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題名 鐵、鈷、鎳、銅鎳合金與鉑、鈀多層膜的異向性界面磁阻研究
Study of Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance of Fe, Co, Ni, CuNi and Pt, Pd Combination Multilayered System
作者 張哲鈞
Chang, Che Chun
貢獻者 李尚凡
Lee, Shang Fan
張哲鈞
Chang, Che Chun
關鍵詞 異向性磁阻
幾何尺寸效應
異向性界面磁阻
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance
Geometric Size Effect
Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance
日期 2012
上傳時間 2-Sep-2013 16:56:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 異向性磁阻(Anisotropic Magnetoresistance, AMR)效應是指在磁性材料中的電阻率，當磁場平行於電流時會大於磁場垂直於電流時的值(ρH‖I > ρH⊥I)。而在薄膜材料中，磁場垂直於電流的電阻率又可以分為磁場方向平行於膜面(ρ⊥HIP)和磁場方向垂直於膜面 (ρ⊥HPP)。有趣的地方是這兩者的大小在單層膜與多層膜呈現了不一樣的行為。在Co、Ni的單層膜中ρ⊥HIP > ρ⊥HPP，此現象稱為幾何尺寸效應(Geometric Size Effect, GSE)，但是在Co/Pt的多層膜中ρ⊥HPP > ρ⊥HIP，與Co的單層膜結果相反，此現象稱為異向性界面磁阻(Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance, AIMR)，發生的物理原因至今並不清楚。
本論文主要探討磁性多層膜的異向性界面磁阻的變化，樣品多層膜皆為磁性層與非磁性層交錯而成，磁性層材料為鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)以及弱磁性的銅鎳合金(CuNi)，非磁性層的材料則選用最為接近滿足Stoner 準則(Stoner criterion)的鉑(Pt)和鈀(Pd)，希望能夠釐清其發生的機制。由於目前認為異向性界面磁阻是界面(interface)造成的，所以樣品皆固定總厚度為200 nm，藉由改變交錯的層數來改變磁性層與非磁性層的界面數目，分析界面數目對異向性界面磁阻的影響。首先以XRD確認樣品的膜厚與品質，接著在10 K和300 K的溫度量測磁阻與角度的關係，所有樣品中都可以看到異向性界面磁阻(AIMR)的現象，而且所有樣品異向性界面磁阻的變化大致上都是隨著每層膜的膜厚越薄而增加。另外，在Ni/Pt、Ni/Pd和CuNi/Pd的多層膜中還看到了一個特殊的現象，就是磁場與膜面垂直的電阻(ρ⊥HPP)會大於磁場平行電流的電阻(ρH‖I)，此現象與異向性磁阻(AMR)的趨勢相反，而且在此方向上旋轉的磁阻量測還有出現類似雙軸異向性(bi-axial anisotropy)的現象。在以SQUID量測的磁滯曲線中，看到飽和磁化量(Ms/cm3)和異向性場(anisotropy field, Hk)有隨著bilayers數目變多而增加的趨勢。
Ferromagnetic metallic materials show anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect, that is the resistivity measured with current parallel to the applied magnetic field is larger than perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. In thin films with current in the plane, there are two directions for applying perpendicular magnetic field, one is field in plane, the other is field perpendicular to the plane. The magnetoresistance measured with three current-field relative directions were named longitudinal (L), transverse (T), and perpendicular (P) MR. In single ferromagnet Co and Ni films, the TMR is larger than PMR, which is named “Geometric Size Effect (GSE)”. However, in Co/Pt ferromagnet material/normal metal (FM/NM) multilayered systems, the behavior of PMR larger than TMR was observed and named “Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance (AIMR)” by Kobs et al. in 2011.
In this thesis, we focus on the FM/NM multilayered systems and the influence of the interface in AMR effect. The FM and NM layers were Fe, Co, Ni, CuNi and Pt, Pd, Cu respectively. Both total thicknesses of FM and NM layers were fixed at 100 nm. We varied the numbers of FM/NM bilayer from 4 to 80. The XRD patterns were used to confirm the thickness and quality of our samples. In the MR measurements, the AIMR effect was observed in all samples, and the AIMR ratio increases when the interface number increases. An unusual behavior in Ni/Pt, Ni/Pd, CuNi/Pd, and Ni/Cu multilayers was observed, the perpendicular MR is larger than longitudinal MR. In addition, the anisotropic fields and saturation moments were measured by the SQUID. No apparent correlation between the unusual MR and magnetic properties was found.
參考文獻 [1] Lord Kelvin, Philosophic Magazine, 1857
[2] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyenvan Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61,2472(1988)
[3] M.Julliere,Phys.Lett.54A,225(1975)
[4] J.S.Moodera,L.R.Kinder,T.M.Wong,and R.Meservey,Phys.Rev Lett.74,3273(1995)
[5] W. Gil, D. Gorlitz, M. Horisberger, and J. Kotzler, Phys. Rev. B 72, 134401 (2005).
[6] A. Kobs, S. Hesse, W. Kreuzpaintner, G. Winkler, D. Lott, P. Weinberger, A. Schreyer, and H. P. Oepen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 217207 (2011)
[7] S. Y. Huang, X. Fan, D. Qu, Y. P. Chen, W. G. Wang, J. Wu, T. Y. Chen, J. Q. Xiao, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 107204 (2012)
[8] Y. M. Lu, Y. Choi, C. M. Ortega, X. M. Cheng, J. W. Cai1, S. Y. Huang, L. Sun, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 147207 (2013)
[9] H. Nakayama, M. Althammer, Y.-T. Chen, K. Uchida1, Y. Kajiwara, D. Kikuchi, T. Ohtani, S. Geprägs, M. Opel, S. Takahashi, R. Gross, G. E. W. Bauer, S. T. B. Goennenwein, and E. Saitoh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 206601 (2013)
[10] P. F. Garcia, A. D. Meinhaldt, and A. Suna, Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 178 (1985)
[11] F. J. A. den Broeder, V. Hoving, and P. J. H. Bloemen, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 562 (1991)
[12] N. W. E. McGee, M. T. Johnson, J. J. de Vries, and J. ann de Stegge, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 3418 (1993)
[13] C.-J. Lin, G. L. Gorman, C. H. Lee, R. F. C. Farrow, E. E. Marinero, H. V Do, H. Notarys, and C. J. Chien, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 194 (1991)
[14] G. H. O. Daalderop, P. J. Kelly, and F. J. den Broeder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 682 (1992)
[14] E. E. Fullerton, I. K. Schuller, H. Vanderstraeten, and Y. Bruynseraede, Phys. Rev. B 45, 9292 (1992)
[15] T. Chen and V. Marsocci, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1554 1972
[16] R. Potter, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4626 1974
[17] M. V. Pitke, Czech. J. Phys. B 21 (1971)
[18] Jung-Chuan Lee, Chih-Hsun Hsieh, Che-Chun Chang, Leng-Wei Huang, Lu-Kuei Lin, and Shang-Fan Lee, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 17C714 (2013)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用物理研究所
100755010
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100755010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李尚凡zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Shang Fanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張哲鈞zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Che Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張哲鈞zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Che Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2013 16:56:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2013 16:56:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2013 16:56:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100755010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59448-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用物理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100755010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 異向性磁阻(Anisotropic Magnetoresistance, AMR)效應是指在磁性材料中的電阻率，當磁場平行於電流時會大於磁場垂直於電流時的值(ρH‖I > ρH⊥I)。而在薄膜材料中，磁場垂直於電流的電阻率又可以分為磁場方向平行於膜面(ρ⊥HIP)和磁場方向垂直於膜面 (ρ⊥HPP)。有趣的地方是這兩者的大小在單層膜與多層膜呈現了不一樣的行為。在Co、Ni的單層膜中ρ⊥HIP > ρ⊥HPP，此現象稱為幾何尺寸效應(Geometric Size Effect, GSE)，但是在Co/Pt的多層膜中ρ⊥HPP > ρ⊥HIP，與Co的單層膜結果相反，此現象稱為異向性界面磁阻(Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance, AIMR)，發生的物理原因至今並不清楚。
本論文主要探討磁性多層膜的異向性界面磁阻的變化，樣品多層膜皆為磁性層與非磁性層交錯而成，磁性層材料為鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)以及弱磁性的銅鎳合金(CuNi)，非磁性層的材料則選用最為接近滿足Stoner 準則(Stoner criterion)的鉑(Pt)和鈀(Pd)，希望能夠釐清其發生的機制。由於目前認為異向性界面磁阻是界面(interface)造成的，所以樣品皆固定總厚度為200 nm，藉由改變交錯的層數來改變磁性層與非磁性層的界面數目，分析界面數目對異向性界面磁阻的影響。首先以XRD確認樣品的膜厚與品質，接著在10 K和300 K的溫度量測磁阻與角度的關係，所有樣品中都可以看到異向性界面磁阻(AIMR)的現象，而且所有樣品異向性界面磁阻的變化大致上都是隨著每層膜的膜厚越薄而增加。另外，在Ni/Pt、Ni/Pd和CuNi/Pd的多層膜中還看到了一個特殊的現象，就是磁場與膜面垂直的電阻(ρ⊥HPP)會大於磁場平行電流的電阻(ρH‖I)，此現象與異向性磁阻(AMR)的趨勢相反，而且在此方向上旋轉的磁阻量測還有出現類似雙軸異向性(bi-axial anisotropy)的現象。在以SQUID量測的磁滯曲線中，看到飽和磁化量(Ms/cm3)和異向性場(anisotropy field, Hk)有隨著bilayers數目變多而增加的趨勢。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Ferromagnetic metallic materials show anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect, that is the resistivity measured with current parallel to the applied magnetic field is larger than perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. In thin films with current in the plane, there are two directions for applying perpendicular magnetic field, one is field in plane, the other is field perpendicular to the plane. The magnetoresistance measured with three current-field relative directions were named longitudinal (L), transverse (T), and perpendicular (P) MR. In single ferromagnet Co and Ni films, the TMR is larger than PMR, which is named “Geometric Size Effect (GSE)”. However, in Co/Pt ferromagnet material/normal metal (FM/NM) multilayered systems, the behavior of PMR larger than TMR was observed and named “Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance (AIMR)” by Kobs et al. in 2011.
In this thesis, we focus on the FM/NM multilayered systems and the influence of the interface in AMR effect. The FM and NM layers were Fe, Co, Ni, CuNi and Pt, Pd, Cu respectively. Both total thicknesses of FM and NM layers were fixed at 100 nm. We varied the numbers of FM/NM bilayer from 4 to 80. The XRD patterns were used to confirm the thickness and quality of our samples. In the MR measurements, the AIMR effect was observed in all samples, and the AIMR ratio increases when the interface number increases. An unusual behavior in Ni/Pt, Ni/Pd, CuNi/Pd, and Ni/Cu multilayers was observed, the perpendicular MR is larger than longitudinal MR. In addition, the anisotropic fields and saturation moments were measured by the SQUID. No apparent correlation between the unusual MR and magnetic properties was found.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 磁性基本理論 6
2-1 磁性物質簡介 6
2-2 磁異向性 10
2-3 磁阻 13
第三章 文獻回顧 16
第四章 實驗儀器與實驗原理 22
4-1 濺鍍系統(Sputter) 22
4-2 四點量測法 24
4-3 物理性質量測系統(PPMS) 26
4-4 磁性量測系統(MPMS) 28
4-5 X光繞射原理 30
4-6 震動樣品磁量儀(VSM) 32
第五章 實驗結果與數據分析 33
5-1 樣品參數 33
5-2 XRD量測分析與校正 34
5-3 多層膜的磁阻量測 41
5-4 多層膜的AIMR磁阻變化大小討論 55
5-5 多層膜的電阻分析 60
5-6 多層膜的磁性量測與分析 62
5-7 Ni/Pt, Ni/Pd 的雙軸異向性探討 67
第六章 結論 79
附錄 81
參考文獻 92		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5889198 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100755010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 異向性磁阻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 幾何尺寸效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 異向性界面磁阻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anisotropic Magnetoresistanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Geometric Size Effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistanceen_US
dc.title (題名) 鐵、鈷、鎳、銅鎳合金與鉑、鈀多層膜的異向性界面磁阻研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Study of Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance of Fe, Co, Ni, CuNi and Pt, Pd Combination Multilayered Systemen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] Lord Kelvin, Philosophic Magazine, 1857
[2] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyenvan Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61,2472(1988)
[3] M.Julliere,Phys.Lett.54A,225(1975)
[4] J.S.Moodera,L.R.Kinder,T.M.Wong,and R.Meservey,Phys.Rev Lett.74,3273(1995)
[5] W. Gil, D. Gorlitz, M. Horisberger, and J. Kotzler, Phys. Rev. B 72, 134401 (2005).
[6] A. Kobs, S. Hesse, W. Kreuzpaintner, G. Winkler, D. Lott, P. Weinberger, A. Schreyer, and H. P. Oepen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 217207 (2011)
[7] S. Y. Huang, X. Fan, D. Qu, Y. P. Chen, W. G. Wang, J. Wu, T. Y. Chen, J. Q. Xiao, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 107204 (2012)
[8] Y. M. Lu, Y. Choi, C. M. Ortega, X. M. Cheng, J. W. Cai1, S. Y. Huang, L. Sun, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 147207 (2013)
[9] H. Nakayama, M. Althammer, Y.-T. Chen, K. Uchida1, Y. Kajiwara, D. Kikuchi, T. Ohtani, S. Geprägs, M. Opel, S. Takahashi, R. Gross, G. E. W. Bauer, S. T. B. Goennenwein, and E. Saitoh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 206601 (2013)
[10] P. F. Garcia, A. D. Meinhaldt, and A. Suna, Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 178 (1985)
[11] F. J. A. den Broeder, V. Hoving, and P. J. H. Bloemen, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 562 (1991)
[12] N. W. E. McGee, M. T. Johnson, J. J. de Vries, and J. ann de Stegge, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 3418 (1993)
[13] C.-J. Lin, G. L. Gorman, C. H. Lee, R. F. C. Farrow, E. E. Marinero, H. V Do, H. Notarys, and C. J. Chien, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 194 (1991)
[14] G. H. O. Daalderop, P. J. Kelly, and F. J. den Broeder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 682 (1992)
[14] E. E. Fullerton, I. K. Schuller, H. Vanderstraeten, and Y. Bruynseraede, Phys. Rev. B 45, 9292 (1992)
[15] T. Chen and V. Marsocci, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1554 1972
[16] R. Potter, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4626 1974
[17] M. V. Pitke, Czech. J. Phys. B 21 (1971)
[18] Jung-Chuan Lee, Chih-Hsun Hsieh, Che-Chun Chang, Leng-Wei Huang, Lu-Kuei Lin, and Shang-Fan Lee, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 17C714 (2013)		zh_TW