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題名 從企業產權結構探討創新者的兩難
The Discussion on the "Innovator`s Dilemma" from the Ownership Structure of Enterprise作者 李建宏
Lee, Chien Hung貢獻者 李仁芳
李建宏
Lee, Chien Hung關鍵詞 創新者的兩難
破壞式創新
產權結構
產權理論
組織兩難
Innovator`s Dilemma
Disruptive Innovation
Ownership Structure
Ownership theory
Organizational Dilemma日期 2012 上傳時間 2-Sep-2013 15:34:56 (UTC+8) 摘要 「成功、成熟且領導中的既有企業為何失敗?」從Christensen 1997年發表書中定義創新者的兩難(The Innovator’s Dilemma) :「管理階層為企業成功所做出的理性而智慧的決策,正是促使企業失去領導地位的主因」,說明既有企業高階經理人將資源分配給主流高階市場,忽略新進企業從非主流市場進入的破壞性創新(disruptive innovation)的取代性,導致既有企業的產品逐漸被取代而失去領導地位。後續補充破壞式創新的文獻,認為除了資源依賴與分配外,動態能耐、組織文化是重要的補充研究構面,但仍缺乏相關企業產權議題構面的探討。本研究以Milgrom(1992)及李仁芳(1993, 1999a,b)的企業產權理論,補充創新者兩難理論中對企業產權解釋的不足,在企業的管理權與所有權的過度分離下,會讓經理人自利的理性決策偏向企業短期收益,而損害長期股東權益,這樣讓破壞式創新對企業產生無法妥協的組織兩難衝突,才是導致企業無法存活在破壞式創新的浪潮中的原因之一。為驗證本研究的理論推理,藉由軟片產業及電腦顯示器產業作跨產業多個案的實證研究。比較柯達軟片、富士軟片在軟片產業中受到數位顯影技術的取代衝擊,以及我國CRT電腦顯示器廠商誠洲、中強、碧悠、源興、美格、華映、瑞軒及皇旗受到LCD技術的取代衝擊,在相同破壞式創新下區分成功轉型及失敗消失的兩組對照,比較策略因應與對應產權結構的差異。研究發現企業所有權與管理權集中者容易為破壞式創新的適應者;相對的所有權與管理權分離者,容易成為破壞式創新的淘汰者。企業的產權結構差異影響了決策過程,造成不同策略選擇,是影響企業面對破壞式創新轉型成功的關鍵因素之一。在實務上,意涵企業平時的產權結構就應未來的技術發展做因應規劃,而在面對破壞式創新威脅時刻,更應積極透過股權結構再造的方式讓所有權與管裡權有某種程度的重疊,這是因應破壞式創新浪潮轉型的重要力量來源。
Why successful, mature and leading incumbent companies fail? From the definition of “The Innovator’s Dilemma” in Christensen’s book (1997), what management makes rational and intelligent decision is the cause firms lose their leading position, which may explain that management level of established firms allocate resource on high margin market by following main customers and ignore low margin from “disruptive innovation” market by new entrant firms. In addition to resource dependence and allocation, the extant literature pertaining to disruptive innovation has been categorized into organizational structure, organizational culture and dynamic capability. However, the impact of enterprise ownership structure on disruptive innovation rarely has been studied.This study tried to complement innovation dilemma theory with ownership theory. The over separation of ownership and management of corporation would contribute to self-interest management decision tending to short-term revenue rather than long term development of firms, which cause unbalanced organizational dilemma under disruptive innovation condition. It would be one of main reason that leading firms fail to transform in the wave of disruptive innovation.In order to test the organizational dilemma theory, this study comprised multiple cases research method of 2 multinational film companies and 8 computer monitor manufacturers in Taiwan. Comparing two film makers, Kodak with Fujifilm, under digital camera technology replacement and 8 Taiwan CRT computer monitor manufacturers under LCD technology replacement their coping strategy and corresponding ownership structure.One of major findings of this study is that integration of ownership and management would easily adapt to disruptive innovation wave. On the contrary, the separation of ownership and management would be eliminated from disruptive innovation wave. The ownership structure of enterprise influences decision making process and choice of coping strategy, which play major role in transforming firms successfully into disruptive innovation. In practice, the implication of this research is that ownership structure of firms is corresponding to future technology development. 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科技管理研究所
92359502
101資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923595021 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李仁芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李建宏 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Chien Hung en_US dc.creator (作者) 李建宏 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Chien Hung en_US dc.date (日期) 2012 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2013 15:34:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Sep-2013 15:34:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2013 15:34:56 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0923595021 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59278 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 科技管理研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 92359502 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 「成功、成熟且領導中的既有企業為何失敗?」從Christensen 1997年發表書中定義創新者的兩難(The Innovator’s Dilemma) :「管理階層為企業成功所做出的理性而智慧的決策,正是促使企業失去領導地位的主因」,說明既有企業高階經理人將資源分配給主流高階市場,忽略新進企業從非主流市場進入的破壞性創新(disruptive innovation)的取代性,導致既有企業的產品逐漸被取代而失去領導地位。後續補充破壞式創新的文獻,認為除了資源依賴與分配外,動態能耐、組織文化是重要的補充研究構面,但仍缺乏相關企業產權議題構面的探討。本研究以Milgrom(1992)及李仁芳(1993, 1999a,b)的企業產權理論,補充創新者兩難理論中對企業產權解釋的不足,在企業的管理權與所有權的過度分離下,會讓經理人自利的理性決策偏向企業短期收益,而損害長期股東權益,這樣讓破壞式創新對企業產生無法妥協的組織兩難衝突,才是導致企業無法存活在破壞式創新的浪潮中的原因之一。為驗證本研究的理論推理,藉由軟片產業及電腦顯示器產業作跨產業多個案的實證研究。比較柯達軟片、富士軟片在軟片產業中受到數位顯影技術的取代衝擊,以及我國CRT電腦顯示器廠商誠洲、中強、碧悠、源興、美格、華映、瑞軒及皇旗受到LCD技術的取代衝擊,在相同破壞式創新下區分成功轉型及失敗消失的兩組對照,比較策略因應與對應產權結構的差異。研究發現企業所有權與管理權集中者容易為破壞式創新的適應者;相對的所有權與管理權分離者,容易成為破壞式創新的淘汰者。企業的產權結構差異影響了決策過程,造成不同策略選擇,是影響企業面對破壞式創新轉型成功的關鍵因素之一。在實務上,意涵企業平時的產權結構就應未來的技術發展做因應規劃,而在面對破壞式創新威脅時刻,更應積極透過股權結構再造的方式讓所有權與管裡權有某種程度的重疊,這是因應破壞式創新浪潮轉型的重要力量來源。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Why successful, mature and leading incumbent companies fail? From the definition of “The Innovator’s Dilemma” in Christensen’s book (1997), what management makes rational and intelligent decision is the cause firms lose their leading position, which may explain that management level of established firms allocate resource on high margin market by following main customers and ignore low margin from “disruptive innovation” market by new entrant firms. In addition to resource dependence and allocation, the extant literature pertaining to disruptive innovation has been categorized into organizational structure, organizational culture and dynamic capability. However, the impact of enterprise ownership structure on disruptive innovation rarely has been studied.This study tried to complement innovation dilemma theory with ownership theory. The over separation of ownership and management of corporation would contribute to self-interest management decision tending to short-term revenue rather than long term development of firms, which cause unbalanced organizational dilemma under disruptive innovation condition. It would be one of main reason that leading firms fail to transform in the wave of disruptive innovation.In order to test the organizational dilemma theory, this study comprised multiple cases research method of 2 multinational film companies and 8 computer monitor manufacturers in Taiwan. Comparing two film makers, Kodak with Fujifilm, under digital camera technology replacement and 8 Taiwan CRT computer monitor manufacturers under LCD technology replacement their coping strategy and corresponding ownership structure.One of major findings of this study is that integration of ownership and management would easily adapt to disruptive innovation wave. On the contrary, the separation of ownership and management would be eliminated from disruptive innovation wave. The ownership structure of enterprise influences decision making process and choice of coping strategy, which play major role in transforming firms successfully into disruptive innovation. In practice, the implication of this research is that ownership structure of firms is corresponding to future technology development. While facing the disruptive innovation emerging, the necessary of integration between ownership and management is critical by financial restructure, which would be main power to transform firms into new disruptive innovation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第一章 緒論 ………………………………………………1第一節 研究背景與動機 …………………………………1一、研究背景 …………………………………………… 1二、研究動機 …………………………………………… 4第二節 研究目的與問題 …………………………………6一、研究目的 …………………………………………… 6二、研究問題 …………………………………………… 6第三節 研究流程與論文結構 ……………………………8一、研究流程 …………………………………………… 8二、論文結構 …………………………………………… 8第二章 文獻探討 …………………………………………11第一節 破壞式創新 ………………………………………11一、理論濫觴 …………………………………………… 11二、回顧破壞式創新的文獻 …………………………… 15三、較成熟的破壞式創新觀點 ……………………… 17四、延伸探討破壞式創新 ……………………………… 19五、本節小結 …………………………………………… 21第二節 企業產權 …………………………………………24一、企業產權觀點 ……………………………………… 24二、企業治理觀點 ……………………………………… 24三、交易成本觀點 ……………………………………… 27四、結構配置觀點 ……………………………………… 29五、本節小結 …………………………………………… 34第三章 研究方法 …………………………………………37第一節 建立研究架構 ……………………………………37一、研究假設 …………………………………………… 38二、個案資料收集 ……………………………………… 40三、數據型資料 ………………………………………… 41第二節 多元方法研究設計 …………………………… 43一、資料收集 …………………………………………… 43二、質性資料分析 ……………………………………… 44三、量化資料分析 ……………………………………… 44四、對照與分析 ………………………………………… 45第四章 軟片產業個案分析 …………………………… 47第一節 個案簡介與分析 ……………………………… 47一、簡介 ………………………………………………… 47二、個案近況 …………………………………………… 48三、發展數位相機歷程 ………………………………… 49四、策略內涵 …………………………………………… 53五、決策過程 …………………………………………… 56六、結果層面 …………………………………………… 58七、決策後的差異比較 ………………………………… 63八、產權分析 …………………………………………… 68九、本節小結 …………………………………………… 76第二節 軟片產業個案探討與命題 …………………… 79一、從柯達軟片觀點詮釋與命題 ……………………… 79二、柯達個案對組織流程的啟發 ……………………… 83三、從富士觀點詮釋與命題 …………………………… 86四、富士個案對組織流程的啟發 ……………………… 89第一節 個案簡介 ……………………………………… 93一、簡介 ………………………………………………… 93二、顯示器發展歷程 …………………………………… 95三、個案分析 …………………………………………… 97四、策略內涵 …………………………………………… 109五、結果層面綜合比較 ………………………………… 111六、產業整合的比較 …………………………………… 114七、產權分析 …………………………………………… 116八、本節小結 …………………………………………… 123 第二節 顯示器產業的假設論證 125一、股權結構 …………………………………………… 125二、董監事組成 ………………………………………… 127三、高階經理人 ………………………………………… 130四、公司財務 …………………………………………… 132五、產業整合 …………………………………………… 135第三節 整合比較與建立觀察指標 …………………… 138第四節 研究假說綜合整理 …………………………… 141一、治理權與產權集中:破壞式創新的適應者 ……… 141二、治理權與產權分離:破壞式創新的淘汰者 ……… 142三、轉型成功者的財務準備:產權集中利於資源統籌 143四、轉型過程的支援體系:以產權觀點連貫的產業鏈 144第一節 研究發現 …………………………………………145一、理論貢獻 …………………………………………… 145二、實務意涵 …………………………………………… 146第二節 研究限制 …………………………………………147一、選取個案廠商的立意性 …………………………… 147二、研究資料的收集遺漏…………………………………147三、研究變項的客觀限制…………………………………148第三節 後續研究建議 ……………………………………149一、持續進行個案探討 ………………………………… 149二、逐步調整研究架構 ………………………………… 149三、強化財務構面研究 ………………………………… 149四 、從新進廠商觀點研究 ………………………………150參考文獻 ………………………………………………… 151中文部分 ………………………………………………… 151英文部分 ………………………………………………… 154英文部分 ………………………………………………… 154網路部分 ………………………………………………… 158附錄 ……………………………………………………… 159附錄一:電腦顯示器廠商初集訪談問卷整理 ………… 159附錄二 電腦顯示器廠商各項統計檢定原始資料 …… 182 圖目錄圖1-1 既有理論與創新的兩難研究貢獻 ………………………… 3圖1-2 本研究推演理論缺口及觀察重點示意 …………………… 5圖1-3 本研究之研究流程設計 …………………………………… 8圖2-1 破壞性創新模型的三度空間圖 …………………………… 14圖2-2 Williamson交易成本的分類及定義 ……………………… 28圖2-3 Milgrom五項交易構面示意圖 ………………………………31圖3-1 研究架構 …………………………………………………… 37圖4-1 柯達軟片FPEG部門2001至2010年營收與利潤變化 ……… 59圖4-2 富士軟片2005~2010年影像部門營收比例 ……………… 61圖4-3 柯達軟片在本研究架構下的組織兩難困境 ……………… 85圖4-4 富士軟片在本研究架構下的代理成本與轉型 …………… 91圖5-1 CRT電腦顯示器產業發展階段與代表廠商 ……………… 96圖5-2 LCD電腦顯示器產業發展階段與代表廠商 ……………… 97圖5-3 本研究個案探討的時間軸與觀察意義 …………………… 139 表目錄表2-1 80年代後創新定義與分類 ………………………………… 12表2-2 Christensen對破壞式創新定義與成因 ……………………13表2-3 Christensen理論重點與相關文獻比較 ……………………23表2-4 市場動態程度與創新者的產權關聯 ……………………… 33表2-5 本研究延伸Christensen理論及產權議題整理 ……………35表3-1 本研究資料來源及資料證據屬性 ………………………… 40表3-2 電腦顯示器產業受訪者資料整理 ………………………… 41表3-3 本研究架構所採用各變項定義說明 ……………………… 42表4-1 柯達軟片及富士軟片投入數位相機及相關大記事 ……… 50表4-2 柯達軟片在2001至2010年財務報告重點整理 …………… 58表4-3 富士軟片2001年至2010年財務報告重點整理 …………… 60表4-4 柯達軟片及富士軟片在2004年後的財務重點比較 ……… 62表4-5 柯達軟片在2007年公司債及債務概況 …………………… 63表4-6 富士軟片在2007年公司債及債務概況 …………………… 64表4-7 軟片個案於2004年至2010年資產負債比 ………………… 65表4-8 柯達軟片2002至2005年投資公司及持股比例整理表 …… 66表4-9 富士軟片2000年至2007年併購相關整理表 ……………… 67表4-10 柯達軟片在2010年股權結構整理 …………………………68表4-11 柯達軟片在2010年法人持有股份逾百分之五者 ……… 69表4-12 富士軟片在2010年股權結構整理 …………………………69表4-13 富士軟片在2010年法人持有前十位者 ……………………70表4-14 柯達軟片在2010年董事會成員名單 ………………………71表4-15 富士軟片在2010年董事會成員名單比較 …………………72表4-16 柯達軟片近十年執行長股票持有及薪酬概況 ……………73表4-17 近十年董事長兼執行長名單及獎酬概況 …………………75表4-18 2001-2010年柯達軟片及富士軟片分層構面之比較表 … 76表4-19 柯達軟片及富士軟片相關差異之比較表 …………………78表5-1 我國發展電腦用CRT顯示器之性質分析 ……………………94表5-2 在2000年我國重要電腦CRT顯示器廠商生產型態 …………94表5-3 CRT個案廠商轉型策略的內涵比較 …………………………110表5-4 個案廠商在2000年的顯示器產品比重 …………………… 111表5-5 個案公司在1999至2002年當期每股損益檢定分析 ……… 112表5-6 個案公司在1999至2002年當期每股損益 ………………… 112表5-7 個案公司在1999至2002年資產負債比例 ………………… 113表5-8 個案廠商在1999至2002年資產負債比例檢定分析 ……… 114表5-9 個案廠商在2000年的重要投資與整合 …………………… 115表5-10 CRT廠商在2000年的組織規模及發展時間 ……………… 116表5-11 個案CRT廠商在2000年的股東結構 ……………………… 117表5-12 個案廠商在1999至2002年股權結構檢定分析 ……………118表5-13 個案廠商在1999至2002年董監事持股比例檢定分析 ……118表5-14 個案廠商在1999至2002年董監事人數檢定分析 …………119表5-15 個案廠商在1999至2002年董監事獎酬檢定分析 …………120表5-16 個案廠商的高階薪資與持股及與董事會關係 ……………121表5-17 個案廠商1999至2002年高階經理人平均年薪檢定分析 …122表5-18 個案廠商在1999至2002年總經理持股比例檢定分析 ……122表5-19 顯示器個案廠商的相關差異之比較表 ……………………124表5-20 1997-2001華映EBITDA CRT與LCD差異比較表 ………… 134表5-21 軟片及電腦顯示器產業的研究構面驗證整理 ……………138表5-22 破壞式創新的理論與產業應用實際解釋 …………………140 zh_TW dc.format.extent 12381332 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923595021 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創新者的兩難 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 破壞式創新 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產權結構 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產權理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織兩難 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Innovator`s Dilemma en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Disruptive Innovation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ownership Structure en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ownership theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Organizational Dilemma en_US dc.title (題名) 從企業產權結構探討創新者的兩難 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Discussion on the "Innovator`s Dilemma" from the Ownership Structure of Enterprise en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分王信陽(2005),「TFT LCD關鍵零組件左右廠商勝負」,光連:光電產業與技術情報,第58期,頁21 -25。王美雅(2005),「概念型創新的動態擴散過程—複雜理論觀點」,國立政治大學科技管理所未出版博士學位論文。王澤鑑(2002),民法物權:通則、所有權,臺北:三民出版。司徒達賢(1995),策略管理,台北:遠流出版公司。司徒達賢(2003),策略管理案例解析:觀念與實例,臺北:智勝文化出版。司徒達賢(2005),策略管理新論,修訂再版,臺北:智勝文化出版。吳思華(2000),策略九說,三版,臺北:臉譜出版。吳凱琳 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