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題名 以事件關聯電位(ERP)探索睡眠對於配對學習的促進效果
Event-related potential (ERP) evidence of sleep facilitating effect on paired-associates learning
作者 林俊成
Lin, Chun Cheng
貢獻者 楊建銘
Yang, Chien Ming
林俊成
Lin, Chun Cheng
關鍵詞 睡眠
慢波睡眠
睡眠剝奪
學習
記憶
記憶固化
陳述性記憶
記憶再認
配對學習
新聯結
事件關聯電位
N400
sleep
slow wave sleep
sleep deprivation
learning
memory
consolidation
declarative memory
new association
recognition memory
paired-associates learning
event-related potential
ERP
N400
日期 2010
上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 13:29:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 睡眠是否能鞏固陳述性記憶目前尚無定論。過去研究一致較支持睡眠能增進相關字詞配對的學習，但睡眠是否能增進無關字詞配對的學習，目前仍存在不一致的發現。造成該差異的原因可能是：過去研究多採用的行為測量指標，或許無法充分反映出睡眠促進記憶新聯結（new association）產生的效果。事件關聯電位（Event-related potential, ERP）的N400反映出語意記憶系統內每個字詞彼此的相關程度，因此本研究使用N400來探討睡眠強化無關字詞配對形成新聯結的電生理歷程。30名健康受試者（15位男性與15位女性，平均年齡為20.7歲） 隨機分派至睡眠組或清醒組，第一晚在學習80組無關字詞配對後，接受第一次再認記憶測驗，同時進行ERP的記錄。隨後睡眠組接受睡眠記錄（PSG），清醒組則接受整晚的睡眠剝奪，兩組受試者皆在第二晚給予8小時的躺床時間，使他們有機會充足睡眠以恢復精神，於第三天早上接受第二次再認記憶測驗及ERP記錄。在記憶測驗時，無關字詞配對分別組成促發字（prime）與目標字（target）先後出現，受試者需判斷先後出現的字詞是否為先前學過的完整配對，在測試階段同時記錄腦電波訊號。行為測量結果顯示睡眠過後，再認表現的正確率顯著提高且反應時間明顯縮短，但在睡眠剝奪後則顯示相反的結果。電生理測量發現睡眠組的N400振幅在睡眠過後較清醒組明顯降低。另外，睡眠組較清醒組有較高的正確率與較短的反應時間。睡眠組再認測驗的進步量與慢波睡眠呈現負相關，而慢波睡眠與第一次再認測驗的正確率呈現正相關，根據二階段睡眠記憶鞏固理論，慢波睡眠涉及重新組織記憶的歷程（系統性固化），因此學習表現較佳的受試者出現較多的深度睡眠，可能反應其經歷系統性固化。本研究結果顯示睡眠對於產生新聯結有明顯的增強效果，而且慢波睡眠可能參與了記憶表徵重新分配的歷程。
The effect of sleep on declarative memory remains contradictory. Prior studies show that sleep benefits the learning of related word pairs consistently, while the learning of unrelated word pairs, however, show mixed results. It is possible that the behavioral measures used in previous studies are not sensitive enough to reveal subtle effects of sleep on new associations. N400, an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting relatedness among words in semantic memory, was used in the present study to investigate the effect of sleep on the physiological process underlying new associations of unrelated word pairs. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Sleep group or a Wakefulness group. In the learning phase, participants were asked to memorize 80 visually presented unrelated word-pairs, followed by a pre-test phase with a recognition task. The participants then underwent either a night of nocturnal sleep (Sleep group) or sleep deprivation (Wakefulness group). A post-test was conducted after subjects had one night of recovery sleep. During both pre-test and post-test sessions, prime and target words were presented successively for the subjects to judge whether they were among the original pairs or new pairs. ERPs were recorded during both test phases. The behavioral data show that differences in improvement of recognition and decreases in reaction time from pre-test to post-test are significant between Sleep and Wakefulness groups. N400 peak amplitude attenuated significantly after sleep but not after wakefulness. The improvement of recognition negatively correlates with slow wave sleep (SWS). The number of word-pairs acquired in the learning phase, however, correlates positively with SWS. According to the two-stage memory consolidation theory of sleep, SWS involves in redistribution of memory (systematic consolidation). Therefore, that the participants with high performance showed more SWS may reflect the process of systematic consolidation. These results suggest that the sleep has an enhancing effect on the formation of novel association, and SWS may be involved in the process of redistributing memory representations.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
95752002
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0957520021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊建銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Chien Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林俊成zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Chun Chengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林俊成zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Chun Chengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 13:29:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 13:29:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 13:29:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0957520021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59710-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95752002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 睡眠是否能鞏固陳述性記憶目前尚無定論。過去研究一致較支持睡眠能增進相關字詞配對的學習，但睡眠是否能增進無關字詞配對的學習，目前仍存在不一致的發現。造成該差異的原因可能是：過去研究多採用的行為測量指標，或許無法充分反映出睡眠促進記憶新聯結（new association）產生的效果。事件關聯電位（Event-related potential, ERP）的N400反映出語意記憶系統內每個字詞彼此的相關程度，因此本研究使用N400來探討睡眠強化無關字詞配對形成新聯結的電生理歷程。30名健康受試者（15位男性與15位女性，平均年齡為20.7歲） 隨機分派至睡眠組或清醒組，第一晚在學習80組無關字詞配對後，接受第一次再認記憶測驗，同時進行ERP的記錄。隨後睡眠組接受睡眠記錄（PSG），清醒組則接受整晚的睡眠剝奪，兩組受試者皆在第二晚給予8小時的躺床時間，使他們有機會充足睡眠以恢復精神，於第三天早上接受第二次再認記憶測驗及ERP記錄。在記憶測驗時，無關字詞配對分別組成促發字（prime）與目標字（target）先後出現，受試者需判斷先後出現的字詞是否為先前學過的完整配對，在測試階段同時記錄腦電波訊號。行為測量結果顯示睡眠過後，再認表現的正確率顯著提高且反應時間明顯縮短，但在睡眠剝奪後則顯示相反的結果。電生理測量發現睡眠組的N400振幅在睡眠過後較清醒組明顯降低。另外，睡眠組較清醒組有較高的正確率與較短的反應時間。睡眠組再認測驗的進步量與慢波睡眠呈現負相關，而慢波睡眠與第一次再認測驗的正確率呈現正相關，根據二階段睡眠記憶鞏固理論，慢波睡眠涉及重新組織記憶的歷程（系統性固化），因此學習表現較佳的受試者出現較多的深度睡眠，可能反應其經歷系統性固化。本研究結果顯示睡眠對於產生新聯結有明顯的增強效果，而且慢波睡眠可能參與了記憶表徵重新分配的歷程。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The effect of sleep on declarative memory remains contradictory. Prior studies show that sleep benefits the learning of related word pairs consistently, while the learning of unrelated word pairs, however, show mixed results. It is possible that the behavioral measures used in previous studies are not sensitive enough to reveal subtle effects of sleep on new associations. N400, an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting relatedness among words in semantic memory, was used in the present study to investigate the effect of sleep on the physiological process underlying new associations of unrelated word pairs. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Sleep group or a Wakefulness group. In the learning phase, participants were asked to memorize 80 visually presented unrelated word-pairs, followed by a pre-test phase with a recognition task. The participants then underwent either a night of nocturnal sleep (Sleep group) or sleep deprivation (Wakefulness group). A post-test was conducted after subjects had one night of recovery sleep. During both pre-test and post-test sessions, prime and target words were presented successively for the subjects to judge whether they were among the original pairs or new pairs. ERPs were recorded during both test phases. The behavioral data show that differences in improvement of recognition and decreases in reaction time from pre-test to post-test are significant between Sleep and Wakefulness groups. N400 peak amplitude attenuated significantly after sleep but not after wakefulness. The improvement of recognition negatively correlates with slow wave sleep (SWS). The number of word-pairs acquired in the learning phase, however, correlates positively with SWS. According to the two-stage memory consolidation theory of sleep, SWS involves in redistribution of memory (systematic consolidation). Therefore, that the participants with high performance showed more SWS may reflect the process of systematic consolidation. These results suggest that the sleep has an enhancing effect on the formation of novel association, and SWS may be involved in the process of redistributing memory representations.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ENGLISH ABSTRACT i
CHINESE ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.STAGES OF SLEEP 1
2.CATEGORIES OF MEMORY 3
3.SLEEP AND NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY 6
3.1 Effects of Total or Selective Sleep Deprivation on
Memory 7
3.2 Changes in Recorded Sleep Parameters After Learning 9
3.3 Reactivation for Memory Processing During Sleep 11
3.4 Facilitation of Memory With Cues During Sleep 12
3.5 Interim Summary 13
4.SLEEP AND DECLARATIVE MEMORY 14
4.1 Studies of Total or Selective Sleep Deprivation 14
4.2 Post-learning Modifications in Sleep Architecture 18
4.3 Reactivation for Memory Processing During Sleep 20
4.4 Influencing Memory Processing During Sleep by Cuing 21
4.5 Interim Summary 22
5.NETWORK OF HUMAN MEMORY SYSTEM 23
5.1 Representation of Memory Network 23
5.2 Priming Paradigm to Measure the Associations Between
Words 23
6.ERP STUDIES IN SLEEP-DEPENDENT MEMORY 25
6.1 Introduction to N400 of Event-related Potentials
(ERPs) 25
6.2 Factors That Affect N400 Amplitude 26
6.3 Theories and/or Mechanisms of the N400 27
6.4 ERP Research in Sleep and Declarative Memory 29

CHAPTER TWO: PRESENT STUDY 31

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 32
1.MATERIALS AND METHODS 32
1.1 Subjects 32
1.2 Experimental Procedure 32
1.3 Paired-associates Learning List 33
1.4 Stimuli Presentation 34
2.ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING 36
2.1 Polysomnograhy Recording 36
2.2 ERP Recording and Signal Extraction 36
3.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 37
3.1 Behavioral Data 37
3.2 ERP Data 38
3.3 Correlations 38

CHAPTER FOUR: RESUTS 39
1.BEHAVIORAL DATA 39
1.1 Percentage of Correct Judgment(CJ%) 39
1.2 Reaction Time (RT) 39
2.ERP DATA 40
2.1 N1-P2 Components 40
2.2 N400 Peak Induced by OI Pairs at Fz, Cz and Pz Sites
41
2.3 N400 Latency Induced by OI Pairs at Fz, Cz and Pz
Sites 41
2.4 The Peak Amplitude of N400 Evoked by Different Pairs
Types at Cz site 42
2.5 The Peak Latency of N400 Induced by Different Word
Pairs at Cz site 43
3.CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SLEEP STAGES AND PARAMETERS OF
MEMORY MEASURES 44
4.SUBJECTIVE RATING: STANFORD SLEEPINESS SCALE 44

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 45

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Role of Sleep on Unrelated Paired-associates Learning (Total and/or Partial Sleep Deprivation) 52
Table 2. The Role of Sleep on Related Paired-associates Learning (Total and/or Partial Sleep Deprivation) 53
Table3. Demographic and Subjective Variable 54
Table4. nPSG: Sleep Statistics of Sleep Group 55
Table5. Correlation Between Memory Measures and Distinct Sleep Stages 56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The human sleep cycle 57
Figure 2. Memory systems 58
Figure 3. The Model of Semantic Memory and Purpose of Present Study. 59
Figure 4. The procedure of experiment. 60
Figure 5. The presentation of experiment stimuli 61
Figure 6 demonstrates the results of CJ% in each pair types between Groups. 62
Figure 7 demonstrates the results of RTs in each pair types between Groups. 63
Figure 8. Grand average ERP waveforms for three types of word pairs in Sleep group. 64
Figure 9. Grand average ERP waveforms for three types of word pairs in Wakefulness group. 65
Figure 10. Grand average ERP waveforms for OI pairs in Sleep group are compared with Wakefulness group. 66
Figure 11. Grand average ERP evoked by OI pairs. 67
Figure 12. The N400 induced by different word pairs at Cz site. 68

REFERENCES 69
SUPLEMENT 1 80
APPENDIX I: STANFORD SLEEPINESS SCALE 81
APPENDIX II: LISTS OF PAIRED-ASSOCIATES 82		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1903527 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0957520021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 睡眠zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 慢波睡眠zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 睡眠剝奪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 學習zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 記憶zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 記憶固化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 陳述性記憶zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 記憶再認zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 配對學習zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聯結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 事件關聯電位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) N400zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sleepen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) slow wave sleepen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sleep deprivationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) learningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) memoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) consolidationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) declarative memoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) new associationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) recognition memoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) paired-associates learningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) event-related potentialen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ERPen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) N400en_US
dc.title (題名) 以事件關聯電位(ERP)探索睡眠對於配對學習的促進效果zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Event-related potential (ERP) evidence of sleep facilitating effect on paired-associates learningen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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