1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 初診斷乳癌患者的心理沮喪發展軌跡與資源變化、因應風格之關係探討
The developmental trajectories of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients and their relationship with resource changes and coping styles
作者 涂珮瓊
Tu, Pei Chiung
貢獻者 許文耀
Hsu, Wen Yau
涂珮瓊
Tu, Pei Chiung
關鍵詞 心理沮喪
發展軌跡
資源流失
資源獲得
因應風格
初診斷乳癌
psychological distress
developmental trajectory
resource loss
resource gain
coping style
newly-diagnosed breast cacner
日期 2012
上傳時間 11-Jul-2013 17:49:37 (UTC+8)
摘要 目的：基於初診斷乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應存在個別差異性之假設，本研究旨在探討乳癌患者的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其與資源變化、因應風格之間的關係，並採用動態性的壓力調適觀點來說明影響個體間發展差異與個人內變化之因素。三個主要的目的為（1）初診斷乳癌患者是否具有不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡？（2）隨時序變化的資源變化與因應風格可否區辨不同的軌跡組別；以及（3）不同軌跡組別的資源變化與因應風格對其心理沮喪之影響是否不同？
     方法： 本研究採用貫時性的研究設計，共收錄200名初診斷乳癌患者。患者於診斷後的手術前一天進行評估，並於術後一個月、術後四個月、術後七個月及術後一年進行後續的追蹤。每一點的心理沮喪分數採用中文的醫院版焦慮與憂鬱量表（HADS）來測量，追蹤時間點的資源變化與癌症因應風格之分數，分別是以修編的資源改變量表（資源流失與資源獲得）與台灣版癌症心理調適量表（Mini-MAC）進行評估。
     結果：潛在類別成長模式的結果顯示，相較於過去的研究，心理沮喪的變化軌跡可區辨出「韌性組」、「復原組」、「晚發組」及「慢性組」。潛在成長曲線模式的分析顯示，相較於其他三組，「韌性組」的壓力因應特性為：診斷之後維持在低資源流失、較低的初始AP，以及較低的CA成長率；相較於「韌性組」，「復原組」還具有下降較慢的FS；「晚發組」與「慢性組」又比前兩組具有更高的初始HH與較高的AP成長率，而「慢性組」比起其他三組在診斷初期具有最高的資源流失、最高的HH以及最低的FS。階層線性模式的分析顯示，四組之中的資源流失與因應風格皆可預測心理沮喪，作用的差異之處主要出現在「慢性組」的資源獲得與CA具有減緩心理沮喪之效果，以及各組之內的預測因子不同。
     
     結論：本研究支持罹癌後的壓力反應具有個別差異性，並且指出乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應具有四種不同的發展型態。本研究也強調於連續變化的向度中考量不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其相關的壓力調適因子亦具有時序變化之重要性。有關的理論與實務意涵將於後作進一步地討論。
Objectives: This study assumed the psychological distress of newly-diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients existed the entities of the individual difference, so this study examined distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst BC patients and their relationship with resource changes and coping styles, and adopted a dynamic stress-coping perspective to shed light on the factors that contribute to the diversity of inter-individual development and intra-individual change. The three major purposes were (1) to determine if there are distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosis BC patients; (2) to test whether time-varying resource changes and coping styles can distinguish the trajectory groups; (3) to explore whether the effect of time-varying resource changes and coping styles on psychological distress differ within each trajectories group.
     
     Methods: A longitudinal reasarch study of 200 newly-diagnosed BC patients was recruited and participants were assessed at the day before surgery, and again at the 1-month, 4-month, 7-month and 1-year post-surgery follow-ups. Psychological distress was measured at the five time-points using the Chinese version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Resource changes and cancer-specific coping were assessed at all follow-ups using the revised Resource Change Scale and the the Chinese version of Mini-MAC Scale, respectively.
     
     Results: Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) identified four latent classes of BC patients with distinct developmental trajectories of psychological distress - resilience, recovery, late onset and chronic dysfunction. Latent Growth Curve Model (LGM) revealed that the stress-coping properties of the resilience group featured a stabilized lower level of resource loss after diagnosis, a lower level of initial AP-coping and a lower growth rate of CA-coping when compared with the others. The recovery group was more likely to have a lower decrease of FS-coping than the resilience group. Moreover, the late onset group and the chronic dysfunction group were more likely to have a higher level of initial HH-coping and a higher increase in AP-coping, and the chronic dysfunction group was characterized by the highest level of initial resource loss and HH-coping, and the lowest level of initial FS-coping compared with the other groups. The Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) indicated that resource loss and use of coping styles could significantly predict levels of psychological distress in each trajectory group. The major differences that appeared were in the positive effect of resource gain and use of CA-coping on decreasing distress symptoms amongst people in the chronic dysfunction group, as well as in the different predictors that were found in each trajectory group.
     
     Conclusions: The present study shows that there are individual differences in cancer-specific stress responses and outlines four different developmental patterns of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosed Taiwanese BC patients. This study also stressed the importance of considering time-serial continuity of distinct developmental trajectories with regards to psychological distress as well as the related stress-coping factors which also varies with time. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed in depth in the content of the study.
參考文獻 呂英秀（2003）。重覆測量資料分析的統計方法。科學農業，51，174-185。
     行政院衛生署（2012）。民國100年主要死因分析。未出版之統計數據。取自http:// doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=12336&class_no=440&level_no=4
     林佳蓉（2004）。台灣版簡短癌症心理調適量表(Mini-MAC)之信效度檢測（未出版之碩士論文）。私立長庚大學護理研究所，桃園縣。
     涂珮瓊、許文耀、張正雄、陳盈如（2011）。門診癌症患者參與心理社會介入之意圖評估——計畫行為理論之運用。中華心理衛生學刊，24，403-428。
     許文耀（2003）。資源流失、因應、社會支持與九二一地震災民的心理症狀之關係。中華心理學刊，45，263-277。
     許文耀、曾幼涵（2003）。九二一地震後災民的資源變化與心理症狀間的關係。中華心理衛生學刊，16，1-19。
     陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵（2003）。多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用（三版）。台北市：五南。
     國民健康局（2012）。民國98年癌症登記報告。未出版之統計數據。取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/bhpnet/portal/StatisticsShow.aspx/No=201206210001
     陳佩英、史麗珠、王正旭、賴裕和、張獻崑、陳美伶（1999）。疼痛對癌症病人焦慮與憂鬱之影響。台灣醫學，3，373-382。
     Absolom, K., Holch, P., Pini, S., Hill, K., Liu, A., Sharpe, M., …Velikova, G. (2011). The detection and management of emotional distress in cancer patients: the views of health-care professionals. Psycho-Oncology, 20, 601-608.
     Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317_332.
     American Joint Committee on Cancer. (2009). AJCC cancer staging manual (7th ed). New York: Springer.
     Anagnostopoulos, F., Kolokotron, P., Spanea, E., & Chryssochoou, M. (2006). The Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale: Construct validation with a Greek sample of breast cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 78-89.
     Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., Philpott, R., & Stewart, L. (2007). Delayed-onset Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Evidence . American Journal of Psychiatry. 164, 1319-1326.
     Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
     Areta, C. M., Picou, J. S., & Johnson, G. D. (2000). Coping with technological disaster: An application of the conservation of resources model to the Exxon Valdz oil spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 23-39.
     Babyak, M. A., Snyder, C., & Yoshinobu, L. (1993). Psychometric properties of the Hope Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(2), 154-169.
     Bardwell, W., Natarajan, L., Dimsdale, J., Rock, C., Mortimer, J., Hollenbach, K., & Pierce, J., (2006). Objective Cancer-Related Variables Are Not Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Women Treated for Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 2420-2427.
     Benotsch, E. G., Brailey, B., Vasterling, J. J., & Sutker, P. (2000). War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in GulfWar veterans:A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 205-213.
     Bonanno, G. A. (2001). The crucial importance of empirical evidence in the development of bereavement theory: A reply to Archer (2001). Psychological Bulletin, 127, 561-564.
     Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
     Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. & Vlahov, D. (2006). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 75, 571-582.
     Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. M. Y., Chan, J. C. K, Kwong, R. S. Y., Cheung, C. K. Y., Wong, C. P. Y., & Wong, V. C. W. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27, 659-667.
     Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 705-734.
     Bonanno, G. A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Lude, P. (2012). Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57, 326-247.
     Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2010). Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 74-83..
     Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 1.1-1.25.
     Bredal, I. S. (2011). The Norwegian version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 216-221.
     Brennan, J. (2001). Adjustment to cancer: Coping or personal transition? Psycho- Oncology, 10, 1-18.
     Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2002). Gender differences in the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 226-229.
     Bryk, A.S., & Raudenbush, S.W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models in Social and Behavioral Research: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (1st Ed). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
     Bultz, B., & Johansen, C. (2011). Screening for Distress, the 6th Vital Sign: Where are we, and where are we going? Psycho-Oncology, 20, 569-571.
     Burgess, C., Cornelius, V., Love, S., Graham, J., Richards, M.,& Ramirez, A. (2005). Depression and anxiety with early breast cancer: five year observation cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330, 702-705.
     Carmines, E.G., & McIver, J.P. (1981). Analyzing Models with Unobserved Variables. In G.W. Bohrnstedt & E.F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., … Clark, K. C.(1997). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
     Chapman, R. S., Hesketh, L. J., & Kistler, D. J. (2002). Predicting longitudinal change in language production and comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome: Hierarchical linear modeling. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 902–915.
     Chong, M. Y., & Wilkinson, G. (1989). Validation of 30- and 12-item versions of the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) in patients admitted for general health screening. Psychological Medicine, 19, 495-505.
     Clark, A. E., Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2009). Stepping off the hedoni treadmill: Individual differences in response to marriage, divorce, and spousal bereavement. Journal of Individual Differences, 32, 144-152.
     Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
     Compas, B. E., & Harding, A. (1998). Competence across the lifespan: Lessons from coping with cancer. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack, & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research (pp. 9-26). New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Compas, B. E., Stoll, M. F., Thomsen, A. H., Oppedisano, G., Epping-Jordan, J. E., & Krag, D. N. (1999). Adjustment to breast cancer: Age-related differences in coping and emotional distress. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 54, 195-203.
     Costantini, M., Musso, M., Viterbori, P., Bonci, F., Mastro, L., Garrone, O., Venturini, M., & Morasso, G. (1999). Detecting psychological distress in cancer patients: validity of the Italian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Supportive Care in Cancer, 7, 121-127.
     Costanzo, E. S., Lutgendorf, S. K., Mattes, M. L., Trejam, S., Robinson, C. B., Tewfik, F., & Ro,am. S. L. (2007). Adjusting to life after treatment: Distress and quality of life following treatment for breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 97, 1625-1631.
     Curran, P. J., West, S. G, & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29.
     Davidson, O. B., Eden, D., Westman, M., Cohen-Charash,,, Y., Hammer, L. B., Kluger, A. N., … Rosenblatt, Z. (2010). Sabbatical Leave: Who Gains and How Much? Journal of Applied Psychology , 95, 953-964.
     DeRoon-Cassini, T., Mancini, A. D., Rusch, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: A latent growth mixture model analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 1-11.
     Deshields, T., Tibbs, T., Fan, M-Y., Taylor, M. (2006). Differences in patterns of depression after treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 398-406.
     Duckworth, A. L., & Tsukayama, E., & May, H. (2010). Establishing causality using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling: An illustration predicting achievement from self-control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 311-317.
     Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2006). Alcohol use from ages 9-16: A cohort-sequential latent growth model. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 71-81.
     Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Strycker, A. L., Li, F., & Alpert, A. (1999). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. New Jersey, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
     Dunn, L. B., Aouizerat, E., Cooper, B. A., Dodd, M., Lee, K., Lee, K., …Miaskowski, C. (2011). Trajectories of anxiety in oncology patients and family caregivers during and after radiation therapy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 1-9.
     Elliott, G. R., & Eisdorfer, C. (1982). Stress and human health. New York: Springer.
     English, J., K. Wilson, and S. Keller-Olaman. 2008. Health, healing and recovery: Therapeutic landscapes and the everyday lives of breast cancer survivors. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 268-78.
     Fawzy, F. I. (1999). Psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer: What works and what doesn’t. European Journal of Cancer, 35, 1559-1564.
     Freedy, J. R., Saladin, M. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Saunders, B. E. (1994). Understanding acute psychological distress following natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 257-273.
     Freedy, J. R., Shaw, D. L., Jarrel., M. P., & Master, C. R. (1992). Towards and understanding the psychological impact of natural disaster: An application of the conservation of resources stress model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 441-454.
     Gall, T. L., Guirguis-Younger, M., Charbonneau, C., & Florack, P. (2009). The trajectory of religious coping across time in response to the diagnosis of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 1165-1178.
     Gilbear, O., Or-Han, K., & Plovazky, P. (2005). Mental adjustment, coping strategies, and psychological distress among end-stage renal disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 471-476.
     Glanz, K., & Lerman, C. (1992). Psychological impact of breast cancer: A critical review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 204-212.
     Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorious, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two version of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27, 191-197.
     Golden- Kreutz, D. M., & Andersen, B. L. (2004). Depressive symptoms after breast cancer surgery: relationships with global, cancer-related, and life event stress. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 211-220.
     Forsythe, C. J., & Compass, B. E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: Testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 473–485.
     Grassi, L., Buda, P., Cavana, L., Annunziata, M. A., Torta, R., & Varetto, A. (2005). Styles of coping with cancer: the Italian version of the Mini-Mental adjustment to cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 115-124.
     Greenglass, E., Schwarzer, R., & Taubert, S. (1999). The Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI): A multidimensional research instrument. Retrieved from http://userpage. fu-berlin.de/~health/greenpci.htm
     Greer, S., Morris, T., & Pettingale, K. W. (1979). Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome. Lancet, 2, 785-787.
     Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). Move over ANOVA: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 310-317.
     Hack, T. F., & Degner, L. F. (2004). Coping responses following breast cancer diagnosis predict psychological adjustment three years later. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 235-247.
     Halteren, H. K., Bongaerts, G. P. A., & th Wagener, D. J. (2004). Cancer and psychosocial distress: frequent companions. Lancet, 364, 824-825.
     Hegel, M. T., Moore, C. P., Collins, E.D., Kearing, S., Gillock, K. L., Riggs, R. L., Clay, K. F.,& Ahles, T. A. (2006). Distress, psychiatric syndromes, and impairment of function in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Cancer, 15, 2924-2931.
     Helgeson, V. S., & Cohen, S. (1996). Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive, correlational, and intervention research. Health Psychology, 15, 135-148.
     Helgeson, V. S., Cohen, S., Schulz, R., & Yasko, J. (1999). Education and peer discussion group interventions and adjustment to breast cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 340-347.
     Helgeson, V. S., Snyder, P., & Seltman, H. (2004). Psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer over 4 years: Identifying distinct trajectories of change. Health Psychology, 23, 3-15.
     Henselmans, I., Helgeson, V. S., Seltman, H., & de Vries, J. (2010). Identification and prediction of distress trajectories in the first year after a breast cancer diagnosis. Health Psychology, 29, 160-168.
     Herrero, M. J., Blanch, J., Peri, J. M., De Pablo, J., Pintor, L., & Bulbena, A. (2003). A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a Spanish population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 25, 277-283.
     Ho, S. M. Y., Fung, W. K., Chan, C. L. W., Watson, M., & Tsui, Y. K. Y. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 547-556.
     Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The conservation of resources: A new of stress model. In S. E. Hobfoll (Ed.), Ecology of stress (pp. 25-54). New York: Plenum Press.
     Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Banerjee, P., & Britton, P. (1994). Stress resistance resources and health. In S. Maes, H. Leventhal, & M. Johnston (Eds.), International review of health psychology (pp.37-63). Chichester, England: Wiley.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006a). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207-218.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, M., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-643.
     Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128-148.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Mancini, A. D., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1400-1408.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Palmieri, P. A., Johnson, R. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Hall, B. J., & Galea, S. (2009). Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arbs in Israel. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 77, 138-148.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006b). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 867-878.
     Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource Conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128-148.
     Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E. H. M., Wijnberg-Williams, B. J., Jaspers, J. P. C., Kamps, W. A., & van de Woel, J. B. M. (2012). Coping and its effect on psychological distress of parents of pediatric cancer patients: Psycho-Oncology, 21, 903-911.
     Holahan, C.J., Moos, R.H., Holahan, C.K., & Cronkite, R.C. (1999). Resource loss,
     resource gain, and depressive symptoms: A ten-year model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 620-629.
     Hou, W. K., Law, C. C., Yin, J., & Fu, Y. T. (2010). Resource loss, resource gain and psychological resilience and dysfunction following cancer diagnosis: A growth mixture modeling approach. Health Psychology, 29, 484-495.
     Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6 , 1-55.
     Hulbert-Williams, N., Neal, R., Morrison, V., Hood, K., & Wilkinson, C. (2011). Anxiety, depression and quality of life after cancer diagnosis: What psychosocial variables best predict how patients adjust. Psycho-Oncology, 21, 857-867.
     Johansson, M., Rydén, A., & Finizia, C. (2011). Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety, depression, HRQL and survival in patients with laryngeal cancer - A longitudinal study. BMC Cancer, 11, 283-291.
     Jones, B. L., Nagin, D., & Roeder, K. (2001). A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 374-393.
     Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2008). An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 302-317.
     Kang, J. I., Chung, H. C., Kim, S. J., Choi, H. J., Ahn, J. B., Jeung, H-C., & Namkoong, K. (2008). Standardization of the Korean version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (K-Mini-MAC) scale: factor structure, reliability and validity. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 592-597.
     Kangas, M., Henry, T. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). The course of psychological disorders in the 1st year after cancer diagnosis. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 73, 763-768.
     Kim, H. J., Barsevick, A. M., Tulman, L., & McDermott, P. A., (2008). Treatment- related symptom clusters in breast cancer: a secondary analysis. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 36, 468-479.
     Knobf, M. T. (2011). Clinical update: Psychosocial responses in breast cancer survivors. Seminars in Oncolology Nursing, 27, 1-14.
     Lam, W.W., & Fielding, R. (2003). The evolving experience of illness for Chinese women with breast cancer: a qualitative study. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 127-140.
     Lam, W.W., Fielding, R., & Ho, E. Y. (2005). Predicting psychological morbidity in Chinese women after surgery for breast carcinoma, Cancer, 103, 637-646.
     Lam, W. W., Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Ho, S., Chan, M., Hung, W. K., Or, A., Fielding, R. (2010). Trajectories of psychological distress among Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1044-1051.
     Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
     Lehto, R. H., & Cimprich, B. (1999). Anxiety and directed attention in women awaiting breast cancer surgery. Oncology Nursing Forum, 26,767–772.
     Leung, C. M., Ho, S., Jan, C. S., Hung, C. H., & Chen, C. N. (1993). Evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A-cross cultural perspective. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 40, 29-34.
     Littell, R. C., Stroup, W. W., & Freund, R. J. (2002). SAS for Linear Models (4th ed.). SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
     Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Grill-Taquechel, A. E. (2009). Adjustment following the Mass Shooting at Virginia Tech: The role of resource loss and gain. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Practice, and Policy, 1, 206-219.
     Love, R. R., & Philips, J. (2002). Oophorectomy for breast cancer: History revisited. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94, 1133-1134.
     MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
     Mahon, S. M. (2007). Introduction. In S. M. Mahon (Ed.), Site-Specific cancer series: Breast cancer (pp. 1-4.). Pittsburgh, PA: Oncology Nursing Society.
     Maraste, R., Brandt, L., Olsson, H., & Rytde-Brandt, B. (1992). Anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients at start of adjuvant radiotherapy. Acta Oncologica, 31, 640-643.
     Meredith, W., & Tisak, J. (1990). Latent curve analysis. Psychometrika, 55, 107–122.
     Mertz, B. G., Bistrup, P. E., Johansen, C., Dalton, S. O., Deltour, I., Kehlet, H., & Kroman, N. (2011). Psychological distress among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing,16, 439-443.
     Millar, K., Purushotham, A. D., McLatchie, E., George, W. D., & Murray, G. D. (2005). A 1-year prospective study of individual variation in distress, and illness perceptions, after treatment for breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 335-342.
     Morasso, G., Costantini, M., Viterbori, P., Bonci, F., del Mastro, L., Musso, M., … Venturini, M. (2001). Predicting mood disorders in breast cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 216–223.
     McDaniel, I. S., Musselman, D. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1997). Cancer and depression: Theory and treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 360-364.
     Montgomery M. & McCrone S.H. (2010) Psychological distress associated with the diagnostic phase for suspected breast cancer: systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 2372-2390.
     Muthen, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences (pp.345-368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
     Nagin, D. S. (2005). Group-based modeling of Development. Cambridege, MA: Harvard University Press.
     Nordin, K., Berglund, G., Terke, I., & Glimelius, B. (1999). The Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale—a psychometric analysis and the concept of coping. Psycho- Oncology, 8, 250-259.
     Norris, F. H. (2001).Measuring exposure to the events of September 11, 2001: Pretest results and stress/loss norms obtained from a minimally exposed diverse sample of college students. Retrieved from the National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Web site: http://obssr.od.nih. gov/activities/ 911/attack.htm
     Norris, F. H., Perilla, J., Riad, J., Kaniasty, K., & Lavizzo, E. (1999). Stability and change in stress, resources, psychological distress following natural disaster: Finding from Hurricane Andrew. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 12, 363-396.
     Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 2190-2198.
     Nosrati, C., Jonathan, R., Crayford, T., McKenzie, K., & David, A. (2002). Early psychological adjustment in breast cancer patients. A prospective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1123–1130.
     Nylundm, K. L., Asparouhaov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535-569.
     O’Nell, H. K., Evans, B. A., Bussman, M. D., & Strandberg, D. K. (1999). Psychological distress during the Red River flood: Predictive utility of the conservation of resources model. Applied Behavioral Science Review, 7, 159-169.
     Palmer, J. R, Wise L. A, Adams-Campbell, L. L, Rosenberg, L.(2004). A prospective study of induced abortion and breast cancer in African-American women. Cancer Causes Control,15,105-111.
     Pinquart, M., Frohlich, C., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2007). Optimism, pessimism, and change of psychological well-being in cancer patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12, 421-432.
     Potter P.J. (2007) Breast biopsy and distress: feasibility of testing a Reiki intervention. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25, 238-248.
     Qiu, J., Yang, M., Chen, W., Gao, X., Liu, S., Shi, S., & Xie, B. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder in breast cancer survivors in Shanghai, China. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication.
     Qureshi, I. & Fang, Y. (2011). Socialization In Open Source Software Projects – A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 208-238.
     Raudenbush, S. W. Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
     Rice, M. L. (2004). Growth models of developmental language disorders. In M. L. Rice & S. F. Waren (Eds.), Developmental language disorders: From phenotypes to etiologies (pp. 207–240). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
     Rottmann, N., Dalton, S. O., Christensen, J., Frederiksen, K., & Johansen, C. (2010). Self-efficacy, adjustment style and well-being in breast cancer patients: A longitudinal study. Quality of Life Research, 19, 827-836.
     Scheier, M. F., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Really, disease doesn’t matter? A commentary on correlates of depressive symptoms in women treated for early-stage breast cacner. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 2407-2408.
     Schou, I., Ekeberg, Φ., Sandvik, L., Karesen, R., & Ruland, C. M. (2002). Do women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and consulting surgeons assess decision-making equally? The Breast, 111, 434–441.
     Sorlie, T. (2001). Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 10879-10874.
     Somerfidle, M., & Curbow, B. (1992). Methodological issues and research strategies in the study of coping with cancer. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 1203-1216.
     Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., & Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: Hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho-Oncology, 11, 93-102.
     Stommel, M., Kurtz, M. E., Kurtz, J. C., Given, C. W., & Given, B. A. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the course of depressive symptomatology in geriatric patients with cancer of the Breast, Colon, Lung, or Prostate. Health Psychology, 23, 564-573.
     Taylor, S. E. (2001). Asymmetric effect of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.
     Taylor, S. E. (2006). Stress. In S. E. Taylor (Ed.), Health Psychology (6th Ed.) (pp.152-183). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
     Terry, D. J., & Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1078-1092.
     Thoits, P. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being. A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174-187.
     Thorvaldsson, V., Skoog, I., Hofer, S. M., Borjesson-Hanson, A., Ostling, S., Sacuiu, S., & Johansson, B. (2012). Nonlinear blood pressure effects on cognition in old age: separating between-person and within-person associations. Psychology and aging, advance online publication, 27, 375-383.
     Vinokur, A. D., Threatt, B. A., Vinokur-Kaplan, D., Satariano, W. A. (1990). The process of recovery from breast cancer for younger and older patients. Cancer, 65, 1242-1254.
     van Horn, E. R. (2009). Loss and depression after traumatic injury: The importance of nursing case management in the recovery process. Professional Case Management, 14, 66-73.
     Wanger, D. M., Shortt, J. W., Bkake, A. W., & Page, M. S. (1990). The suppression of exciting thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 409-418.
     Wang, G. L., Hsu, S. H, Feng, A. C, Chiu, C. Y., Shen, J. F., Lin, Y. J., & Cheng, C. C. (2011). The HADS and the DT for screening psychosocial distress of cancer patients in Taiwan. Psycho-Oncology, 20, 639-646.
     Wang, W. T., Tu, P. C., Liu, T. J., Yeh, D. C., & Hsu, W. Y. (2012). Mental adjustment at different phases in breast cancer trajectory: re-examination of factor structure of the Mini-MAC and its correlation with distress. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/pon.3065
     Watson, M., Greer, S., Young, J., Inayat, Q., Burgess, C., & Robertson, B. (1988). Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer: the MAC scale. Psychological Medicine, 18, 203-209.
     Watson, M., Law, M., dos Santos, M., Greer, S., Baruch, J.,& Bliss, J. (1994). The Mini-MAC: further development of the mental adjustment to cancer scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 33-46.
     Week, J. C., Cook, E. F., O’Day, S. J., Petersen, L. M., Wenger, N., Reding, D., … Phillips, R. S. (1998). Relationship between cancer patients’ predictions of prognosis and their treatment preferences. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1709-1714.
     Wells, J. D., Hobfoll, S. E., & Lavin, J. (1999). When it rains it pours: The greater impact of resource loss compared to gain on psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1172-1182.
     Wills, T. A., & Ainette, M. G. (2008). Good self-control as a buffering agent for adolescent substance use: An investigation in early adolescence with time-varying covariates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 459-471.
     Worden, J. W., & Weisman, A. D. (1984). Preventive psychosocial intervention with newly diagnosed cancer patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 6, 243-249.
     Wu, Y. B., Clopper, R. R., and Wooldridge, P. J. (1999). A comparison of traditional approaches to hierarchical linear modeling when analyzing longitudinal data. Research in Nursing & Health, 22, 421-432.
     Ziegler, L., Hill, K., Neilly, L., Bennett, M. I., Higginson, I.J., Murray, S. A., & Stark, D. (2011). Identifying Psychological Distress at Key Stages of the Cancer Illness Trajectory: A Systematic Review of Validated Self-Report Measures. Journal of Pain and Symptom Manage, 41, 619-636.
     Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, P. R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acra Psychiatry Scand, 67, 361-370.
     Zucca, A. C., Boyes, A. W., Lecathelinais, C., & Girgis, A. (2010). Life is previous and I’m making the best of it: Coping strategies of long-term cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1268-1276.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
94752501
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752501
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 許文耀zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsu, Wen Yauen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 涂珮瓊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tu, Pei Chiungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 涂珮瓊zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tu, Pei Chiungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 11-Jul-2013 17:49:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Jul-2013 17:49:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Jul-2013 17:49:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094752501en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/58848-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94752501zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 目的：基於初診斷乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應存在個別差異性之假設，本研究旨在探討乳癌患者的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其與資源變化、因應風格之間的關係，並採用動態性的壓力調適觀點來說明影響個體間發展差異與個人內變化之因素。三個主要的目的為（1）初診斷乳癌患者是否具有不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡？（2）隨時序變化的資源變化與因應風格可否區辨不同的軌跡組別；以及（3）不同軌跡組別的資源變化與因應風格對其心理沮喪之影響是否不同？
     方法： 本研究採用貫時性的研究設計，共收錄200名初診斷乳癌患者。患者於診斷後的手術前一天進行評估，並於術後一個月、術後四個月、術後七個月及術後一年進行後續的追蹤。每一點的心理沮喪分數採用中文的醫院版焦慮與憂鬱量表（HADS）來測量，追蹤時間點的資源變化與癌症因應風格之分數，分別是以修編的資源改變量表（資源流失與資源獲得）與台灣版癌症心理調適量表（Mini-MAC）進行評估。
     結果：潛在類別成長模式的結果顯示，相較於過去的研究，心理沮喪的變化軌跡可區辨出「韌性組」、「復原組」、「晚發組」及「慢性組」。潛在成長曲線模式的分析顯示，相較於其他三組，「韌性組」的壓力因應特性為：診斷之後維持在低資源流失、較低的初始AP，以及較低的CA成長率；相較於「韌性組」，「復原組」還具有下降較慢的FS；「晚發組」與「慢性組」又比前兩組具有更高的初始HH與較高的AP成長率，而「慢性組」比起其他三組在診斷初期具有最高的資源流失、最高的HH以及最低的FS。階層線性模式的分析顯示，四組之中的資源流失與因應風格皆可預測心理沮喪，作用的差異之處主要出現在「慢性組」的資源獲得與CA具有減緩心理沮喪之效果，以及各組之內的預測因子不同。
     
     結論：本研究支持罹癌後的壓力反應具有個別差異性，並且指出乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應具有四種不同的發展型態。本研究也強調於連續變化的向度中考量不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其相關的壓力調適因子亦具有時序變化之重要性。有關的理論與實務意涵將於後作進一步地討論。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Objectives: This study assumed the psychological distress of newly-diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients existed the entities of the individual difference, so this study examined distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst BC patients and their relationship with resource changes and coping styles, and adopted a dynamic stress-coping perspective to shed light on the factors that contribute to the diversity of inter-individual development and intra-individual change. The three major purposes were (1) to determine if there are distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosis BC patients; (2) to test whether time-varying resource changes and coping styles can distinguish the trajectory groups; (3) to explore whether the effect of time-varying resource changes and coping styles on psychological distress differ within each trajectories group.
     
     Methods: A longitudinal reasarch study of 200 newly-diagnosed BC patients was recruited and participants were assessed at the day before surgery, and again at the 1-month, 4-month, 7-month and 1-year post-surgery follow-ups. Psychological distress was measured at the five time-points using the Chinese version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Resource changes and cancer-specific coping were assessed at all follow-ups using the revised Resource Change Scale and the the Chinese version of Mini-MAC Scale, respectively.
     
     Results: Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) identified four latent classes of BC patients with distinct developmental trajectories of psychological distress - resilience, recovery, late onset and chronic dysfunction. Latent Growth Curve Model (LGM) revealed that the stress-coping properties of the resilience group featured a stabilized lower level of resource loss after diagnosis, a lower level of initial AP-coping and a lower growth rate of CA-coping when compared with the others. The recovery group was more likely to have a lower decrease of FS-coping than the resilience group. Moreover, the late onset group and the chronic dysfunction group were more likely to have a higher level of initial HH-coping and a higher increase in AP-coping, and the chronic dysfunction group was characterized by the highest level of initial resource loss and HH-coping, and the lowest level of initial FS-coping compared with the other groups. The Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) indicated that resource loss and use of coping styles could significantly predict levels of psychological distress in each trajectory group. The major differences that appeared were in the positive effect of resource gain and use of CA-coping on decreasing distress symptoms amongst people in the chronic dysfunction group, as well as in the different predictors that were found in each trajectory group.
     
     Conclusions: The present study shows that there are individual differences in cancer-specific stress responses and outlines four different developmental patterns of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosed Taiwanese BC patients. This study also stressed the importance of considering time-serial continuity of distinct developmental trajectories with regards to psychological distress as well as the related stress-coping factors which also varies with time. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed in depth in the content of the study.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
     第二章 文獻探討 4
      第一節 癌症心理沮喪的概念與實徵研究 4
     （一）心理沮喪的概念 4
     （二）心理沮喪的實徵研究 5
      第二節 癌症心理沮喪軌跡研究的概念與研究限制 20
     （一）軌跡研究的概念 20
     （二）軌跡研究的限制與評論 23
      第三節 資源變化、因應風格及心理沮喪之關係 28
     （一）壓力模式 28
     （二）資源保留理論 29
     （三）癌症的因應風格 38
      第四節 研究目的與研究架構 45
      第五節 研究問題與研究假設 47
     第三章 研究方法 53
      第一節 研究參與者 53
      第二節 研究工具 55
     （一）簡短版癌症心理調適量表 55
     （二）資源改變量表 59
     （三）中文版醫院焦慮與憂鬱量表 63
      第三節 研究程序 64
      第四節 統計分析 66
     第四章 研究結果 69
      第一節 描述統計資料 69
     （一）人口背景與臨床特性 69
     （二）各研究變項之間的相關結果 71
      第二節 心理沮喪的不同軌跡 73
     （一） 心理沮喪的描述統計結果 73
     （二）不同的心理沮喪軌跡 75
     （三）心理沮喪軌跡組別的特性 80
      第三節 隨時序變化的社會心理變項與四種軌跡組別之間的關係 98
     （一）各個社會心理變項的成長模型 98
     （二）虛擬組別與社會心理變項的整合模型註 101
      第四節 各組心理沮喪軌跡的預測因子 108
     （一）韌性組 108
     （二）復原組 110
     （三）晚發組 112
     （四）慢性組 114
     第五章 綜合結果與討論 117
      第一節 乳癌患者的心理沮喪變化軌跡具有個別差異性 117
      第二節 不同心理沮喪軌跡之間的組別區辨因子 121
      第三節 不同心理沮喪軌跡之間的組內預測因子 128
      第四節 臨床意涵 132
      第五節 研究限制與未來研究方向 134
     參考文獻 137
     附錄一：研究問卷 151
     附錄二：統計語法 158		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752501en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心理沮喪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發展軌跡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資源流失zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資源獲得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 因應風格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 初診斷乳癌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) psychological distressen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) developmental trajectoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resource lossen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resource gainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) coping styleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) newly-diagnosed breast cacneren_US
dc.title (題名) 初診斷乳癌患者的心理沮喪發展軌跡與資源變化、因應風格之關係探討zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The developmental trajectories of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients and their relationship with resource changes and coping stylesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 呂英秀（2003）。重覆測量資料分析的統計方法。科學農業，51，174-185。
     行政院衛生署（2012）。民國100年主要死因分析。未出版之統計數據。取自http:// doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=12336&class_no=440&level_no=4
     林佳蓉（2004）。台灣版簡短癌症心理調適量表(Mini-MAC)之信效度檢測（未出版之碩士論文）。私立長庚大學護理研究所，桃園縣。
     涂珮瓊、許文耀、張正雄、陳盈如（2011）。門診癌症患者參與心理社會介入之意圖評估——計畫行為理論之運用。中華心理衛生學刊，24，403-428。
     許文耀（2003）。資源流失、因應、社會支持與九二一地震災民的心理症狀之關係。中華心理學刊，45，263-277。
     許文耀、曾幼涵（2003）。九二一地震後災民的資源變化與心理症狀間的關係。中華心理衛生學刊，16，1-19。
     陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵（2003）。多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用（三版）。台北市：五南。
     國民健康局（2012）。民國98年癌症登記報告。未出版之統計數據。取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/bhpnet/portal/StatisticsShow.aspx/No=201206210001
     陳佩英、史麗珠、王正旭、賴裕和、張獻崑、陳美伶（1999）。疼痛對癌症病人焦慮與憂鬱之影響。台灣醫學，3，373-382。
     Absolom, K., Holch, P., Pini, S., Hill, K., Liu, A., Sharpe, M., …Velikova, G. (2011). The detection and management of emotional distress in cancer patients: the views of health-care professionals. Psycho-Oncology, 20, 601-608.
     Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317_332.
     American Joint Committee on Cancer. (2009). AJCC cancer staging manual (7th ed). New York: Springer.
     Anagnostopoulos, F., Kolokotron, P., Spanea, E., & Chryssochoou, M. (2006). The Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale: Construct validation with a Greek sample of breast cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 78-89.
     Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., Philpott, R., & Stewart, L. (2007). Delayed-onset Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Evidence . American Journal of Psychiatry. 164, 1319-1326.
     Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
     Areta, C. M., Picou, J. S., & Johnson, G. D. (2000). Coping with technological disaster: An application of the conservation of resources model to the Exxon Valdz oil spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 23-39.
     Babyak, M. A., Snyder, C., & Yoshinobu, L. (1993). Psychometric properties of the Hope Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(2), 154-169.
     Bardwell, W., Natarajan, L., Dimsdale, J., Rock, C., Mortimer, J., Hollenbach, K., & Pierce, J., (2006). Objective Cancer-Related Variables Are Not Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Women Treated for Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 2420-2427.
     Benotsch, E. G., Brailey, B., Vasterling, J. J., & Sutker, P. (2000). War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in GulfWar veterans:A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 205-213.
     Bonanno, G. A. (2001). The crucial importance of empirical evidence in the development of bereavement theory: A reply to Archer (2001). Psychological Bulletin, 127, 561-564.
     Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
     Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. & Vlahov, D. (2006). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 75, 571-582.
     Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. M. Y., Chan, J. C. K, Kwong, R. S. Y., Cheung, C. K. Y., Wong, C. P. Y., & Wong, V. C. W. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27, 659-667.
     Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 705-734.
     Bonanno, G. A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Lude, P. (2012). Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57, 326-247.
     Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2010). Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 74-83..
     Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 1.1-1.25.
     Bredal, I. S. (2011). The Norwegian version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 216-221.
     Brennan, J. (2001). Adjustment to cancer: Coping or personal transition? Psycho- Oncology, 10, 1-18.
     Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2002). Gender differences in the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 226-229.
     Bryk, A.S., & Raudenbush, S.W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models in Social and Behavioral Research: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (1st Ed). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
     Bultz, B., & Johansen, C. (2011). Screening for Distress, the 6th Vital Sign: Where are we, and where are we going? Psycho-Oncology, 20, 569-571.
     Burgess, C., Cornelius, V., Love, S., Graham, J., Richards, M.,& Ramirez, A. (2005). Depression and anxiety with early breast cancer: five year observation cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330, 702-705.
     Carmines, E.G., & McIver, J.P. (1981). Analyzing Models with Unobserved Variables. In G.W. Bohrnstedt & E.F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
     Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., … Clark, K. C.(1997). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
     Chapman, R. S., Hesketh, L. J., & Kistler, D. J. (2002). Predicting longitudinal change in language production and comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome: Hierarchical linear modeling. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 902–915.
     Chong, M. Y., & Wilkinson, G. (1989). Validation of 30- and 12-item versions of the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) in patients admitted for general health screening. Psychological Medicine, 19, 495-505.
     Clark, A. E., Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2009). Stepping off the hedoni treadmill: Individual differences in response to marriage, divorce, and spousal bereavement. Journal of Individual Differences, 32, 144-152.
     Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
     Compas, B. E., & Harding, A. (1998). Competence across the lifespan: Lessons from coping with cancer. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack, & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research (pp. 9-26). New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Compas, B. E., Stoll, M. F., Thomsen, A. H., Oppedisano, G., Epping-Jordan, J. E., & Krag, D. N. (1999). Adjustment to breast cancer: Age-related differences in coping and emotional distress. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 54, 195-203.
     Costantini, M., Musso, M., Viterbori, P., Bonci, F., Mastro, L., Garrone, O., Venturini, M., & Morasso, G. (1999). Detecting psychological distress in cancer patients: validity of the Italian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Supportive Care in Cancer, 7, 121-127.
     Costanzo, E. S., Lutgendorf, S. K., Mattes, M. L., Trejam, S., Robinson, C. B., Tewfik, F., & Ro,am. S. L. (2007). Adjusting to life after treatment: Distress and quality of life following treatment for breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 97, 1625-1631.
     Curran, P. J., West, S. G, & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29.
     Davidson, O. B., Eden, D., Westman, M., Cohen-Charash,,, Y., Hammer, L. B., Kluger, A. N., … Rosenblatt, Z. (2010). Sabbatical Leave: Who Gains and How Much? Journal of Applied Psychology , 95, 953-964.
     DeRoon-Cassini, T., Mancini, A. D., Rusch, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: A latent growth mixture model analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 1-11.
     Deshields, T., Tibbs, T., Fan, M-Y., Taylor, M. (2006). Differences in patterns of depression after treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 398-406.
     Duckworth, A. L., & Tsukayama, E., & May, H. (2010). Establishing causality using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling: An illustration predicting achievement from self-control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 311-317.
     Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2006). Alcohol use from ages 9-16: A cohort-sequential latent growth model. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 71-81.
     Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Strycker, A. L., Li, F., & Alpert, A. (1999). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. New Jersey, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
     Dunn, L. B., Aouizerat, E., Cooper, B. A., Dodd, M., Lee, K., Lee, K., …Miaskowski, C. (2011). Trajectories of anxiety in oncology patients and family caregivers during and after radiation therapy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 1-9.
     Elliott, G. R., & Eisdorfer, C. (1982). Stress and human health. New York: Springer.
     English, J., K. Wilson, and S. Keller-Olaman. 2008. Health, healing and recovery: Therapeutic landscapes and the everyday lives of breast cancer survivors. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 268-78.
     Fawzy, F. I. (1999). Psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer: What works and what doesn’t. European Journal of Cancer, 35, 1559-1564.
     Freedy, J. R., Saladin, M. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Saunders, B. E. (1994). Understanding acute psychological distress following natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 257-273.
     Freedy, J. R., Shaw, D. L., Jarrel., M. P., & Master, C. R. (1992). Towards and understanding the psychological impact of natural disaster: An application of the conservation of resources stress model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 441-454.
     Gall, T. L., Guirguis-Younger, M., Charbonneau, C., & Florack, P. (2009). The trajectory of religious coping across time in response to the diagnosis of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 1165-1178.
     Gilbear, O., Or-Han, K., & Plovazky, P. (2005). Mental adjustment, coping strategies, and psychological distress among end-stage renal disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 471-476.
     Glanz, K., & Lerman, C. (1992). Psychological impact of breast cancer: A critical review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 204-212.
     Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorious, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two version of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27, 191-197.
     Golden- Kreutz, D. M., & Andersen, B. L. (2004). Depressive symptoms after breast cancer surgery: relationships with global, cancer-related, and life event stress. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 211-220.
     Forsythe, C. J., & Compass, B. E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: Testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 473–485.
     Grassi, L., Buda, P., Cavana, L., Annunziata, M. A., Torta, R., & Varetto, A. (2005). Styles of coping with cancer: the Italian version of the Mini-Mental adjustment to cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 115-124.
     Greenglass, E., Schwarzer, R., & Taubert, S. (1999). The Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI): A multidimensional research instrument. Retrieved from http://userpage. fu-berlin.de/~health/greenpci.htm
     Greer, S., Morris, T., & Pettingale, K. W. (1979). Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome. Lancet, 2, 785-787.
     Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). Move over ANOVA: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 310-317.
     Hack, T. F., & Degner, L. F. (2004). Coping responses following breast cancer diagnosis predict psychological adjustment three years later. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 235-247.
     Halteren, H. K., Bongaerts, G. P. A., & th Wagener, D. J. (2004). Cancer and psychosocial distress: frequent companions. Lancet, 364, 824-825.
     Hegel, M. T., Moore, C. P., Collins, E.D., Kearing, S., Gillock, K. L., Riggs, R. L., Clay, K. F.,& Ahles, T. A. (2006). Distress, psychiatric syndromes, and impairment of function in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Cancer, 15, 2924-2931.
     Helgeson, V. S., & Cohen, S. (1996). Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive, correlational, and intervention research. Health Psychology, 15, 135-148.
     Helgeson, V. S., Cohen, S., Schulz, R., & Yasko, J. (1999). Education and peer discussion group interventions and adjustment to breast cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 340-347.
     Helgeson, V. S., Snyder, P., & Seltman, H. (2004). Psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer over 4 years: Identifying distinct trajectories of change. Health Psychology, 23, 3-15.
     Henselmans, I., Helgeson, V. S., Seltman, H., & de Vries, J. (2010). Identification and prediction of distress trajectories in the first year after a breast cancer diagnosis. Health Psychology, 29, 160-168.
     Herrero, M. J., Blanch, J., Peri, J. M., De Pablo, J., Pintor, L., & Bulbena, A. (2003). A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a Spanish population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 25, 277-283.
     Ho, S. M. Y., Fung, W. K., Chan, C. L. W., Watson, M., & Tsui, Y. K. Y. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 547-556.
     Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The conservation of resources: A new of stress model. In S. E. Hobfoll (Ed.), Ecology of stress (pp. 25-54). New York: Plenum Press.
     Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Banerjee, P., & Britton, P. (1994). Stress resistance resources and health. In S. Maes, H. Leventhal, & M. Johnston (Eds.), International review of health psychology (pp.37-63). Chichester, England: Wiley.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006a). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207-218.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, M., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-643.
     Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128-148.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Mancini, A. D., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1400-1408.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Palmieri, P. A., Johnson, R. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Hall, B. J., & Galea, S. (2009). Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arbs in Israel. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 77, 138-148.
     Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006b). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 867-878.
     Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource Conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128-148.
     Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E. H. M., Wijnberg-Williams, B. J., Jaspers, J. P. C., Kamps, W. A., & van de Woel, J. B. M. (2012). Coping and its effect on psychological distress of parents of pediatric cancer patients: Psycho-Oncology, 21, 903-911.
     Holahan, C.J., Moos, R.H., Holahan, C.K., & Cronkite, R.C. (1999). Resource loss,
     resource gain, and depressive symptoms: A ten-year model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 620-629.
     Hou, W. K., Law, C. C., Yin, J., & Fu, Y. T. (2010). Resource loss, resource gain and psychological resilience and dysfunction following cancer diagnosis: A growth mixture modeling approach. Health Psychology, 29, 484-495.
     Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6 , 1-55.
     Hulbert-Williams, N., Neal, R., Morrison, V., Hood, K., & Wilkinson, C. (2011). Anxiety, depression and quality of life after cancer diagnosis: What psychosocial variables best predict how patients adjust. Psycho-Oncology, 21, 857-867.
     Johansson, M., Rydén, A., & Finizia, C. (2011). Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety, depression, HRQL and survival in patients with laryngeal cancer - A longitudinal study. BMC Cancer, 11, 283-291.
     Jones, B. L., Nagin, D., & Roeder, K. (2001). A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 374-393.
     Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2008). An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 302-317.
     Kang, J. I., Chung, H. C., Kim, S. J., Choi, H. J., Ahn, J. B., Jeung, H-C., & Namkoong, K. (2008). Standardization of the Korean version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (K-Mini-MAC) scale: factor structure, reliability and validity. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 592-597.
     Kangas, M., Henry, T. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). The course of psychological disorders in the 1st year after cancer diagnosis. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 73, 763-768.
     Kim, H. J., Barsevick, A. M., Tulman, L., & McDermott, P. A., (2008). Treatment- related symptom clusters in breast cancer: a secondary analysis. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 36, 468-479.
     Knobf, M. T. (2011). Clinical update: Psychosocial responses in breast cancer survivors. Seminars in Oncolology Nursing, 27, 1-14.
     Lam, W.W., & Fielding, R. (2003). The evolving experience of illness for Chinese women with breast cancer: a qualitative study. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 127-140.
     Lam, W.W., Fielding, R., & Ho, E. Y. (2005). Predicting psychological morbidity in Chinese women after surgery for breast carcinoma, Cancer, 103, 637-646.
     Lam, W. W., Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Ho, S., Chan, M., Hung, W. K., Or, A., Fielding, R. (2010). Trajectories of psychological distress among Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1044-1051.
     Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
     Lehto, R. H., & Cimprich, B. (1999). Anxiety and directed attention in women awaiting breast cancer surgery. Oncology Nursing Forum, 26,767–772.
     Leung, C. M., Ho, S., Jan, C. S., Hung, C. H., & Chen, C. N. (1993). Evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A-cross cultural perspective. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 40, 29-34.
     Littell, R. C., Stroup, W. W., & Freund, R. J. (2002). SAS for Linear Models (4th ed.). SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
     Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Grill-Taquechel, A. E. (2009). Adjustment following the Mass Shooting at Virginia Tech: The role of resource loss and gain. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Practice, and Policy, 1, 206-219.
     Love, R. R., & Philips, J. (2002). Oophorectomy for breast cancer: History revisited. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94, 1133-1134.
     MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
     Mahon, S. M. (2007). Introduction. In S. M. Mahon (Ed.), Site-Specific cancer series: Breast cancer (pp. 1-4.). Pittsburgh, PA: Oncology Nursing Society.
     Maraste, R., Brandt, L., Olsson, H., & Rytde-Brandt, B. (1992). Anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients at start of adjuvant radiotherapy. Acta Oncologica, 31, 640-643.
     Meredith, W., & Tisak, J. (1990). Latent curve analysis. Psychometrika, 55, 107–122.
     Mertz, B. G., Bistrup, P. E., Johansen, C., Dalton, S. O., Deltour, I., Kehlet, H., & Kroman, N. (2011). Psychological distress among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing,16, 439-443.
     Millar, K., Purushotham, A. D., McLatchie, E., George, W. D., & Murray, G. D. (2005). A 1-year prospective study of individual variation in distress, and illness perceptions, after treatment for breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 335-342.
     Morasso, G., Costantini, M., Viterbori, P., Bonci, F., del Mastro, L., Musso, M., … Venturini, M. (2001). Predicting mood disorders in breast cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 216–223.
     McDaniel, I. S., Musselman, D. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1997). Cancer and depression: Theory and treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 360-364.
     Montgomery M. & McCrone S.H. (2010) Psychological distress associated with the diagnostic phase for suspected breast cancer: systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 2372-2390.
     Muthen, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences (pp.345-368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
     Nagin, D. S. (2005). Group-based modeling of Development. Cambridege, MA: Harvard University Press.
     Nordin, K., Berglund, G., Terke, I., & Glimelius, B. (1999). The Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale—a psychometric analysis and the concept of coping. Psycho- Oncology, 8, 250-259.
     Norris, F. H. (2001).Measuring exposure to the events of September 11, 2001: Pretest results and stress/loss norms obtained from a minimally exposed diverse sample of college students. Retrieved from the National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Web site: http://obssr.od.nih. gov/activities/ 911/attack.htm
     Norris, F. H., Perilla, J., Riad, J., Kaniasty, K., & Lavizzo, E. (1999). Stability and change in stress, resources, psychological distress following natural disaster: Finding from Hurricane Andrew. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 12, 363-396.
     Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 2190-2198.
     Nosrati, C., Jonathan, R., Crayford, T., McKenzie, K., & David, A. (2002). Early psychological adjustment in breast cancer patients. A prospective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1123–1130.
     Nylundm, K. L., Asparouhaov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535-569.
     O’Nell, H. K., Evans, B. A., Bussman, M. D., & Strandberg, D. K. (1999). Psychological distress during the Red River flood: Predictive utility of the conservation of resources model. Applied Behavioral Science Review, 7, 159-169.
     Palmer, J. R, Wise L. A, Adams-Campbell, L. L, Rosenberg, L.(2004). A prospective study of induced abortion and breast cancer in African-American women. Cancer Causes Control,15,105-111.
     Pinquart, M., Frohlich, C., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2007). Optimism, pessimism, and change of psychological well-being in cancer patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12, 421-432.
     Potter P.J. (2007) Breast biopsy and distress: feasibility of testing a Reiki intervention. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25, 238-248.
     Qiu, J., Yang, M., Chen, W., Gao, X., Liu, S., Shi, S., & Xie, B. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder in breast cancer survivors in Shanghai, China. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication.
     Qureshi, I. & Fang, Y. (2011). Socialization In Open Source Software Projects – A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 208-238.
     Raudenbush, S. W. Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
     Rice, M. L. (2004). Growth models of developmental language disorders. In M. L. Rice & S. F. Waren (Eds.), Developmental language disorders: From phenotypes to etiologies (pp. 207–240). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
     Rottmann, N., Dalton, S. O., Christensen, J., Frederiksen, K., & Johansen, C. (2010). Self-efficacy, adjustment style and well-being in breast cancer patients: A longitudinal study. Quality of Life Research, 19, 827-836.
     Scheier, M. F., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Really, disease doesn’t matter? A commentary on correlates of depressive symptoms in women treated for early-stage breast cacner. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 2407-2408.
     Schou, I., Ekeberg, Φ., Sandvik, L., Karesen, R., & Ruland, C. M. (2002). Do women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and consulting surgeons assess decision-making equally? The Breast, 111, 434–441.
     Sorlie, T. (2001). Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 10879-10874.
     Somerfidle, M., & Curbow, B. (1992). Methodological issues and research strategies in the study of coping with cancer. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 1203-1216.
     Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., & Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: Hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho-Oncology, 11, 93-102.
     Stommel, M., Kurtz, M. E., Kurtz, J. C., Given, C. W., & Given, B. A. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the course of depressive symptomatology in geriatric patients with cancer of the Breast, Colon, Lung, or Prostate. Health Psychology, 23, 564-573.
     Taylor, S. E. (2001). Asymmetric effect of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.
     Taylor, S. E. (2006). Stress. In S. E. Taylor (Ed.), Health Psychology (6th Ed.) (pp.152-183). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
     Terry, D. J., & Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1078-1092.
     Thoits, P. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being. A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174-187.
     Thorvaldsson, V., Skoog, I., Hofer, S. M., Borjesson-Hanson, A., Ostling, S., Sacuiu, S., & Johansson, B. (2012). Nonlinear blood pressure effects on cognition in old age: separating between-person and within-person associations. Psychology and aging, advance online publication, 27, 375-383.
     Vinokur, A. D., Threatt, B. A., Vinokur-Kaplan, D., Satariano, W. A. (1990). The process of recovery from breast cancer for younger and older patients. Cancer, 65, 1242-1254.
     van Horn, E. R. (2009). Loss and depression after traumatic injury: The importance of nursing case management in the recovery process. Professional Case Management, 14, 66-73.
     Wanger, D. M., Shortt, J. W., Bkake, A. W., & Page, M. S. (1990). The suppression of exciting thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 409-418.
     Wang, G. L., Hsu, S. H, Feng, A. C, Chiu, C. Y., Shen, J. F., Lin, Y. J., & Cheng, C. C. (2011). The HADS and the DT for screening psychosocial distress of cancer patients in Taiwan. Psycho-Oncology, 20, 639-646.
     Wang, W. T., Tu, P. C., Liu, T. J., Yeh, D. C., & Hsu, W. Y. (2012). Mental adjustment at different phases in breast cancer trajectory: re-examination of factor structure of the Mini-MAC and its correlation with distress. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/pon.3065
     Watson, M., Greer, S., Young, J., Inayat, Q., Burgess, C., & Robertson, B. (1988). Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer: the MAC scale. Psychological Medicine, 18, 203-209.
     Watson, M., Law, M., dos Santos, M., Greer, S., Baruch, J.,& Bliss, J. (1994). The Mini-MAC: further development of the mental adjustment to cancer scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 33-46.
     Week, J. C., Cook, E. F., O’Day, S. J., Petersen, L. M., Wenger, N., Reding, D., … Phillips, R. S. (1998). Relationship between cancer patients’ predictions of prognosis and their treatment preferences. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1709-1714.
     Wells, J. D., Hobfoll, S. E., & Lavin, J. (1999). When it rains it pours: The greater impact of resource loss compared to gain on psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1172-1182.
     Wills, T. A., & Ainette, M. G. (2008). Good self-control as a buffering agent for adolescent substance use: An investigation in early adolescence with time-varying covariates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 459-471.
     Worden, J. W., & Weisman, A. D. (1984). Preventive psychosocial intervention with newly diagnosed cancer patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 6, 243-249.
     Wu, Y. B., Clopper, R. R., and Wooldridge, P. J. (1999). A comparison of traditional approaches to hierarchical linear modeling when analyzing longitudinal data. Research in Nursing & Health, 22, 421-432.
     Ziegler, L., Hill, K., Neilly, L., Bennett, M. I., Higginson, I.J., Murray, S. A., & Stark, D. (2011). Identifying Psychological Distress at Key Stages of the Cancer Illness Trajectory: A Systematic Review of Validated Self-Report Measures. Journal of Pain and Symptom Manage, 41, 619-636.
     Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, P. R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acra Psychiatry Scand, 67, 361-370.
     Zucca, A. C., Boyes, A. W., Lecathelinais, C., & Girgis, A. (2010). Life is previous and I’m making the best of it: Coping strategies of long-term cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1268-1276.		zh_TW