1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 新加坡男同性戀的媒體報導—比較主流報紙與公民新聞網站的異同
Singapore Male Homosexuals in the Media – A Comparison Between a Mainstream Press and a Citizen Journalism Site
作者 盧莉薇
Loh, Li Hwee
貢獻者 施琮仁
Shih, Tsung Jen
盧莉薇
Loh, Li Hwee
關鍵詞 新聞審查
公民新聞
同性戀
新聞呈現
新加坡
Censorship
Citizen Journalism
Gays
Media Representation
Singapore
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Jul-2013 18:02:35 (UTC+8)
摘要 本內容分析研究主流報紙海峽時報和公民新聞網The Online Citizen在新加坡同性戀議題上的報導。本文圍繞兩個重要事件，研究這兩個新聞媒體如何報導同性戀相關新聞。1）前總理吳作棟在2003年接受時代雜誌採訪時表示，公共機關會為同性戀者提供平等的就業機會。2）新加坡政府於2006年檢討《新加坡刑法典》並決定保留視男同性戀者之間的性行為違法的第377A條。本研究試圖了解政府面對同性戀課題態度上的轉變如何影響傳統媒體對於同性戀相關新聞的呈現。卡方檢定結果顯示，海峽時報的新聞焦點、新聞欄目、故事類型、故事主題、新聞來源數量、主要新聞來源的身份以及對同性戀抱持的態度，在兩個重大事件中有顯著的差異。另外，該研究還發現支持同性戀的新聞語氣多數源於普通人，而反同性戀的新聞語氣往往來自官方。本文也發現新聞媒體與對同性戀抱持的態度，兩者存在重要的關係。最後，海峽時報在報導同性戀相關課題時，相較The Online Citizen，主題更多元。另一方面，後者和前者比起來，故事框架更加多樣化。
This content analytic study investigated the reporting approaches of a mainstream newspaper — Straits Times and a citizen journalism site — The Online Citizen on homosexual issues in Singapore. This paper examines the reporting pattern of these two news outlets in the coverage of homosexuality surrounding two important issues — (1) the interview by Time magazine with former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong conducted in 2003, in which he openly commented about nondiscriminatory policies towards the gay people in the country for the first time. (2) The initiation to review the Penal Code in 2006 whereby Section 377A was not repealed after gay supporters petitioned to abolish the law that criminalizes homosexuality. The purpose is to find out how gays were represented in the media with the shift in politics of homosexuality. Using Chi-square tests, the results indicated that there is significant relation between news focus, news section, story type, topic, number of sources, identity of dominant news sources and attitude with time for the Straits Times. In addition, this paper found evidence that pro-gay news tone were likely to come from official source whereas anti-gay news tone tended to originate from ordinary source. Significant relations were also found between attitude and news outlets. Lastly, Straits Times was better diversified in terms of topics of gay-related stories while The Online Citizen was more diversified with regards to story frames.
參考文獻 Anderson, A., Allan, S., Petersen, A., & Wilkinson, C. (2005). The framing of nanotechnologies in the British newspaper press. Science Communication, 27(2), 200-220.
Anderson, P. B., Fakhfakh, A., & Kondylis, M., A. (1999). Attitudes towards the media`s portrayals of gays and lesbians. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 2. Retrieved from www.ejhs.org
At a glance: What`s new, what`s expanded; These are some of the key proposed changes to the Penal Code. (2007, September 18). The Straits Times.
Aw, M. (2012). Is Singapore ready for greater freedom of the press? Yahoo! News. Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/is-singapore-ready-for-greater-freedom-of-the-press-.html
Bokhorst-Heng, W. (2002). Newspaper in Singapore: A mass ceremony in the imagining of the nation. Media Culture & Society, 24, 559-569.
Brewer, P. R. (2002). Framing, value words and citizens` explanations of their issue opinion. Political Communication, 19, 303-316.
Brewer, P. R. (2003). Values, political knowledge, and public opinion about gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 173-201.
Carpenter, S. (2008). How online citizen journalism publications and online newspaper utilize the objectivity standard and rely on external sources. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(3), 533-550.
Carpenter, S. (2010). A study of content diversity in online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles. New Media & Society, 12(7), 1064-1084.
Chan, K. (2008). Gay sexuality in Singaporean Chinese popular culture: Where have all the boys gone? China Information, 22(2), 305-329.
Chang, A. L. (2008, 29 March 2008). MM`s reasssuring comments seal researcher`s move here, The Straits Times.
Chang, T. K. (1999). Reporting public opinion in Singapore. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4(1), 11-29.
Cherian, G. (2007). Consolidating authoritarian rule: calibrated coercion in Singapore. The Pacific Review, 20(2), 127-145.
Cherian, G. (2009). Putting citizens back into journalism. Media Asia, 36(1), 12-13.
Chong, T. (2010). `Back regions` and `dark secrets` in Singapore: The politics of censorship and liberalisation. Space and Policy, 14(3), 235-250.
Chou, W. S. (2000). Tongzhi: Politics of same-sex eroticism in Chinese societies. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
Comstock, G., & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Cop jailed, career over because of oral sex. (2003, November 7). The Straits Times.
Detenber, B. H., Cenite, M., Ku, M. K. Y., Ong, C. P. L., Tong, H. Y., & Yeow, M. L. H. (2007). Singaporeans` attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and their tolerance of media portrayals of homosexuality. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(3), 367-379.
Dobson, J., & Bauer, G. L. (1990). Children at risk: The battle for the hearts and minds of our kids. Dallas, TX: Word Publishing.
Du, N. X. (Writer). (2003). OK, No Problem [Television series episode]. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Elegant, S. (2003, July 7). The lion in winter. Time Asia, 32-36.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
FeedbackDialog. The Hofstede centre Retrieved 2013, May 1, from http://geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html
Fernandez, W. (1998, 13 December). Singaporeans too reliant on government? SM disagrees, The Straits Times, p. 28.
Finnegan, L. (2006). No questions asked: News coverage since 9/11. Westport, CT: Greenword Publishing Group.
Florida, R. (2003). The rise of the creative class: And how it`s transforming work, leisure, community, and everyday life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Fong, T. (2004, December 9). It`s no go for planned Christmas `gay party`; Police reject license, saying event is likely to be a gay party and is against public interest, The Straits Times.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Vintage.
Gandy, O. H. J. (2001). Epilogue - Framing at the horizon: A retrospective assessment. In S. D. Reese, O. H. J. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 335-377). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Giam, G. (2006). Review - The politics of Singapore`s new media in 2006 Retrieved 28 November, 2012, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/2006/12/review-the-politics-of-singapores-new-media-in-2006/
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goh, D. (2008). It`s the gay`s fault: News and HIV as weapon against homosexuality in Singapore. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32(4), 383-399.
Gomez, J. (2006). Citizen Journalism: Bridging the discrepancy in Singapore`s General Election news. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 6, 3-42.
Gross, T. (Writer). (2000). Fresh air, National Public Radio. United States.
Heinz, W. (1993). Regional systems for the protection of human rights in Asia, in Africa, in the Americas and in Europe. Brussels: Friedrich Naummann Foundation.
Heng, R. H. H. (2001). Tiptoe out of the closet: The before and after of the increasingly visible gay community in Singapore. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 81-97.
Ho, K. L. (2000). The politics of policy-making in Singapore. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
Hsu, L. M., & Field, R. (2003). Interrater agreement measures: Comments on Kappan, Cohen’s Kappa, Scott’s π and Aickin’s α. Understanding Statistics, 2(3), 205-219.
Join us. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.tnp.sg/webform/join-us
Khalik, S. (2004, November 11). S`pore facing "Aids epidemic", The Straits Times.
Kumaran, P. (2012). About us. The Online Citizen Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/theonlinecitizen-team/
Lalwani, J., & Choo, Z. X. (2007). NMP`s views at odds with AIDS relief research paper. The Online Citizen Retrieved 30 January 2013, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/2007/10/nmp%E2%80%99s-views-at-odds-with-aids-relief-research-paper/
Landau, S., & Everitt, B. S. (2004). A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. London: Chapman and Hall.
Lee, H. L. (2006). Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong`s national day rally english speech.
Lee, K. Y. (2000). From third world to first. The Singapore story 1965 - 2000. New York, NY: Harper.
Leong, L. (1997). Singapore. In D. J. West & R. Green (Eds.), Sociolegal control of homosexuality: A multi-nation comparison (pp. 127-144). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Lim, K. F. (2004). Where love dares (not) speak its name: The expression of homosexuality in Singapore. Urban Studies, 41(9), 1759-1788.
Lim, V. K. G. (2002). Gender differences and attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(1), 85-97.
Lum, S. (2006, November 9). Law on `unnatural` sex acts to be repealed, The Straits Times.
Marshall, J. (2005). Citizen journalism continues to surge. The Quill, 93, 14.
Mcdonald, D. G. D., J. (2003). The conceptualization and measurement of diversity. Communication Research, 30(1), 60-77.
Media Development Authority. Internet Code of Practice. Singapore.
Media Development Authority. (2004). Broadcasting Act (Chapter 28, Section 9) Broadcasting (Class License) Notification. Singapore.
Media Development Authority. (2011). Internet Regulatory Framework Retrieved 2012, October 12, from http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/INTERNET/Pages/InternetRegulatoryFramework.aspx
Miller, M. M., & Riechert, B. P. (2001). The spiral of opportunity and frame resonance: Mapping the issue cycle in news and public discourse. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ministry of Information Communication and the Arts. (2011). MICA responds on the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act (NPPA). Singapore.
Mistake in court: Girl was a minor. (2003, November 15). The Straits Times.
Nadarajan, B. (2006, November 9). Penal code last tweaked in 1998, The Straits Times.
Ng, K. K. (2008a). Born this way but... The changing politics of male homosexuality in contemporary Singapore. Singapore: Kangcubine Publishing.
Ng, T. Y. (2008b). His life now revolves around cartooning Retrieved 2 February, 2013, from http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20080725-78821.html
No license, so gay party moves to Phuket. (2005, June 9). The Straits Times.
Norris, P., Kern, M., & Just, M. R. (2003). Framing Terrorism: The news media, the government and the public. New York, NY: Routledge.
Offord, B. (1999). The burden of (homo)sexual identity in Singapore. Social Semiotics, 9(3), 301-316.
Offord, B. (2003). Homosexual rights as human rights: Activism in Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Oon, J. (2011, September 2). WikiLeaks: Significant gov`t pressure put on ST editors, Yahoo! News.
Pan, P. L., Meng, J., & Zhou, S. (2010). Morality or equality? Ideological framing in news coverage of gay marriage legitimization. The Social Science Journal, 47, 630-645.
Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1(2), 229-237.
Phua, J. J. (2008). Online organization of the gay and lesbian community in Singapore. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Price, V., Nir, L., & Cappella, J. N. (2005). Framing public discussion of gay civil unions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(2), 179-212.
Rimmerman, C. A., Wald, K. D., & Wilcox, C. (2000). The politics of gay rights. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rosen, J. (2008). A most useful definition of citizen journalism. PressThink Retrieved November 24, 2012, from http://archive.pressthink.org/2008/07/14/a_most_useful_d.html
Scott, W. A. (1955). Reliability or content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19(3), 321-325.
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109.
Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163, 688.
Singapore Press-Pedia. (2007). Internal Security Act. Blog Retrieved from http://presspedia.journalism.sg/doku.php?id=internal_security_act
Singapore Press Holdings. About MyPaper Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://www.mypaper.sg/about/index.html
Singapore Press Holdings. (2011). Singapore Press Holdings annual report 2011.
Singapore Press Holdings. (2012). The Straits Times Media Kit 2012. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Smith, J. (2005, October 6). Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong gave a short speech at a luncheon organized by the Foreign Correspondents Association. Time.
Sniderman, P. M., & Theriault, S. M. (2004). The structure of political agrument and the logic of issue framing. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sullivan, A. (1995). Virtually normal: An agrument about homosexuality. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Tan, C. K. K. (2011). Go home, gay boy! Or, why do Singaporean gay men prefer to "go home" and not "come out"? Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 865-882.
Tan, K. P., & Lee, J. J. G. (2007). Imagining the gay community in Singapore. Critical Asian Studies, 39(2), 179-204.
Tan, Y. S., & Soh, Y. P. (1994). The development of Singapore`s modern media industry. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Tham, S. C. (2008). Religious influences and impulses impacting Singapore. In A. L. Eng (Ed.), Religious diversity in Singapore (pp. 21): Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Viall, E. K. (2009). Hyper-local citizen journalism sites and traditional media sites: Similarities and contrasts in theme, objectivity, and watchdog function. Doctor of Philosophy in Mass Communications Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
Voakes, P. S., Kapfer, J., Kurpius, D., & Chern, D. S. (1996). Diversity in the news: A conceptual and methodological framework. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(3), 581-593.
Wald, K. D., Button, J. W., & Rienzo, B. A. (1996). The politics of gay rights in American communities: Explaining antidiscrimination ordinances and policies. American Journal of Political Science, 40(4), 1152-1178.
Wilcox, C., & Wolpert, R. M. (1996). President Clinton, public opinion, and gays in the military. In C. A. Rimmerman (Ed.), Gay rights, military wrongs: Political Perspectives on lesbians and gays in the military (pp. 127-145). New York, NY: Garland.
Wilcox, C., & Wolpert, R. M. (2000). Gay rights in the public sphere: Public opinion on gay and lesbian equality. In C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The politics of gay rights (pp. 409-432). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2010). Mass media research: An introduction (9 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Yates, D. S., Moore, D. S., & McCabe, G. P. (1999). The practice of statistic. London: Macmillan Higher Education.
Youth citizen journalism on the rise. (2012). Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1182955/1/.html
Zwick, R. (1988). Another look at interrater agreement. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 374-378.
陆彩霞. (2007, 12 September). 莱佛士书院男教师博客上公开同性恋身份各方反应, 联合早报. Retrieved from http://www.aibai.com/infoview.php?id=17189
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
100461020
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100461020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 施琮仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shih, Tsung Jenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 盧莉薇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Loh, Li Hweeen_US
dc.creator (作者) 盧莉薇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Loh, Li Hweeen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2013 18:02:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2013 18:02:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2013 18:02:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100461020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/58737-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100461020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本內容分析研究主流報紙海峽時報和公民新聞網The Online Citizen在新加坡同性戀議題上的報導。本文圍繞兩個重要事件，研究這兩個新聞媒體如何報導同性戀相關新聞。1）前總理吳作棟在2003年接受時代雜誌採訪時表示，公共機關會為同性戀者提供平等的就業機會。2）新加坡政府於2006年檢討《新加坡刑法典》並決定保留視男同性戀者之間的性行為違法的第377A條。本研究試圖了解政府面對同性戀課題態度上的轉變如何影響傳統媒體對於同性戀相關新聞的呈現。卡方檢定結果顯示，海峽時報的新聞焦點、新聞欄目、故事類型、故事主題、新聞來源數量、主要新聞來源的身份以及對同性戀抱持的態度，在兩個重大事件中有顯著的差異。另外，該研究還發現支持同性戀的新聞語氣多數源於普通人，而反同性戀的新聞語氣往往來自官方。本文也發現新聞媒體與對同性戀抱持的態度，兩者存在重要的關係。最後，海峽時報在報導同性戀相關課題時，相較The Online Citizen，主題更多元。另一方面，後者和前者比起來，故事框架更加多樣化。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This content analytic study investigated the reporting approaches of a mainstream newspaper — Straits Times and a citizen journalism site — The Online Citizen on homosexual issues in Singapore. This paper examines the reporting pattern of these two news outlets in the coverage of homosexuality surrounding two important issues — (1) the interview by Time magazine with former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong conducted in 2003, in which he openly commented about nondiscriminatory policies towards the gay people in the country for the first time. (2) The initiation to review the Penal Code in 2006 whereby Section 377A was not repealed after gay supporters petitioned to abolish the law that criminalizes homosexuality. The purpose is to find out how gays were represented in the media with the shift in politics of homosexuality. Using Chi-square tests, the results indicated that there is significant relation between news focus, news section, story type, topic, number of sources, identity of dominant news sources and attitude with time for the Straits Times. In addition, this paper found evidence that pro-gay news tone were likely to come from official source whereas anti-gay news tone tended to originate from ordinary source. Significant relations were also found between attitude and news outlets. Lastly, Straits Times was better diversified in terms of topics of gay-related stories while The Online Citizen was more diversified with regards to story frames.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1
2. Male Homosexuality in Singapore 6
An Overview 6
Changing Politics of Male Homosexuality 7
Gay Events in Singapore 10
Singaporean’s Attitudes towards Gay 11
Review of Penal Code Section 377A 11
Media Law in Singapore 15
The Newspaper and Printing Presses Act 15
Out-of-Bound Markers 16
Internal Security Act 16
Subscription Television Programme Code 16
Internet Regulation 17
3. Literature Review 19
Framing Analysis 19
Definition 19
Framing Homosexuality: Media Portrayal of Homosexuality in Singapore 20
4. Methodology 28
Time Frame 28
Searching Method 30
Reasons for comparing Straits Times and The Online Citizen 32
Measurements 33
Reliability Test 39
5. Findings 41
Pattern of reporting gay-related news in the two periods for Straits Times 42
Relationship between identity of news source and its tone in Straits Times in Period 1 48
Relationship between identity of news source and its tone in Straits Times in Period 2 51
Pattern of reporting gay-related news in The Online Citizen 53
Relationship between identity of news source and its tone in The Online Citizen 56
Discussion 57
Reporting pattern of Straits Times in the two periods 57
Reporting pattern of The Online Citizen in comparison to Straits Times 63
Limitation 67
6. Conclusion 69
References 73
Appendix 79
Codebook for news coverage on male homosexuals 79		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5375554 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100461020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞審查zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公民新聞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同性戀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞呈現zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新加坡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Censorshipen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Citizen Journalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gaysen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media Representationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Singaporeen_US
dc.title (題名) 新加坡男同性戀的媒體報導—比較主流報紙與公民新聞網站的異同zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Singapore Male Homosexuals in the Media – A Comparison Between a Mainstream Press and a Citizen Journalism Siteen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, A., Allan, S., Petersen, A., & Wilkinson, C. (2005). The framing of nanotechnologies in the British newspaper press. Science Communication, 27(2), 200-220.
Anderson, P. B., Fakhfakh, A., & Kondylis, M., A. (1999). Attitudes towards the media`s portrayals of gays and lesbians. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 2. Retrieved from www.ejhs.org
At a glance: What`s new, what`s expanded; These are some of the key proposed changes to the Penal Code. (2007, September 18). The Straits Times.
Aw, M. (2012). Is Singapore ready for greater freedom of the press? Yahoo! News. Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/is-singapore-ready-for-greater-freedom-of-the-press-.html
Bokhorst-Heng, W. (2002). Newspaper in Singapore: A mass ceremony in the imagining of the nation. Media Culture & Society, 24, 559-569.
Brewer, P. R. (2002). Framing, value words and citizens` explanations of their issue opinion. Political Communication, 19, 303-316.
Brewer, P. R. (2003). Values, political knowledge, and public opinion about gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 173-201.
Carpenter, S. (2008). How online citizen journalism publications and online newspaper utilize the objectivity standard and rely on external sources. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(3), 533-550.
Carpenter, S. (2010). A study of content diversity in online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles. New Media & Society, 12(7), 1064-1084.
Chan, K. (2008). Gay sexuality in Singaporean Chinese popular culture: Where have all the boys gone? China Information, 22(2), 305-329.
Chang, A. L. (2008, 29 March 2008). MM`s reasssuring comments seal researcher`s move here, The Straits Times.
Chang, T. K. (1999). Reporting public opinion in Singapore. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4(1), 11-29.
Cherian, G. (2007). Consolidating authoritarian rule: calibrated coercion in Singapore. The Pacific Review, 20(2), 127-145.
Cherian, G. (2009). Putting citizens back into journalism. Media Asia, 36(1), 12-13.
Chong, T. (2010). `Back regions` and `dark secrets` in Singapore: The politics of censorship and liberalisation. Space and Policy, 14(3), 235-250.
Chou, W. S. (2000). Tongzhi: Politics of same-sex eroticism in Chinese societies. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
Comstock, G., & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Cop jailed, career over because of oral sex. (2003, November 7). The Straits Times.
Detenber, B. H., Cenite, M., Ku, M. K. Y., Ong, C. P. L., Tong, H. Y., & Yeow, M. L. H. (2007). Singaporeans` attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and their tolerance of media portrayals of homosexuality. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(3), 367-379.
Dobson, J., & Bauer, G. L. (1990). Children at risk: The battle for the hearts and minds of our kids. Dallas, TX: Word Publishing.
Du, N. X. (Writer). (2003). OK, No Problem [Television series episode]. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Elegant, S. (2003, July 7). The lion in winter. Time Asia, 32-36.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
FeedbackDialog. The Hofstede centre Retrieved 2013, May 1, from http://geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html
Fernandez, W. (1998, 13 December). Singaporeans too reliant on government? SM disagrees, The Straits Times, p. 28.
Finnegan, L. (2006). No questions asked: News coverage since 9/11. Westport, CT: Greenword Publishing Group.
Florida, R. (2003). The rise of the creative class: And how it`s transforming work, leisure, community, and everyday life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Fong, T. (2004, December 9). It`s no go for planned Christmas `gay party`; Police reject license, saying event is likely to be a gay party and is against public interest, The Straits Times.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Vintage.
Gandy, O. H. J. (2001). Epilogue - Framing at the horizon: A retrospective assessment. In S. D. Reese, O. H. J. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 335-377). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Giam, G. (2006). Review - The politics of Singapore`s new media in 2006 Retrieved 28 November, 2012, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/2006/12/review-the-politics-of-singapores-new-media-in-2006/
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goh, D. (2008). It`s the gay`s fault: News and HIV as weapon against homosexuality in Singapore. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32(4), 383-399.
Gomez, J. (2006). Citizen Journalism: Bridging the discrepancy in Singapore`s General Election news. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 6, 3-42.
Gross, T. (Writer). (2000). Fresh air, National Public Radio. United States.
Heinz, W. (1993). Regional systems for the protection of human rights in Asia, in Africa, in the Americas and in Europe. Brussels: Friedrich Naummann Foundation.
Heng, R. H. H. (2001). Tiptoe out of the closet: The before and after of the increasingly visible gay community in Singapore. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 81-97.
Ho, K. L. (2000). The politics of policy-making in Singapore. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
Hsu, L. M., & Field, R. (2003). Interrater agreement measures: Comments on Kappan, Cohen’s Kappa, Scott’s π and Aickin’s α. Understanding Statistics, 2(3), 205-219.
Join us. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.tnp.sg/webform/join-us
Khalik, S. (2004, November 11). S`pore facing "Aids epidemic", The Straits Times.
Kumaran, P. (2012). About us. The Online Citizen Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/theonlinecitizen-team/
Lalwani, J., & Choo, Z. X. (2007). NMP`s views at odds with AIDS relief research paper. The Online Citizen Retrieved 30 January 2013, from http://theonlinecitizen.com/2007/10/nmp%E2%80%99s-views-at-odds-with-aids-relief-research-paper/
Landau, S., & Everitt, B. S. (2004). A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. London: Chapman and Hall.
Lee, H. L. (2006). Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong`s national day rally english speech.
Lee, K. Y. (2000). From third world to first. The Singapore story 1965 - 2000. New York, NY: Harper.
Leong, L. (1997). Singapore. In D. J. West & R. Green (Eds.), Sociolegal control of homosexuality: A multi-nation comparison (pp. 127-144). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Lim, K. F. (2004). Where love dares (not) speak its name: The expression of homosexuality in Singapore. Urban Studies, 41(9), 1759-1788.
Lim, V. K. G. (2002). Gender differences and attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(1), 85-97.
Lum, S. (2006, November 9). Law on `unnatural` sex acts to be repealed, The Straits Times.
Marshall, J. (2005). Citizen journalism continues to surge. The Quill, 93, 14.
Mcdonald, D. G. D., J. (2003). The conceptualization and measurement of diversity. Communication Research, 30(1), 60-77.
Media Development Authority. Internet Code of Practice. Singapore.
Media Development Authority. (2004). Broadcasting Act (Chapter 28, Section 9) Broadcasting (Class License) Notification. Singapore.
Media Development Authority. (2011). Internet Regulatory Framework Retrieved 2012, October 12, from http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/INTERNET/Pages/InternetRegulatoryFramework.aspx
Miller, M. M., & Riechert, B. P. (2001). The spiral of opportunity and frame resonance: Mapping the issue cycle in news and public discourse. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ministry of Information Communication and the Arts. (2011). MICA responds on the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act (NPPA). Singapore.
Mistake in court: Girl was a minor. (2003, November 15). The Straits Times.
Nadarajan, B. (2006, November 9). Penal code last tweaked in 1998, The Straits Times.
Ng, K. K. (2008a). Born this way but... The changing politics of male homosexuality in contemporary Singapore. Singapore: Kangcubine Publishing.
Ng, T. Y. (2008b). His life now revolves around cartooning Retrieved 2 February, 2013, from http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20080725-78821.html
No license, so gay party moves to Phuket. (2005, June 9). The Straits Times.
Norris, P., Kern, M., & Just, M. R. (2003). Framing Terrorism: The news media, the government and the public. New York, NY: Routledge.
Offord, B. (1999). The burden of (homo)sexual identity in Singapore. Social Semiotics, 9(3), 301-316.
Offord, B. (2003). Homosexual rights as human rights: Activism in Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Oon, J. (2011, September 2). WikiLeaks: Significant gov`t pressure put on ST editors, Yahoo! News.
Pan, P. L., Meng, J., & Zhou, S. (2010). Morality or equality? Ideological framing in news coverage of gay marriage legitimization. The Social Science Journal, 47, 630-645.
Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1(2), 229-237.
Phua, J. J. (2008). Online organization of the gay and lesbian community in Singapore. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Price, V., Nir, L., & Cappella, J. N. (2005). Framing public discussion of gay civil unions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(2), 179-212.
Rimmerman, C. A., Wald, K. D., & Wilcox, C. (2000). The politics of gay rights. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rosen, J. (2008). A most useful definition of citizen journalism. PressThink Retrieved November 24, 2012, from http://archive.pressthink.org/2008/07/14/a_most_useful_d.html
Scott, W. A. (1955). Reliability or content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19(3), 321-325.
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109.
Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163, 688.
Singapore Press-Pedia. (2007). Internal Security Act. Blog Retrieved from http://presspedia.journalism.sg/doku.php?id=internal_security_act
Singapore Press Holdings. About MyPaper Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://www.mypaper.sg/about/index.html
Singapore Press Holdings. (2011). Singapore Press Holdings annual report 2011.
Singapore Press Holdings. (2012). The Straits Times Media Kit 2012. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Smith, J. (2005, October 6). Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong gave a short speech at a luncheon organized by the Foreign Correspondents Association. Time.
Sniderman, P. M., & Theriault, S. M. (2004). The structure of political agrument and the logic of issue framing. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sullivan, A. (1995). Virtually normal: An agrument about homosexuality. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Tan, C. K. K. (2011). Go home, gay boy! Or, why do Singaporean gay men prefer to "go home" and not "come out"? Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 865-882.
Tan, K. P., & Lee, J. J. G. (2007). Imagining the gay community in Singapore. Critical Asian Studies, 39(2), 179-204.
Tan, Y. S., & Soh, Y. P. (1994). The development of Singapore`s modern media industry. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Tham, S. C. (2008). Religious influences and impulses impacting Singapore. In A. L. Eng (Ed.), Religious diversity in Singapore (pp. 21): Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Viall, E. K. (2009). Hyper-local citizen journalism sites and traditional media sites: Similarities and contrasts in theme, objectivity, and watchdog function. Doctor of Philosophy in Mass Communications Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
Voakes, P. S., Kapfer, J., Kurpius, D., & Chern, D. S. (1996). Diversity in the news: A conceptual and methodological framework. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(3), 581-593.
Wald, K. D., Button, J. W., & Rienzo, B. A. (1996). The politics of gay rights in American communities: Explaining antidiscrimination ordinances and policies. American Journal of Political Science, 40(4), 1152-1178.
Wilcox, C., & Wolpert, R. M. (1996). President Clinton, public opinion, and gays in the military. In C. A. Rimmerman (Ed.), Gay rights, military wrongs: Political Perspectives on lesbians and gays in the military (pp. 127-145). New York, NY: Garland.
Wilcox, C., & Wolpert, R. M. (2000). Gay rights in the public sphere: Public opinion on gay and lesbian equality. In C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The politics of gay rights (pp. 409-432). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2010). Mass media research: An introduction (9 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Yates, D. S., Moore, D. S., & McCabe, G. P. (1999). The practice of statistic. London: Macmillan Higher Education.
Youth citizen journalism on the rise. (2012). Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1182955/1/.html
Zwick, R. (1988). Another look at interrater agreement. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 374-378.
陆彩霞. (2007, 12 September). 莱佛士书院男教师博客上公开同性恋身份各方反应, 联合早报. Retrieved from http://www.aibai.com/infoview.php?id=17189		zh_TW