso, C. (2011). Relation of the real relationship and the working alliance to the outcome of brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(4), 359-367.
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 3, 131-149.
McCarthy, P., Kulakowski, D., & Kenfield, J. A. (1994). Clinical supervision practices of licensed psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 177-181.
McLean, S., Wade, T. D., & Encel, J. S. (2003). The contribution of therapist beliefs to psychological distress in therapists: An investigation of vicarious traumatization, burnout and symptoms of avoidance and intrusion. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 417-428.
Motta, R.W., Hafeez, S., Sciancalepore, R., & Diaz, A. B. (2001). Discriminant validation of the Modified Secondary Trauma Questionnaire. Journal of Psychotherapy in Independent Practice, 2(4),17-25.
Neumann, D. A., & Gamble, S. J. (1995). Issue in the professional development of psychotherapists: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in the new trauma therapist. Psychotherapy, 32(2), 341-347.
Neumann, D. A., & Pearlman, L. A. (1995). Review of the Life Orientation Inventory. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Norcross, J. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1986). Psychotherapist heal themselves: II. The self-initiated and therapy facilitated change of psychological distress. Psychotherapy, 23, 345-356.
Ornum, W. V., Dunlap, L. L., & Shore, M. F. (2008). Psychological testing across the life span. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall.
Palm, K. M., Smith, A. A., & Follette, V. M. (2002). Trauma therapy and therapist self-care. Behavior Therapist, 25, 40-42.
Pearlman, L. A. (1994). Review of the TSI Belief Scale, Revision L. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Pearlman, L. A. (2003). Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Pearlman, L. A., & Mac Ian, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26(6), 558-565.
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton.
Pearlman, L.A. (1999). Self-care for trauma therapist:Ameliorating vicarious traumatization. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp.51-64). Lutherville, MD: Sidran
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Study 1. conceptual and systematic: Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw Hill.
Rogers, C. R.(1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2-10.
Rosenbloom, D. J., Pratt, A. C., & Pearlman, L. A. (1999). Helpers’ responses to trauma work: Understanding and intervening in an organization. In Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp.65-79). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Sabin-Farrell, R., & Turpin, G. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of health workers? Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 449-480.
Schauben, L. J., & Frazier, P. A. (1995). Vicarious trauma: The effects on female counselors of working with sexual violence victims. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 49-64.
Sexton, L. (1999). Vicarious traumatisation of counsellors and effects on their workplaces. British Journal of Guidelines and Counselling , 27(3), 393-403.
Shubs, C. H. (2008). Countertransference issues in the assessment and treatment of trauma recovery with victims of violent crime. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 156-180.
Skovholt, T. M. (2005). The cycle of caring: A model of expertise in the helping professions. Jounal of Mental Health Counseling, 27(1), 82-93.
Stamm, B.H. (1997). Work-related secondary traumatic stress. PTSD Research Quarterly, 8(2). Retrieved January 17, 2012, from http://www.ncptsd.org/PDF/RQ/V8N2.PDF.
Steed, L., & Bicknell, J. (2001). Trauma and the therapist: The experience of therapists working with the perpetrators of sexual abuse. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1, 527-540.
Sweeney, M. A., & Cottle, W. C. (1976). Nonverbal acuity: A comparison of counselors and noncounselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23(4), 394-397.
Trippany, R. L., Wilcoxon, S. A., & Satcher, J. F. (2003). Factors influencing vicarious traumatization for therapists of survivors of sexual victimization. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(1), 47-60.
Wainrib, B. R. (2006). Healing crisis and trauma with mind, body, and spirit. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Wasco, S. M., & Campbell, R. (2002). Emotional reaction of rape victim advocates:A multiple case study of anger and fear. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 120-130.
Watkins, C. E. (1985). Countertransference: Its impact on the counseling situation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 63(4), 356-359.
Way, I., VanDeusen, K. M., Martin, G., Applegate, B., & Jandle, D. (2004). Vicarious trauma: A comparison of clinicians who treat survivors of sexual abuse and sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(1), 49-71.
Wertz, C. A. (2000). Vicarious traumatization:The relationship of absorption, emotional empathy and exposure to traumatized clients to PTSD symptom-tike behavior in therapists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
Wilson, J. P., & Lindy, J. D. (1994). Empathic strain and countertransference. In J. P. Wilson & J. D. Lindy (Eds.), Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD (pp.5-30). London: Guilford.
Wilson, J. P., Lindy, J. D., & Raphael, B. (1994). Empathic strain and therapist defense: Type I and II CTRs. In J. P. Wilson & J. D. Lindy (Eds.), Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD (pp. 31-61). London: Guilford.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
教育研究所
99152010
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099152010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳婉真zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Wan Chenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡依玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Yi Lingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡依玲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yi Lingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2013 14:06:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2013 14:06:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2013 14:06:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099152010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/58647-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 教育研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99152010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在建立衡量同理失常之量化工具,以瞭解心理助人工作者同理失常與替代性創傷之概況,同時亦探討心理助人工作者的同理失常及替代性創傷之關係,並探究不同背景變項的心理助人工作者,在同理失常及替代性創傷之差異情形。

本研究採問卷調查法,使用自編的「同理失常量表」與胡峯鳳(2007)編製之「替代性創傷傾向量表」進行研究,並以立意取樣的方式抽取239位臺灣地區心理助人工作者做為正式研究對象。所得資料以探索性因素分析、描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及皮爾遜積差相關等統計方法進行分析。

本研究結果發現如下:
一、自編之「同理失常量表」經正式施測後,量表間的同質性佳,累積解釋變異量達57.68%,並有不錯的效標關聯效度;總量表的內部一致性α為.901。綜論之,本量表信效度皆表現良好,為一頗佳的測量工具,能適切的測量出心理助人工作者的同理失常程度。
二、心理助人工作者在同理失常、替代性創傷傾向上呈現中低程度。
三、心理助人工作者的同理失常與替代性創傷具有高度相關。
四、不同性別、接案時數、受督情形之心理助人工作者,在同理失常量表、替代性創傷傾向量表的得分上無顯著差異。
五、不同工作性質、工作年資之心理助人工作者,在同理失常量表、替代性創傷傾向量表的得分上有顯著差異存在。

整體而言,本研究的貢獻乃發展同理失常量表,進而協助心理助人工作者能對同理失常作自我覺察及有效地因應。根據研究結果,提出相關討論及具體建議,供心理諮商與輔導實務、教育養成與未來相關研究做為參考。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The main purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative measure to assess empathic strain, to understand the situation of empathic strain and vicarious traumatization, and to investigate the relationships between empathic strain and vicarious traumatization of psychological helpers. Moreover, the study was to discuss the two variables of different background.

The study adopted a method of questionnaire survey, and the instruments used in this study were “Empathic Strain Scale” and “Vicarious Traumatization Scale”. The study used the purposive sampling to get the questionnaires, and the population was 239 psychological helpers in Taiwan. The study was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson product-moment correlation.

The main findings of this study were as follows:
1. The analysis results exhibited that the “Empathic Strain Scale” was internal consistency, good construct validity and criterion-related validity. It also showed the good reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the total scales was .901. In short, the scale was a quite good measurement.
2. The levels of empathic strain and vicarious traumatization were lower middle.
3. The relationships between empathic strain and vicarious traumatization of psychological helpers was highly relevant.
4. The gender, service hours and counseling supervision of psychological helpers showed no significant difference in empathic strain and vicarious traumatization.
5. The different job categories and years of experience of psychological helpers showed significant difference in empathic strain and vicarious traumatization.

Overall, the contribution of this study is to develop the“Empathic Strain Scale”, and thus assist the psychological helpers to enhance their self-awareness and effective coping. According to the findings, the discussion and specific recommendations were for psychological counseling practice, counseling education, and future related research.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
 第一節 研究動機與目的 1
 第二節 研究問題與假設 8
 第三節 名詞解釋 10
 第四節 研究範圍與限制 12

第二章 文獻探討 13
 第一節 同理心的內涵及理論基礎 13
 第二節 同理失常的內涵與相關研究 17
 第三節 替代性創傷的內涵及理論基礎 24
 第四節 不同背景變項對同理失常與替代性創傷的影響 38
 第五節 心理助人工作者的同理失常與替代性創傷之關係 46

第三章 研究方法 50
 第一節 研究架構 50
 第二節 研究對象 51
 第三節 研究工具 54
 第四節 實施程序 69
 第五節 研究處理與分析方法 71

第四章 研究結果 73
 第一節 同理失常量表正式施測之分析結果 73
 第二節 心理助人工作者的同理失常、替代性創傷傾向之現況 77
 第三節 同理失常與替代性創傷之相關性 81
 第四節 不同背景變項的心理助人工作者在同理失常與替代性創傷之差異情形 82

第五章 討論 100
 第一節 同理失常量表正式施測結果 100
 第二節 心理助人工作者的同理失常與替代性創傷之現況 104
 第三節 心理助人工作者的同理失常與替代性創傷之相關性 108
 第四節 不同背景變項的心理助人工作者在同理失常與替代性創傷之差異分析 111

第六章 研究結論與未來建議 125
 第一節 研究結論 125
 第二節 研究貢獻與對未來建議 129

參考文獻 135

附錄 145
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 893875 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099152010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心理助人工作者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同理失常zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 替代性創傷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) psychological helpersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) empathic strainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vicarious traumatizationen_US
dc.title (題名) 心理助人工作者的同理失常量表編製與替代性創傷之相關研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Development of Empathic Strain Scale for Psychological Helpers and Its Relationships with Vicarious Traumatizationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部分
王文秀(1998)。諮商師被督導經驗對其諮商挫折之因應及其專業成長之影響研究。中華輔導學報,6,1-34。
王世億(2007)。友情內涵之建構及與同理心相關之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
王俊明(1999)。問卷與量表的編製及分析方法。載於張至滿、王俊明(主編),體育測驗與評價(139-158頁)。臺北市:中華民國體育學會。
王昭惠(2009)。助人者看不見的傷口:心理助人者替代性創傷形成歷程之初探(未出版之碩士論文)。國立交通大學,新竹市。
余振民、黃淑清、彭瑞祥、趙祥和、蔡藝華、鄭玄藏(譯)(2007)。諮商與心理治療理論與實務(原作者:G. Corey)。臺北市:雙葉書廊。(原著出版年:2001)
吳明隆(2000)。SPSS統計應用實務。臺北市:松崗電腦圖書。
吳明隆(2010)。SPSS操作與應用-問卷統計分析實務。臺北市:五南。
吳美慧、吳春勇、吳信賢(1995)。義工制度的理論與實施。臺北市:心理。
吳紫伃、許竑彬(2011)。諮商中的同理心技術初探。台灣心理諮商季刊,3(2),1-14。
吳雅慧(2005)。碩士層級諮商新手於全職實習的諮商困境與因應(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
李如珺(2010)。協助自殺企圖者之後-諮商師自我照顧的反思。諮商與輔導,291,37-40。
李佳儒(2004)。小樹之歌~諮商學習者在專業實習中心路歷程之敘說研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。
李明峰(2009)。駐地實習諮商心理師對諮商關係的覺察與反應歷程之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學,台南市。
李花環(1992)。準諮商員心理需求之調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
周美惠(2003)。諮商義工服務經驗對中年婦女生命歷程之影響-以台北市生命線為例(未出版之碩士論文)。世新大學,臺北市。
周詩婷(2010)。大專校院諮商師替代性創傷經驗研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
林家興(2000)。諮商與心理治療執業現況之調查研究。師大學報:教育類,45(2),55-74。
林淑君、陳秉華(2002)。心理治療者的反移情研究。教育心理學報,34 (1),103-122。
邱秀燕(2000)。青少年家庭系統分化、心理分離—個體化、自我發展及情緒適
應之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
邱琇琳(2005)。專業助人者之替代性受創與因應策略-以公部門家防社工為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣大學,臺北市。
邱皓政(2006)。量化研究與統計分析。臺北市:五南。
洪素珍、楊大和、黃燕珠(譯)(2002)。創傷與治療師-亂倫生存者心理治療中的反移情與替代性受創(原作者:L. A. Pearlman, & K. W. Saakvitne)。臺北市:五南。
洪雅莉(2001)。九二一救災社工員創傷壓力與社會工作處遇之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。東海大學,臺中市。
洪儷瑜(1984)。輔導員的同理心、心理需求與輔導關係、當事人的自我探索及情緒改變之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
胡峯鳳(2007)。大專院校諮商師替代性創傷、自我照顧及組織脈絡之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
徐晗、黃志劍(2010)。探討心理諮詢中“同理心”的應用—人本主義心理學與意象對話技術的結合。湖北經濟學院學報,7(2),25-27。
張希言(2009)。同理心、展現規則、情緒勞務與工作滿足關係之研究-以護理人員為樣本(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
張春興(2006)。現代心理學。臺北市:東華。
張紹勳、林秀娟(1995)。SPSS for Windows統計分析-初等統計與高等統計。台北市:松崗電腦圖書。
許永芳(2002)。國小學童同理心發展及其相關因素之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南師範學院,臺南市。
陳百越(2003)。治療者自我涉入、同理心與初期治療關係的探討(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學,桃園縣。
陳美琴(2000)。對救災人員的照顧。九二一震災心理復健工作研討會,行政院衛生署。
陳美琴(2004)。921 助人者之替代性創傷與照顧—談救災經驗整合。輔仁醫學期刊,2,S89-S99。
陳晏琮(2011)。看不見的傷痛:從災難事件探討國軍心輔人員面對替代性創傷的歷程與回應(未出版之碩士論文)。國防大學政治作戰學院,臺北市。
陳雅婷、王智弘(2007)。私人開業心理諮商診所的行銷倫理。應用倫理研究通訊,44,15-21。
陳豐偉、張家銘(譯)(2005)。同理心的力量(原作者:P. Ciaramicoki, & K. Ketcham)。臺北市:麥田。
麥麗蓉(2009)。助人工作者於危機處理過程中的壓力因應與自我照顧。台灣心理諮商季刊,1(3),11-21。
曾正奇(2004)。諮商初期來談者抗拒行為之分析研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
曾威豪(2009)。助人工作者之不同成人依附風格、個體化與同理心之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
曾淑芳(1998)。準諮商員諮商輔導學習經驗之分析研究~以彰化師大為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
曾雅雯(2004)。回家─一個助人「專業」學習者的生命敘說與主體實踐歷程(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹師範學院,新竹市。
黃孟寅(2011)。諮商心理師專業耗竭與自我照顧之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
黃姝文(2007)。諮商師的自我覺察與反移情對倫理的影響。諮商與輔導,263,30-32。
楊世瑩(2006)。SPSS 統計分析實務。台北市:旗標。
楊明磊(2000)。資深諮商工作者的專業發展--詮釋學觀點(未出版之博士論文)。彰化師範大學,彰化市。
葉建君(2010)。資深諮商心理師自我照顧經驗之探討─從全人健康觀點(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
葛樹人(1991)。心理測驗學。臺北市:桂冠圖書。
董淑鈴(2004)。淺談心理治療中的反移情。輔導季刊,40(4),33-39。
劉小菁(譯)(2001)。助人工作者自助手冊:活力充沛的秘訣(原作者:T. Skovholt)。臺北市:張老師文化。
劉盈宏(2007)。全職駐地實習諮商師的實習經驗與專業成長之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學,南投縣。
潘怡如、李明濱(2004)。同理心的心身醫學觀。北市醫學雜誌,1,5-12。
蔡秀玲、陳秉華(2009)。諮商督導任務中受督者情緒覺察之督導介入初探分析。教育心理學報,41,205-222。
鄧宏瑜(2011)。探討諮商關係中的同理心。諮商與輔導,303,39-44。
鄭家雯(2004)。走出心靈迷霧:諮商師調適與因應接案無力感經驗之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立屏東師範學院,屏東市。
謝珮玲(2003)。心理治療師在心理治療歷程之反移情經驗研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
謝珮玲、王麗斐(2007)。心理治療師反移情經驗之歷程研究。教育心理學報,38(4),461-480。
鍾思嘉(2001)。專業助人者的替代性創傷與因應策略。彰化師範大學教育部學生輔導支援中心舉辦之「九二一震災心理復健學術研討會發表實務論壇與實務方案」學術研討會。2012年1月10日,取自 921 地震數位知識庫,網址http://kbteq.ascc.net/archive/moe/moe-p48.html
簡華妏(2006)。華人文化脈落中諮商與心理輔導專業工作者之反移情處理能力.孝道信念與順道行為對諮商效能的影響之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
顏璉瑋(2006)。駐地實習諮商心理師專業發展:關鍵事件之分析研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
魏源(2005)。同理心:心理諮詢與治療關係中的特質概念。中國臨床康復,9(40),80-81。
蘇絢慧(2011)。當傷痛來臨:陪伴的修練。臺北市:寶瓶文化。


貳、英文部分
Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & Harrington, D. (2001). The Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Families in Society. 82(4), 363-371.
Badger, K., Royse, D., & Craig, C. (2008). Hospital social workers and indirect trauma exposure: An exploratory study of contributing factors. Health and Social Work, 33(1), 63-71.
Baird, B. N. (1996). The internship, practicum, and field placement handbook: A guide for the helping professions. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1981). The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(2), 91-100.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90.
Brady, J. L., Guy, J. D., Poelstra, P. L., & Brokaw, B. F. (1999). Vicarious traumatization, spirituality, and the treatment of sexual abuse survivors: A national survey of women psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(4), 386-393.
Buch, N. J. (2009). Compassion fatigue: Are you at risk? Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(1), 24-28.
Campbell, J. M. (2000). Becoming an effective supervisor: A workbook for counselors and psychotherapists. Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.
Catherall, D. R. (1991). Aggression and projective identification in the treatment of victims. Psychotherapy, 28, 145-149.
Catherall, D. R. (1995). Coping with secondary traumatic stress: The importance of therapist`s professional peer group. In Stamm, B. H. (2nd ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researcher, and educators (pp.65-79). Baltimore, MD: The Sidran Press.
Cerney, M. S. (1985). Countertransference revisited. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63(4), 136-148.
Clark, A. J.(2007). Empathy in counseling and psychotherapy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
Collins, G. B., & Collins, T. M. (2005). Crisis and trauma. New York: Lahaska press.
Corcoran, K. J. (1982). An exploratory investigation into self-other differentiation: Empirical evidence for a monistic perspective on empathy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19(1), 63-68.
Corcoran, K. J. (1983). Emotional separation and empathy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 667-671.
Corey, G., & Corey, M. S. (1993). Becoming a helper. CA: Brooks/Co1e Publishing Company.
Cronille, T. A., & Meyer, T. W. (1999). Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers: Prevalence, severity and predictive factors. Traumatology, 5, 1-17.
Crothers, D. (1995). Vicarious traumatization in the work with survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of Psychology Nursing and Mental Health Service, 3(4), 9-13.
Cunningham, M. (2003). Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: Empirical findings. Social Work, 48(4), 451-459.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(4), 1-17.
Davis, M. H. (1983) Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimentional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of counseling psychology, 43(3), 261-274.
Edmunds, S. B. (1997). The personal impact of working with sex offenders. In S. B. Edmunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 11-26). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (pp. 1-20). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Finch, H. (2006). Comparison of the performance of varimax and promax rotations: Factor structure recovery for dichotomous items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 43(1), 39-52.
Gladstein, G. A. (1983) Understanding empathy: Integrating counseling, developmental, and social psychology perspectives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(4), 467-482.
Goldstein, G. A., & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 712-722.
Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes. New York: Jason Aronson.
Izard, C. E., & Buechler, S. (1980). Aspects of consciousness and personality in terms of differential emotions theory. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 165-187). New York: Academic Press.
Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 423-432.
Kassam-Adams, N. (1995). The risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary trauma in psychotherapists. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinician, researchers, and educators (pp. 37-47). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.
Katz, R. L. (1963). Empathy: Its nature and uses. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
Lo Coco, G., Gullo, S., Prestano, C., & Gelso, C. (2011). Relation of the real relationship and the working alliance to the outcome of brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(4), 359-367.
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 3, 131-149.
McCarthy, P., Kulakowski, D., & Kenfield, J. A. (1994). Clinical supervision practices of licensed psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 177-181.
McLean, S., Wade, T. D., & Encel, J. S. (2003). The contribution of therapist beliefs to psychological distress in therapists: An investigation of vicarious traumatization, burnout and symptoms of avoidance and intrusion. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 417-428.
Motta, R.W., Hafeez, S., Sciancalepore, R., & Diaz, A. B. (2001). Discriminant validation of the Modified Secondary Trauma Questionnaire. Journal of Psychotherapy in Independent Practice, 2(4),17-25.
Neumann, D. A., & Gamble, S. J. (1995). Issue in the professional development of psychotherapists: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in the new trauma therapist. Psychotherapy, 32(2), 341-347.
Neumann, D. A., & Pearlman, L. A. (1995). Review of the Life Orientation Inventory. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Norcross, J. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1986). Psychotherapist heal themselves: II. The self-initiated and therapy facilitated change of psychological distress. Psychotherapy, 23, 345-356.
Ornum, W. V., Dunlap, L. L., & Shore, M. F. (2008). Psychological testing across the life span. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall.
Palm, K. M., Smith, A. A., & Follette, V. M. (2002). Trauma therapy and therapist self-care. Behavior Therapist, 25, 40-42.
Pearlman, L. A. (1994). Review of the TSI Belief Scale, Revision L. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Pearlman, L. A. (2003). Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Pearlman, L. A., & Mac Ian, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26(6), 558-565.
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton.
Pearlman, L.A. (1999). Self-care for trauma therapist:Ameliorating vicarious traumatization. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp.51-64). Lutherville, MD: Sidran
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Study 1. conceptual and systematic: Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw Hill.
Rogers, C. R.(1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2-10.
Rosenbloom, D. J., Pratt, A. C., & Pearlman, L. A. (1999). Helpers’ responses to trauma work: Understanding and intervening in an organization. In Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp.65-79). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
Sabin-Farrell, R., & Turpin, G. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of health workers? Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 449-480.
Schauben, L. J., & Frazier, P. A. (1995). Vicarious trauma: The effects on female counselors of working with sexual violence victims. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 49-64.
Sexton, L. (1999). Vicarious traumatisation of counsellors and effects on their workplaces. British Journal of Guidelines and Counselling , 27(3), 393-403.
Shubs, C. H. (2008). Countertransference issues in the assessment and treatment of trauma recovery with victims of violent crime. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 156-180.
Skovholt, T. M. (2005). The cycle of caring: A model of expertise in the helping professions. Jounal of Mental Health Counseling, 27(1), 82-93.
Stamm, B.H. (1997). Work-related secondary traumatic stress. PTSD Research Quarterly, 8(2). Retrieved January 17, 2012, from http://www.ncptsd.org/PDF/RQ/V8N2.PDF.
Steed, L., & Bicknell, J. (2001). Trauma and the therapist: The experience of therapists working with the perpetrators of sexual abuse. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1, 527-540.
Sweeney, M. A., & Cottle, W. C. (1976). Nonverbal acuity: A comparison of counselors and noncounselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23(4), 394-397.
Trippany, R. L., Wilcoxon, S. A., & Satcher, J. F. (2003). Factors influencing vicarious traumatization for therapists of survivors of sexual victimization. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(1), 47-60.
Wainrib, B. R. (2006). Healing crisis and trauma with mind, body, and spirit. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Wasco, S. M., & Campbell, R. (2002). Emotional reaction of rape victim advocates:A multiple case study of anger and fear. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 120-130.
Watkins, C. E. (1985). Countertransference: Its impact on the counseling situation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 63(4), 356-359.
Way, I., VanDeusen, K. M., Martin, G., Applegate, B., & Jandle, D. (2004). Vicarious trauma: A comparison of clinicians who treat survivors of sexual abuse and sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(1), 49-71.
Wertz, C. A. (2000). Vicarious traumatization:The relationship of absorption, emotional empathy and exposure to traumatized clients to PTSD symptom-tike behavior in therapists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
Wilson, J. P., & Lindy, J. D. (1994). Empathic strain and countertransference. In J. P. Wilson & J. D. Lindy (Eds.), Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD (pp.5-30). London: Guilford.
Wilson, J. P., Lindy, J. D., & Raphael, B. (1994). Empathic strain and therapist defense: Type I and II CTRs. In J. P. Wilson & J. D. Lindy (Eds.), Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD (pp. 31-61). London: Guilford.
zh_TW