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題名 刻板印象的維持或改變：從內隱理論看違反刻板印象訊息的影響
Stereotype maintenance or change: the role of implicit theories in the effects of counter-stereotypic information
作者 許人禾
貢獻者 李怡青
許人禾
關鍵詞 違反刻板印象訊息
內隱理論
認知資源
老人
外籍勞工
日期 2009
上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 13:29:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 以往違反刻板印象訊息的研究著重在訊息端變項而忽視知覺者特性，本研究以內隱理論為知覺者變項。內隱理論可區分出本質論者（視他人特質是穩定不變的）與增益論者（視他人特質是可改變的），過去研究發現本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象信念強。此外，過去研究發現人們維持刻板印象需有認知資源，若無認知資源，接收違反刻板印象訊息則改變刻板印象。由於人們處理違反刻板印象訊息可能受其內隱理論的影響，即使具有認知資源，接收違反刻板印象訊息也可能改變刻板印象。本研究提出「刻板印象強度觀點」與「內隱理論反應觀點」，探討不同內隱理論者有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息如何影響刻板印象。「刻板印象強度觀點」認為，本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象強度強，因此本質論者有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息會維持刻板印象，而增益論者則改變刻板印象。「內隱理論反應觀點」認為，有認知資源時本質論者較增益論者注意與詳加檢視違反刻板印象訊息，因此本質論者在有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息則改變刻板印象，而增益論者則維持刻板印象。本研究進行預試一、二發展違反刻板印象訊息，正式研究測量受試者的內隱理論並以認知負荷作業操弄其認知資源，檢驗相較於刻板印象前測，受試者接收違反刻板印象訊息對刻板印象後測的影響。結果發現，未接收違反刻板印象訊息前，本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象信念強。有認知負荷作業組（即無認知資源）的受試者接收違反刻板印象訊息後改變刻板印象。無認知負荷作業組（即具認知資源）接收違反刻板印象訊息後，其中本質論者改變刻板印象，而增益論者維持刻板印象，結果較支持「內隱理論反應觀點」。
參考文獻 林育如 （2004）。台灣大學生自發性特質推論之探討。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
陳慧娟 （1993）。次團體的形成對知覺團體變異性與刻板印象的影響。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
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Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. （1999）. Social identification in a political transition: The role of implicit beliefs. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 297-318.
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Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. （1999）. On the parameters of associative strength: Central tendency and variability as determinants of stereotype accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 527-536.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
95752008
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0957520081
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李怡青zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許人禾zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 許人禾zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 13:29:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 13:29:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 13:29:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0957520081en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59711-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95752008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 以往違反刻板印象訊息的研究著重在訊息端變項而忽視知覺者特性，本研究以內隱理論為知覺者變項。內隱理論可區分出本質論者（視他人特質是穩定不變的）與增益論者（視他人特質是可改變的），過去研究發現本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象信念強。此外，過去研究發現人們維持刻板印象需有認知資源，若無認知資源，接收違反刻板印象訊息則改變刻板印象。由於人們處理違反刻板印象訊息可能受其內隱理論的影響，即使具有認知資源，接收違反刻板印象訊息也可能改變刻板印象。本研究提出「刻板印象強度觀點」與「內隱理論反應觀點」，探討不同內隱理論者有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息如何影響刻板印象。「刻板印象強度觀點」認為，本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象強度強，因此本質論者有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息會維持刻板印象，而增益論者則改變刻板印象。「內隱理論反應觀點」認為，有認知資源時本質論者較增益論者注意與詳加檢視違反刻板印象訊息，因此本質論者在有認知資源時接收違反刻板印象訊息則改變刻板印象，而增益論者則維持刻板印象。本研究進行預試一、二發展違反刻板印象訊息，正式研究測量受試者的內隱理論並以認知負荷作業操弄其認知資源，檢驗相較於刻板印象前測，受試者接收違反刻板印象訊息對刻板印象後測的影響。結果發現，未接收違反刻板印象訊息前，本質論者較增益論者的刻板印象信念強。有認知負荷作業組（即無認知資源）的受試者接收違反刻板印象訊息後改變刻板印象。無認知負荷作業組（即具認知資源）接收違反刻板印象訊息後，其中本質論者改變刻板印象，而增益論者維持刻板印象，結果較支持「內隱理論反應觀點」。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 緒論 1
壹、違反刻板印象訊息的相關研究 3
貳、內隱理論與刻板印象 8
參、研究問題與假設 15
預試一：內隱理論與刻板印象知識 18
壹、研究方法 18
一、研究對象 18
二、研究工具 18
三、研究程序 19
四、刻板印象知識測量的編碼方式 19
貳、研究結果 20
一、內隱個人理論測量 20
二、內隱理論與刻板印象知識 20
三、正式研究刻板印象團體的選擇 20
預試二：內隱理論與違反刻板印象人物描述 22
壹、研究方法 22
一、研究對象 22
二、研究工具 22
三、研究程序 23
貳、研究結果 23
正式研究 25
壹、研究方法 26
一、研究對象 26
二、實驗設計 26
三、研究材料 26
四、研究程序 28
貳、研究結果 29
一、實驗操弄檢核與個人結構需求 29
二、內隱理論與刻板印象信念 31
三、刻板印象改變：認知資源的有無 vs. 內隱理論 32
四、輔助分析 35
綜合討論 40
參考文獻 51
表1　本研究假設與實驗結果一覽表 57
表2　五個群體的刻板印象知識百分比 59
表3　內隱個人理論量表題目之因素負荷量 61
表4　違反刻板印象訊息（人物描述）的平均數與標準差 62
表5　刻板印象特質程度、團體成員差異程度與刻板印象團體評價的內部一致性信度 63
表6　不同內隱理論者的刻板印象信念平均數與信賴區間 64
圖1　在無認知負荷作業組接收老人違反刻板印象訊息，不同內隱理論者的刻板印象特質程度前、後測評估 65
圖2　在無認知負荷作業組接收外籍勞工違反刻板印象訊息，不同內隱理論者的刻板印象特質程度前、後測評估 66
圖3　不同認知負荷作業組接收外籍勞工違反刻板印象訊息的團體成員差異程度前、後測評估 67
附錄1　內隱個人理論量表 68
附錄2　違反刻板印象訊息（人物描述） 69
附錄3　違反刻板印象訊息（研究數據） 71
附錄4　刻板印象測量與刻板印象團體評價測量 73
附錄5　違反刻板印象訊息檢核 76
附錄6　個人結構需求量表 80		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 531996 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0957520081en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 違反刻板印象訊息zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內隱理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知資源zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 老人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外籍勞工zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 刻板印象的維持或改變：從內隱理論看違反刻板印象訊息的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Stereotype maintenance or change: the role of implicit theories in the effects of counter-stereotypic informationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林育如 （2004）。台灣大學生自發性特質推論之探討。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
陳慧娟 （1993）。次團體的形成對知覺團體變異性與刻板印象的影響。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
Allport, G. W. （1954）. The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Amir, Y. （1969）. Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71, 319-342.
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. （1994）. Self-regulation of cognitive inference and decision-processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 3-19.
Chiu, C. Y., Dweck, C. S., Tong, J. Y. Y., & Fu, J. H. Y. （1997）. Implicit theories and conceptions of morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 923-940.
Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. （1999）. Social identification in a political transition: The role of implicit beliefs. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 297-318.
Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y. Y., & Dweck, C. S. （1997）. Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30.
Devine, P. G. （1989）. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
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