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題名 母親就業型態對青少年子女學業成就之影響
The Effects of Different Types of Maternal Employment on Children`s Academic Achievement in Taiwan
作者 陳冠樺
Chen, Guang Hua
貢獻者 鄭同僚<br>關秉寅
Cheng, Tung Liao<br>Kuan, Ping Yin
陳冠樺
Chen, Guang Hua
關鍵詞 職業婦女
就業
教育長期追蹤資料庫
傾向分數配對
maternal employment
working mothers
TEPS
propensity score matching
日期 2012
上傳時間 2-Sep-2013 17:27:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著教育水準的提升以及性別平等工作的推動，我國女性勞動參與率逐年上升，然而「男主外，女主內」的傳統觀念卻仍普遍存在，職業婦女並未因走入就業市場而卸下承擔家庭主要照顧者的責任，因此較男性承受了更多的壓力，同時也衍生子女照護與家庭衝突等問題，反映工作與家庭生活間之調和實不容輕忽。本文即為探討母親就業型態與青少年子女學業成就的關係，藉以瞭解職業婦女與子女學習間平衡選擇的可能性。
本文使用台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（Taiwan Education Panel Survey, TEPS）樣本，以雙親家庭子女為主要研究對象，將TEPS國中學生的母親就業情形區分為國一至國三階段皆就業者、只國一階段就業者、只國三階段就業者以及國中階段皆未就業者等四種類型。本文運用傾向分數配對法進行母親就業的平均處理效果的估算，以子女國中時期母親皆未就業者作為對照組，分別探討前述三種類型的就業母親，若選擇不就業的情況下，其就業對子女學習成就的平均處理效果為何？
研究結果發現：一、母親在子女國中階段就業期間長者，就業者與未就業者的差異點愈多。母親就業狀態較持續穩定者，母親個人特質及家庭環境條件傾向處於較為優勢地位。二、就整體趨勢而言，母親就業對青少年子女學業成就表現有不利影響，惟效果值多僅介於1～2分範圍(總分為100分)。若從母親就業期間長短和階段差異來看，國一至國三階段母親皆就業者並未出現不利效果往上累積的情形，反而是只其中一波就業者(短期就業)比皆就業者(長期就業)的不利效果來得大一些。三、子女性別及家庭社經地位等不同背景條件的母親就業，對其子女學業成就的影響效果亦不同。一般而言，母親就業較不利於男孩以及中上階級子女的學業成就表現。
With decreasing gender inequality in educational attainment, female participation in the labor force has increased over the years. However, the traditional concept of men being “breadwinners” and women being “homemakers” remains. For working women, employment doesn’t mean less family responsibilities. It creates more pressure on the shoulders of women than on men and brings on problems with child care and family conflicts. The effects of working life of both wife and husband on family life cannot be ignored. This paper discusses the relationship between the type of maternal employment and the academic achievement of children from grades 7th to 9th in Taiwan. It attempts to understand the possibility of balancing decisions concerning their children’s learning and being employed among married women.
This paper used data of junior high students collected by the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) in 2001 and 2003 and focuses on the sample of students with both parents. It further divided maternal employment situations into four types: mothers employed from grades 7th to 9th of their children , mothers employed only in grade 7th, mothers employed only in grade 9th, and mothers not employed from grades 7th to 9th. This paper used the method of propensity score matching to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated, that is, mothers` employment. In other words, the paper intended to find out what the average treatment effect of the employment on children`s academic achievement would be if mothers employed in one of the three maternal employment situations had chosen not to be employed instead.
The results were as follows: First, the longer that mothers were employed during their children`s junior high years, the more differences in family or personal backgrounds were found between employed mothers and non-employed mothers. The employed mothers whose employment status continued to be stable tended to have more advantageous family conditions and personal backgrounds. Secondly, in general, the maternal employment had negative impacts on children’s academic achievement. The negative effects, however, varied between 1 to 2 points (out of 100 points) only. Moreover, mothers continuously employed throughout children`s junior years did not show any cumulative adverse effect on children`s academic achievement, while the short-term maternal employment (mothers employed only at grade 7 or at grade 9 of their children) had larger negative effect than that of the long-term employment (mothers employed all the way from grade 7 to grade 9). Thirdly, depending on children`s gender and family socioeconomic status, different types of maternal employment conditions had different impacts on their children’s academic achievement. In general, maternal employment had more adverse effects on boy’s academic achievement and the same was true for the children of middle and upper class families.
參考文獻 壹、中文部分
王秀槐（1985）。國中高、低成就學生家庭環境與學習態度之比較研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
行政院主計處（2008）。2007社會指標統計年報： 61-64。
行政院主計處（2010）。2009社會指標統計年報： 75-83。
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http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=33765&ctNode=3246&mp=1。
行政院原住民族委員會（2012）。100年原住民就業狀況調查報告：158-159。
行政院勞工委員會（無日期）。婦女勞動政策白皮書。2013年3月15日取自
http://www.cla.gov.tw/site/business/41c93ad0/434cd18c/4802f811/files/%B0%FC%A4k.pdf。
李大正、楊靜利（2004）。台灣婦女勞動參與類型與歷程之變遷。人口學刊，28，109-134。
李宜芸（2008）。國小低年級學童之家庭背景、課後照顧對其學習行為、學業成就之影響。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
姚若芹（1986）。母親就業、家庭社經地位與父母態度對國中生學業成就之影響。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
陳姿秀（1995）。母親就業與否及其相關因素對子女之學業成就、生活適應影響之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
連彥琄（2011）。雙薪父母親的工作時間對教養行為方式及孩童學業成就影響之探討。輔仁大學兒童與家庭學系碩士論文，未出版，新北市。
黃曉玲（1999）。女性就業與勞動法令。第四屆婦女國是會議論文集。2013年5月18日取自http://taiwan.yam.org.tw/nwc/nwc4/papers/index.htm。
黃芳玫、翁任嬋、黃芳雅（2009）。女性勞動參與之研究—1980–2005。臺灣經濟預測與政策，39（2），1-50。
張芳華（2013）。家長背景、家長參與學校教育與子女學業成就之關聯性：以北北宜三縣市國中學生為例。教育研究與發展期刊，9(2)，117-144。
楊孟麗、譚康榮、黃敏雄 （2003）。「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」分析能力測驗之心理計量特質」。中央研究院：臺北市。
劉正、陳建州（2004）。教育程度、家庭需求與就業歷程：職業婦女的困境或抉擇。臺灣教育社會學研究，4（1），39-75。
關秉寅、李敦義（2008）。補習數學有用嗎？一個「反事實」的分析。台灣社會學刊，41，97-148。
關秉寅、李敦義（2010）。國中生數學補得愈久，數學成就愈好嗎？傾向分數配對法的分析。教育研究集刊，56(2)，105-139。
貳、英文部分
Alessandri, S. M.(1992). Effects of Maternal Work Status in Single-parent Families
on Children`s Perception of Self and Family and School Achievement. Journal of
Experimental Child Psychology, 54(3), 417-433.
Armistead, L., Wierson, M., & Forehand, R.(1990). Adolescents and Maternal
Employment Is it Harmful for a Young Adolescent to Have an Employed Mother? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 10(3), 260-278.
Baum, C. L. (2004). The Long-term Effects of Early and Recent Maternal
Employment on A Child’s Academic Achievement. Journal of Family Issues,
25(1), 29-60.
Bernal, R. (2008). The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care on Children’s
Cognitive Development. International Economic Review, 49(4), 1173-1209.
Blau, F. D., & Grossberg, A. J. (1990). Maternal Labor Supply and Children`s
Cognitive Development (No. w3536). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bogenschneider, K., & Steinberg, L. (1994). Maternal Employment and Adolescents`
Academic Achievement: A Developmental Analysis. Sociology of Education,
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Brooks–Gunn, J., Han, W. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal Employment and
Child Cognitive Outcomes in the First Three Years of Life: The NICHD Study of
Early Child Care. Child Development, 73(4), 1052-1072.
Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some Practical Guidance for the
Implementation of Propensity Score Matching. Journal of Economic Surveys,
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Desai, S., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Michael, R. T. (1989). Mother or Market? Effects
of Maternal Employment on the Intellectual Ability of 4-Year-Old Children.
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Sociodemographic Status on School Adjustment and Competence. Child
Development, 1179-1186.
Fleisher, B. M. (1977). Mother’s Home Time and the Production of Child Quality.
Demography, 14(2), 197-212.
Goldberg, W. A., Greenberger, E., & Nagel, S. K. (1996). Employment and
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Employment and Children`s Achievement in Context: A Meta-analysis of Four
Decades of Research. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 77-108.
Gottfried, A. E., & Gottfried, A. W. (2006). A Long-Term Investigation of the Role of
Maternal and Dual-Earner Employment in Children`s Development The Fullerton
Longitudinal Study. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(10), 1310-1327.
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influencing high school completion. Demography, 28(1), 133-157.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
教育研究所
96152007
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096152007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄭同僚<br>關秉寅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Cheng, Tung Liao<br>Kuan, Ping Yinen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳冠樺zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Guang Huaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳冠樺zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Guang Huaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2013 17:27:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2013 17:27:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2013 17:27:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096152007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59568-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 教育研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96152007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著教育水準的提升以及性別平等工作的推動，我國女性勞動參與率逐年上升，然而「男主外，女主內」的傳統觀念卻仍普遍存在，職業婦女並未因走入就業市場而卸下承擔家庭主要照顧者的責任，因此較男性承受了更多的壓力，同時也衍生子女照護與家庭衝突等問題，反映工作與家庭生活間之調和實不容輕忽。本文即為探討母親就業型態與青少年子女學業成就的關係，藉以瞭解職業婦女與子女學習間平衡選擇的可能性。
本文使用台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（Taiwan Education Panel Survey, TEPS）樣本，以雙親家庭子女為主要研究對象，將TEPS國中學生的母親就業情形區分為國一至國三階段皆就業者、只國一階段就業者、只國三階段就業者以及國中階段皆未就業者等四種類型。本文運用傾向分數配對法進行母親就業的平均處理效果的估算，以子女國中時期母親皆未就業者作為對照組，分別探討前述三種類型的就業母親，若選擇不就業的情況下，其就業對子女學習成就的平均處理效果為何？
研究結果發現：一、母親在子女國中階段就業期間長者，就業者與未就業者的差異點愈多。母親就業狀態較持續穩定者，母親個人特質及家庭環境條件傾向處於較為優勢地位。二、就整體趨勢而言，母親就業對青少年子女學業成就表現有不利影響，惟效果值多僅介於1～2分範圍(總分為100分)。若從母親就業期間長短和階段差異來看，國一至國三階段母親皆就業者並未出現不利效果往上累積的情形，反而是只其中一波就業者(短期就業)比皆就業者(長期就業)的不利效果來得大一些。三、子女性別及家庭社經地位等不同背景條件的母親就業，對其子女學業成就的影響效果亦不同。一般而言，母親就業較不利於男孩以及中上階級子女的學業成就表現。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With decreasing gender inequality in educational attainment, female participation in the labor force has increased over the years. However, the traditional concept of men being “breadwinners” and women being “homemakers” remains. For working women, employment doesn’t mean less family responsibilities. It creates more pressure on the shoulders of women than on men and brings on problems with child care and family conflicts. The effects of working life of both wife and husband on family life cannot be ignored. This paper discusses the relationship between the type of maternal employment and the academic achievement of children from grades 7th to 9th in Taiwan. It attempts to understand the possibility of balancing decisions concerning their children’s learning and being employed among married women.
This paper used data of junior high students collected by the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) in 2001 and 2003 and focuses on the sample of students with both parents. It further divided maternal employment situations into four types: mothers employed from grades 7th to 9th of their children , mothers employed only in grade 7th, mothers employed only in grade 9th, and mothers not employed from grades 7th to 9th. This paper used the method of propensity score matching to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated, that is, mothers` employment. In other words, the paper intended to find out what the average treatment effect of the employment on children`s academic achievement would be if mothers employed in one of the three maternal employment situations had chosen not to be employed instead.
The results were as follows: First, the longer that mothers were employed during their children`s junior high years, the more differences in family or personal backgrounds were found between employed mothers and non-employed mothers. The employed mothers whose employment status continued to be stable tended to have more advantageous family conditions and personal backgrounds. Secondly, in general, the maternal employment had negative impacts on children’s academic achievement. The negative effects, however, varied between 1 to 2 points (out of 100 points) only. Moreover, mothers continuously employed throughout children`s junior years did not show any cumulative adverse effect on children`s academic achievement, while the short-term maternal employment (mothers employed only at grade 7 or at grade 9 of their children) had larger negative effect than that of the long-term employment (mothers employed all the way from grade 7 to grade 9). Thirdly, depending on children`s gender and family socioeconomic status, different types of maternal employment conditions had different impacts on their children’s academic achievement. In general, maternal employment had more adverse effects on boy’s academic achievement and the same was true for the children of middle and upper class families.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的與待答問題 3
第三節 研究範圍與名詞釋義 3
第四節 研究之重要性與限制 4
第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 婦女就業的發展與選擇 6
第二節 母親就業影響的研究趨勢 13
第三節 母親就業與子女學業成就之關係 17
第三章 研究設計 27
第一節 研究架構 27
第二節 研究假設 28
第三節 研究方法 29
第四節 資料來源與研究工具 33
第五節 主要變項測量 34
第四章 研究發現 37
第一節 四種母親就業類型的描述統計 37
第二節 影響母親就業與否之因素 38
第三節 不同類型的母親就業平均處理效果 42
第五章 結論與建議 54
第一節 結論 54
第二節 建議 58
參考文獻 63
壹、中文部分 63
貳、英文部分 64
附錄 69
附錄一 四種母親就業類型的描述統計摘要表 69
附錄二 母親就業與子女學業成就相關期刊文獻總覽 71
附錄三 關於統計分析的STATA語法 74		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 500221 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096152007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 職業婦女zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 就業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教育長期追蹤資料庫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傾向分數配對zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) maternal employmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) working mothersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TEPSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) propensity score matchingen_US
dc.title (題名) 母親就業型態對青少年子女學業成就之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effects of Different Types of Maternal Employment on Children`s Academic Achievement in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部分
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Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.		zh_TW