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題名 從序列回憶到再認：Serial-Order in a Box的延伸
From recall to recognition: an extension of serial order in a box model
作者 林軒宇
Lin, Hsuan Yu
貢獻者 顏乃欣<br>楊立行
Yen, Nai Shing<br>Yang, Lee Xieng
林軒宇
Lin, Hsuan Yu
關鍵詞 再認
短期記憶
Recognition
Short-term memory
SOB
日期 2010
上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 13:25:19 (UTC+8)
摘要 常久以來，序列回憶與再認被視為兩個不同的心理歷程，被分別的研究與探討。然而這兩個作業不僅有相似的實驗程序，受試者在作業的表現上也相當類似，因此本研究假設這兩個作業使用了相同的登入歷程與記憶表徵，只有在進行提取時的歷程有所不同。為了驗證本研究假設，原先用來模擬序列回憶作業的類神經網路模型Serial--Order in a Box (SOB)(Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2002)與其後繼C-SOB(Farrell, 2006; Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008)被加以延伸，使其能夠進行再認。延伸的模型保留了SOB中的網路結構與登入歷程，僅使用了不同的提取歷程，便得以模擬再認作。此研究發現序列回憶與再認並不如先前認為的不相同歷程，而是有相同的登入歷程與記憶表徵。
Serial recall and recognition are usually studied separately. However, it is reasonable to assume that those two processes have the same encoding process and representation in memory trace, due to the fact that the two tasks share a similar experimental regime and similar behavioral findings. In this study, the difference between those tasks is thought to be the retrieval process. In order to verify this hypothesis, a successful serial order recall model, Serial--Order in a Box (SOB) (Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2002), and its successor, C-SOB (Farrell, 2006; Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008), are extended to account for recognition. By keeping the encoding process and structure in SOB unchanged, the performance of recognition task can be modeled by modifying only retrieval process. This finding supports the assumption that serial recall and recognition share the same encoding process and representation.
參考文獻 Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2007). The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. In N. Osaka, R. H. Logie, & M. D’Esposito (Eds.), (pp. 59–80). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Brockdorff, N., & Lamberts, K. (2000). A feature-sampling account of the time course of old–new recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26 (1), 77–102.
Brown, G. D. A., Hulme, C., & Preece, T. (2000). Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 107 , 127–181.
Brown, G. D. A., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Forgetting in memory models: Arguments against trace decay and consolidation failure. In S. Della Sala (Ed.), Forgetting. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Brown, G. D. A., & Morin, C. (2006). Evidence for time-based models of free recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13 (4), 717–723.
Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2002). A ratio model of scale invariant memory and identification (Tech. Rep. No. 01). Purdue University.
Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological Review, 114 (3), 539–576.
Burgess, N., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review, 106 (3), 551–581.
Corbin, L., & Marquer, J. (2008). Effect of a simple experimental control: the recall constraint in sternberg’s memory scanning task. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20 (5), 913–935.
Corbin, L., & Marquer, J. (2009). Individual differences in sternberg’s memory scanning task. Acta Psychologica, 131 , 153–162.
Diana, R. A., Reder, L. M., Arndt, J., & Park, H. (2006). Models of recognition: A
review of arguments in favor of a dual-process account. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13 (1), 1-21.
Diller, D. E., Nobel, P. A., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2001). An ARC-REM model for accuracy and response time in recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27 (2), 414–435.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Uber das gedachtnis: untersuchungen zur experimentellen psychologie. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
Elman, J. L. (1990). Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science, 14 (2), 179–211.
Farrell, S. (2006). Mixed-list phonological similarity effects in delayed serial recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 55 , 587–600.
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2002). An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9 (1), 59–79.
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2004). Modelling transposition latencies: Constraints for theories of serial order memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 51 (1), 115–135.
Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91 (1), 1–67.
Gluck, M. A., & Bower, G. H. (1988). From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 (3), 227.
Hay, D. C., Smyth, M. M., Hitch, G. J., & Horton, N. J. (2007). Serial position effects in short-term visual memory: A SIMPLE explanation? Memory & cognition, 35 (1), 176–190.
Henson, R. N. A. (1996). Short-term memory for serial order. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, England.
Henson, R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: The start-end model. Cognitive Psychology, 36 (2), 73–137.
Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95 (4), 528–551.
Hitch, G. J., Chiara Fastame, M., & Flude, B. (2005). How is the serial order of a verbal sequence coded? some comparisons between models. Memory, 13 (3/4), 247–258.
Jacoby, L. L., & Kelley, C. M. (1992). The neuropsychology of consciousness, foundations of neuropsychology. In A. D. Milner & M. D. Rugg (Eds.), (pp. 201–233). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Lewandowsky, S., & Farrell, S. (2008). Short-term memory: New data and a model. Psychology of Learning And Motivation: Advances In Research And Theory, 49 , 1–48.
Lewandowsky, S., & Murdock, B. B. (1989). Memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 96 (1), 25–57.
Lewandowsky, S., & Oberauer, K. (2009). No evidence for temporal decay in
working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35 (6), 1545–1551.
McElree, B., & Dosher, B. A. (1989). Serial position and set size in short-term memory: The time course of recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 118 (4), 346–373.
Mewhort, D. J. K., & Johns, E. E. (2000). The extralist-feature effect: Evidence against item matching in short-term recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 129 (2), 262–284.
Mewhort, D. J. K., & Johns, E. E. (2005). Sharpening the echo: An iterativeresonance model for short-term recognition memory. Memory, 13 (3), 300–307.
Monsell, S. (1978). Recency, immediate recognition memory, and reaction time. Cognitive Psychology, 10 (4), 465-501.
Morin, C., Brown, G. D. A., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Temporal isolation effects in recognition and serial recall. Memory & Cognition, 38 (7), 849–859.
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 (1), 39–57.
Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: A cognitive aging study with the modified sternberg task. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27 (4), 948–957.
Oberauer, K. (2003). Understanding serial position curves in short-term recognition and recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 49 (4), 469–483.
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2008). Forgetting in immediate serial recall: Decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference? Psychological Review, 115 (3), 544–576.
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2011). Modelling working memory: A computational implementation of the time-based resource-sharing theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 , 10-45.
Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. (1998). The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review, 105 , 761–781.
Portrat, S., Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2008). Time-related decay or interferencebased forgetting in working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34 (6), 1561–1564.
Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88 , 93–134.
Rotello, C. M., Macmillan, N. A., & Reeder, J. A. (2004). Sum–difference theory of remembering and knowing: A two-dimensional signal-detection model. Psychological Review, 111 (3), 588–616.
Schwartz, G., Howard, M. W., Jing, B., & Kahana, M. (2005). Shadows of the past. Psychological Science, 16 , 898–904.
Shiffrin, R. M., & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REMretrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4 , 145–166.
Sikstr‥om, S. (2004). The variance reaction time model. Cognitive Psychology, 48 (4), 371–421.
Sternberg, S. (1966). High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153 , 652–654.
Sternberg, S. (1969). Memory-scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments. American Scientist, 57 (4), 421–457.
Sternberg, S. (1975). Memory scanning: New finding and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27 , 1–32.
Wagner, A. D., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). On the relationship between recognition familiarity and perceptual fluency: Evidence for distinct mnemonic processes. Acta Psychologica, 98 (2-3), 211–230.
Wolk, D. A., Schacter, D. L., Berman, A. R., Holcomb, P. J., Daffner, K. R., & Budson, A. E. (2004). An electrophysiological investigation of the relationship between conceptual fluency and familiarity. Neuroscience Letters, 369 (2), 150–155.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46 , 441–517.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
96752009
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096752009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣<br>楊立行zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen, Nai Shing<br>Yang, Lee Xiengen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林軒宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Hsuan Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林軒宇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Hsuan Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 13:25:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 13:25:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 13:25:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096752009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59697-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96752009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 常久以來，序列回憶與再認被視為兩個不同的心理歷程，被分別的研究與探討。然而這兩個作業不僅有相似的實驗程序，受試者在作業的表現上也相當類似，因此本研究假設這兩個作業使用了相同的登入歷程與記憶表徵，只有在進行提取時的歷程有所不同。為了驗證本研究假設，原先用來模擬序列回憶作業的類神經網路模型Serial--Order in a Box (SOB)(Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2002)與其後繼C-SOB(Farrell, 2006; Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008)被加以延伸，使其能夠進行再認。延伸的模型保留了SOB中的網路結構與登入歷程，僅使用了不同的提取歷程，便得以模擬再認作。此研究發現序列回憶與再認並不如先前認為的不相同歷程，而是有相同的登入歷程與記憶表徵。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Serial recall and recognition are usually studied separately. However, it is reasonable to assume that those two processes have the same encoding process and representation in memory trace, due to the fact that the two tasks share a similar experimental regime and similar behavioral findings. In this study, the difference between those tasks is thought to be the retrieval process. In order to verify this hypothesis, a successful serial order recall model, Serial--Order in a Box (SOB) (Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2002), and its successor, C-SOB (Farrell, 2006; Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008), are extended to account for recognition. By keeping the encoding process and structure in SOB unchanged, the performance of recognition task can be modeled by modifying only retrieval process. This finding supports the assumption that serial recall and recognition share the same encoding process and representation.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 書名頁. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
授權書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
論文口試委員審定書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Table of Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
符號說明. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Recall and recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Serial recall task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Sternberg’s task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Mental process in serial recall and recognition tasks . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Computational modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. Serial–Order in the Box and C-SOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1 Serial-Order in a Box model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.1 Encoding process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.2 Retrieval process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 C-SOB model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Encoding process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Recall process in serial recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. SOB model for recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 The extension of SOB and C-SOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.1 Measuring energy of probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Placing decision criterion of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2 Simulation method and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4. Follow up simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1 Corbin and Macquar’s finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.1 Simulations of Corbin and Macquar’s finding . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Distant/recent negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.1 Simulation of distant/recent negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Extralist–feature effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1 Simulation of extralist–feature effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5. General discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.1 C-SOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.1 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Future works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5423451 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096752009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 再認zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 短期記憶zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Recognitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Short-term memoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SOBen_US
dc.title (題名) 從序列回憶到再認：Serial-Order in a Box的延伸zh_TW
dc.title (題名) From recall to recognition: an extension of serial order in a box modelen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2007). The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. In N. Osaka, R. H. Logie, & M. D’Esposito (Eds.), (pp. 59–80). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Brockdorff, N., & Lamberts, K. (2000). A feature-sampling account of the time course of old–new recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26 (1), 77–102.
Brown, G. D. A., Hulme, C., & Preece, T. (2000). Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 107 , 127–181.
Brown, G. D. A., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Forgetting in memory models: Arguments against trace decay and consolidation failure. In S. Della Sala (Ed.), Forgetting. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Brown, G. D. A., & Morin, C. (2006). Evidence for time-based models of free recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13 (4), 717–723.
Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2002). A ratio model of scale invariant memory and identification (Tech. Rep. No. 01). Purdue University.
Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological Review, 114 (3), 539–576.
Burgess, N., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review, 106 (3), 551–581.
Corbin, L., & Marquer, J. (2008). Effect of a simple experimental control: the recall constraint in sternberg’s memory scanning task. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20 (5), 913–935.
Corbin, L., & Marquer, J. (2009). Individual differences in sternberg’s memory scanning task. Acta Psychologica, 131 , 153–162.
Diana, R. A., Reder, L. M., Arndt, J., & Park, H. (2006). Models of recognition: A
review of arguments in favor of a dual-process account. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13 (1), 1-21.
Diller, D. E., Nobel, P. A., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2001). An ARC-REM model for accuracy and response time in recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27 (2), 414–435.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Uber das gedachtnis: untersuchungen zur experimentellen psychologie. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
Elman, J. L. (1990). Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science, 14 (2), 179–211.
Farrell, S. (2006). Mixed-list phonological similarity effects in delayed serial recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 55 , 587–600.
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2002). An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9 (1), 59–79.
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2004). Modelling transposition latencies: Constraints for theories of serial order memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 51 (1), 115–135.
Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91 (1), 1–67.
Gluck, M. A., & Bower, G. H. (1988). From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 (3), 227.
Hay, D. C., Smyth, M. M., Hitch, G. J., & Horton, N. J. (2007). Serial position effects in short-term visual memory: A SIMPLE explanation? Memory & cognition, 35 (1), 176–190.
Henson, R. N. A. (1996). Short-term memory for serial order. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, England.
Henson, R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: The start-end model. Cognitive Psychology, 36 (2), 73–137.
Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95 (4), 528–551.
Hitch, G. J., Chiara Fastame, M., & Flude, B. (2005). How is the serial order of a verbal sequence coded? some comparisons between models. Memory, 13 (3/4), 247–258.
Jacoby, L. L., & Kelley, C. M. (1992). The neuropsychology of consciousness, foundations of neuropsychology. In A. D. Milner & M. D. Rugg (Eds.), (pp. 201–233). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Lewandowsky, S., & Farrell, S. (2008). Short-term memory: New data and a model. Psychology of Learning And Motivation: Advances In Research And Theory, 49 , 1–48.
Lewandowsky, S., & Murdock, B. B. (1989). Memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 96 (1), 25–57.
Lewandowsky, S., & Oberauer, K. (2009). No evidence for temporal decay in
working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35 (6), 1545–1551.
McElree, B., & Dosher, B. A. (1989). Serial position and set size in short-term memory: The time course of recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 118 (4), 346–373.
Mewhort, D. J. K., & Johns, E. E. (2000). The extralist-feature effect: Evidence against item matching in short-term recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 129 (2), 262–284.
Mewhort, D. J. K., & Johns, E. E. (2005). Sharpening the echo: An iterativeresonance model for short-term recognition memory. Memory, 13 (3), 300–307.
Monsell, S. (1978). Recency, immediate recognition memory, and reaction time. Cognitive Psychology, 10 (4), 465-501.
Morin, C., Brown, G. D. A., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Temporal isolation effects in recognition and serial recall. Memory & Cognition, 38 (7), 849–859.
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 (1), 39–57.
Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: A cognitive aging study with the modified sternberg task. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27 (4), 948–957.
Oberauer, K. (2003). Understanding serial position curves in short-term recognition and recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 49 (4), 469–483.
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2008). Forgetting in immediate serial recall: Decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference? Psychological Review, 115 (3), 544–576.
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2011). Modelling working memory: A computational implementation of the time-based resource-sharing theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 , 10-45.
Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. (1998). The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review, 105 , 761–781.
Portrat, S., Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2008). Time-related decay or interferencebased forgetting in working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34 (6), 1561–1564.
Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88 , 93–134.
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