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題名 非政府組織反多邊投資協定運動之研究
A study of NGO campaign against the multilateral agreement on investment
作者 吳美智
Wu, Mei Chih
貢獻者 姜家雄
Chiang, Chia Hsiung
吳美智
Wu, Mei Chih
關鍵詞 非政府組織
多邊投資協定
新自由經濟全球化
全球經濟治理
跨國倡議網絡
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)
neoliberal globalization
global economic governance
transnational advocacy network (TAN)
日期 2009
上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 13:48:15 (UTC+8)
摘要 1998年在全球各地環保團體、消費者團體、社會正義團體等非政府組織跨國串聯反對下，擊敗了正在經濟合作暨發展組織為了一致化外國直接投資規則進行的多邊投資協定談判，這是非政府組織成功在全球經濟治理領域發揮影響力的重要案例。本論文的研究目的在於探討：第一、反對多邊投資協定談判的非政府組織跨國倡議活動為什麼成功及如何成功；第二、他們反對的理由是什麼；第三、從這個案例來看非政府組織倡議活動正在或將對國際政治經濟決策過程帶來何種程度的衝擊。這個個案研究使用Margaret E. Keck與Kathryn Sikkink的跨國倡議網絡（transnational advocacy network, TAN）理論，分析公民反抗行動如何成功影響在全球層次的政治決策，TAN理論強調議題共鳴、網絡密度、與目標對象脆弱性三種因素的重要性。本論文除了用這三種因素檢視反多邊投資協定運動過程，並發現非政府組織的倡議活動是否能夠與政府力量取得連結的重要性，作為TAN理論的補充。其次，本論文發現反多邊投資協定運動策略性地轉變為以國內為基礎的運動，透過國內爭議政治的傳統反抗手法向政府表達公民的訴求，以避開國際組織對非政府組織不利的政治機會結構，呈現出與TAN理論的「迴力鏢效果」相對立的發展。最後，這個個案研究發現反多邊投資協定運動更接近基於民族主義的傳統政治，而不能說是一種世界主義政治的發展。世界主義論者預期在一個形成中的全球公民社會中國家的角色正在消退，在這個案例中顯然並無法獲得足夠的證明。
In 1998, a transnational NGO coalition of environmentalist, consumer rights, and social justice activists helped to defeat the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), a draft treaty to harmonize rules on foreign direct investment under the aegis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This dissertation addresses why and how the transnational NGO advocacy sank the MAI negotiation, what are their advocacy reasons, and to what extent the transnational NGO advocacy activities will influence and are influencing the international decision making process. This case study uses Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink’s transnational advocacy network (TAN) theory, which stresses the importance of issue resonance, network density, and target vulnerability, to explore how citizen’s resistance struggle succeed in influencing policy at global level. First, in supplementing Keck and Sikkink’s TAN theory, the work suggests whether the NGO advocacy links with its governmental power is also at stake. Second, contrary to the “boomerang effect” from their TAN theory, the work finds that the transnational NGO campaign against MAI strategically shifted to country-based campaigns to address citizen’s claims through traditional repertoire of contention politics, in bypassing unfavorable political opportunity structure in international arena. Finally, the anti-MAI campaign was found to be much closer to traditional politics in a view of nationalism than the alleged cosmopolitan politics, which expects the role of state has eroded in an emerging global civil society.
參考文獻 一、中文資料
（一）專書
Joseph E. Stiglitz著，《全球化的許諾與失落》，李明譯，台北：大塊，2002年。
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（二）期刊與研討會論文
江明修、鄭勝分，〈全球治理與非營利組織〉，中國行政，第73期，2003年，頁71-96。
吳美智，〈非政府組織與全球經濟議程設定：理論的分析架構〉，《國際關係學報》，第28期，2009年，頁9-44。
宋學文，〈非政府組織（NGOs）在全球治理中之機會與限制：一個政治學的觀點〉，《中國行政評論》，第13卷第1期，2003年，頁127-158。
李政達，〈OECD多邊投資協定內容以及我國因應之道〉，《經濟情勢暨評論》，第2卷第4期，1997年，頁142-149。
林俊宏，〈試探開發中國家與國外直接投資之相關問題-兼評多邊投資協定之適當性〉，《經濟與管理論叢》，第2卷第1期，2006年，頁93-110。
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劉坤億，〈全球治理的理想與現實〉，中國行政評論，第13卷第1期，2003年，頁29-56。
瞿大文，〈OECD多邊投資協定及其諮商進展〉，《經濟情勢暨評論》，第4卷第1期，1997年，頁60-68。

（三）報紙
中國時報，〈公民新聞〉，2009年1月24日，A6版。

二、西文資料
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U.N. Global Campact.〈http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AbouttheGC/TheTENPrinciples/index.html〉（2009年6月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties and Their Relevance to A Possible Multilateral Framework on Investment: Issues and Questions.” 21 March 1997.〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c2em1d2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties: 1959-1999.” 15 December 2000. 〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiiad2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment.”〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1991overview_en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
World Bank. “The Civil Society Group.” 〈http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20093801~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
WTO. “Guideline for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations.” 〈http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ngo_e/guide_e.htm〉（2009年6月瀏覽）
WTO. “TRIPS and Pharmaceutical Patents.” WTO fact sheet. September 2006.〈http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm00_e.html〉 （2009年8月瀏覽）

（四）雜誌
Economist. “The New Trade War.” Vol. 353, Issue 8148 (December 4, 1999):25-26.
Economist. “The Non-Governmental Order.” Vol. 353, Issue 8149 (December 11, 1999):20-21.

（五）其他網頁資料
Consumer Project on Technology. “Amsterdam Statement to WTO Member States on Access to Medicine.”〈http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/amsterdamstatement.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Global Policy Forum. “NGOs Say NO to Investment Agreement at WTO.” 21 March 2003.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/int/wto/2003/0321invest.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
International Labour Organization. “A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.” The Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization. February 2004.〈http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsd/docs/report.pdf〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
International River Network. “When the Rivers Run Dry – The World Bank, Dams and the Quest for Reparations.” 5 October 2007. 〈http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/latin-america/mesoamerica/chixoy-dam-guatemala/when-rivers-run-dry〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Lalumière, Catherine. Report on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment. September 1998. 〈http://www.geocities.com/w_trouble_o/lumier.htm〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Paul, James A. “The World Bank & NGOs.” Global Policy Forum. 1996.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/177/31512.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Public Citizen, Friends of the Earth, and Sierra Club. “International Coalition Launches Campaign Against the MAI – A New Stealth Investment Agreement.” 12 February 1998. 〈http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/print_release.cfm?ID=235〉（2009年3月瀏覽）
Public Citizen. “600 International Organizations Oppose the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) - Joint NGO Statement.”〈http://www.citizen.org/trade/issues/mai/Opposition/〉（2009年1月瀏覽）
Third World Network. “MAI-Type Investment Model Criticized at NGO-Ambassadors Meeting.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
Third World Network. “UNCTAD’s ‘MFI Outreach’ to Civil Society Hits Snags.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）

三、重要非政府組織網站
五十年已經夠了（Fifty Years Is Enough），http://www.50years.org/

公司觀察（Corporate Watch），http://www.corpwatch.org/

公共公民（Public Citizen），http://www.citizen.org/

世界自然基金會（World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF），http://www.wwf.org/

世界社會論壇（World Social Forum），http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/

加拿大人理事會（Council of Canadians），http://www.canadians.org/

全球政策論壇（Global Policy Forum），http://www.globalpolicy.org/

地球之友（Friends of the Earth），http://www.foe.org/

西拉俱樂部（Sierra Club），http://www.sierraclub.org/

國際樂施會（Oxfam International），http://www.oxfam.org/

第三世界網絡（Third World Network），http://www.twnside.org.sg/
描述 博士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
91253502
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912535021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiang, Chia Hsiungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳美智zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Mei Chihen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳美智zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Mei Chihen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 13:48:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 13:48:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 13:48:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0912535021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59744-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91253502zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 1998年在全球各地環保團體、消費者團體、社會正義團體等非政府組織跨國串聯反對下，擊敗了正在經濟合作暨發展組織為了一致化外國直接投資規則進行的多邊投資協定談判，這是非政府組織成功在全球經濟治理領域發揮影響力的重要案例。本論文的研究目的在於探討：第一、反對多邊投資協定談判的非政府組織跨國倡議活動為什麼成功及如何成功；第二、他們反對的理由是什麼；第三、從這個案例來看非政府組織倡議活動正在或將對國際政治經濟決策過程帶來何種程度的衝擊。這個個案研究使用Margaret E. Keck與Kathryn Sikkink的跨國倡議網絡（transnational advocacy network, TAN）理論，分析公民反抗行動如何成功影響在全球層次的政治決策，TAN理論強調議題共鳴、網絡密度、與目標對象脆弱性三種因素的重要性。本論文除了用這三種因素檢視反多邊投資協定運動過程，並發現非政府組織的倡議活動是否能夠與政府力量取得連結的重要性，作為TAN理論的補充。其次，本論文發現反多邊投資協定運動策略性地轉變為以國內為基礎的運動，透過國內爭議政治的傳統反抗手法向政府表達公民的訴求，以避開國際組織對非政府組織不利的政治機會結構，呈現出與TAN理論的「迴力鏢效果」相對立的發展。最後，這個個案研究發現反多邊投資協定運動更接近基於民族主義的傳統政治，而不能說是一種世界主義政治的發展。世界主義論者預期在一個形成中的全球公民社會中國家的角色正在消退，在這個案例中顯然並無法獲得足夠的證明。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In 1998, a transnational NGO coalition of environmentalist, consumer rights, and social justice activists helped to defeat the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), a draft treaty to harmonize rules on foreign direct investment under the aegis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This dissertation addresses why and how the transnational NGO advocacy sank the MAI negotiation, what are their advocacy reasons, and to what extent the transnational NGO advocacy activities will influence and are influencing the international decision making process. This case study uses Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink’s transnational advocacy network (TAN) theory, which stresses the importance of issue resonance, network density, and target vulnerability, to explore how citizen’s resistance struggle succeed in influencing policy at global level. First, in supplementing Keck and Sikkink’s TAN theory, the work suggests whether the NGO advocacy links with its governmental power is also at stake. Second, contrary to the “boomerang effect” from their TAN theory, the work finds that the transnational NGO campaign against MAI strategically shifted to country-based campaigns to address citizen’s claims through traditional repertoire of contention politics, in bypassing unfavorable political opportunity structure in international arena. Finally, the anti-MAI campaign was found to be much closer to traditional politics in a view of nationalism than the alleged cosmopolitan politics, which expects the role of state has eroded in an emerging global civil society.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論1
第一節 研究動機與目的
第二節 名詞界定
一、 非政府組織
二、 跨國倡議運動
三、 全球經濟治理
第三節 文獻探討
一、 批判理論觀點
二、 民族主義觀點
三、 公民網絡觀點
第四節 研究範圍與限制
一、 研究範圍
二、 研究限制
第五節 研究架構
第六節 研究途徑、方法與流程
一、 研究途徑
二、 研究方法
三、 研究流程
第七節 章節安排

第二章 非政府組織與跨國倡議運動25
第一節 非政府組織在國際關係理論的探討
一、 跨國主義
二、 世界政體
三、 跨國倡議網絡
第二節 跨國倡議運動的議題建構
一、 價值取向
二、 認知框架
三、 資訊的詮釋
四、 跨文化的整合
第三節 跨國倡議運動的行動者網絡
一、 倡議網絡
二、 跨國結盟
三、 網路動員
第四節 跨國倡議運動的目標對象
一、 封閉的政治結構
二、 開放的政治結構
(一) 公眾檢視
(二) 議題連結
(三) 偶發事件的政策機會

第三章 全球經濟治理與反經濟全球化51
第一節 全球經濟治理的行為者與政策決定
一、 全球經濟治理的行為者
二、 在全球層次的政策決定
第二節 反經濟全球化議題
一、 公平問題
二、 參與問題
第三節 直接公民行動
一、 非政府組織的平行會議：世界社會論壇
二、 破壞公司商譽與拒買運動
三、 強化國家角色
第四節 非政府組織對抗國際經濟制度
一、 非政府組織與世界貿易組織
(一) 諮詢地位
(二) 要求修改國際貿易條約：以藥品取得運動為例
二、 非政府組織與世界銀行
(一) 長期運動
(二) 發展參與的夥伴關係
三、 非政府組織反抗行動的合法性與課責性

第四章 多邊投資協定在OECD的談判76
第一節 經濟全球化與國際投資建制
一、 外國直接投資與雙邊投資條約
二、 投資自由化與相關國際多邊協定
三、 爭議的多邊投資協定談判
第二節 跨國公司與經濟利益
一、 跨國公司聯盟
二、 跨國公司與政府力量的結合
(一) 美國跨國公司與政府的立場
(二) 歐洲、日本等國跨國公司與政府的立場
第三節 國際工會聯盟、非政府組織及其立場
一、 國際工會聯盟
二、 環保與其他非政府組織

第五章 反多邊投資協定運動網絡的組成102
第一節 運動議題
一、 行動意義的框架
二、 議題的辯論
(一) 公司治國問題
(二) 國家主權弱化問題
(三) 國際制度民主化問題
第二節 網絡行動者
一、 非政府組織跨國結盟
二、 以國內為基礎的抗爭行動
(一) 加拿大
(二) 澳洲
(三) 法國
(四) 德國
(五) 美國
三、 網路的角色
第三節 目標對象
一、 向OECD遊說
二、 向國內政府施壓
(一) 延續反北美自由貿易協定運動
(二) 運用政府部門的分歧
1、 行政部門與國會的分歧
2、 貿易部門與其他行政部門的分歧
(三) 利用偶發事件的政策機會
1、 Ethyl公司對加拿大政府訴訟事件
2、 英、法兩國政府更替
三、 下個目標：WTO？

第六章 結論126
第一節 研究發現
一、 評估反對運動的成功條件
(一) 非政府組織框架議題的能力
(二) 非政府組織跨國結盟的凝聚力
(三) 目標對象的脆弱性
(四) 與政府力量的連結
二、 與迴力鏢效果相對立的反經濟全球化行動
三、 民族主義觀超越世界主義觀
第二節 檢討與建議
一、 如何運用資訊科技以幫助國際社會的民主發展
二、 建立民主參與型的國際政治決策過程的可能性

附錄一：六百個非政府組織反對多邊投資協定聯合聲明
600 International Organizations Oppose the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) - Joint NGO Statement
附錄二：多邊投資協定草案（1998年4月談判中止時版本）
THE MULTILATERAL AGREEMENT ON INVESTMENT DRAFT CONSOLIDATED TEXT		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 12666580 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912535021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非政府組織zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多邊投資協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新自由經濟全球化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全球經濟治理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國倡議網絡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) neoliberal globalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) global economic governanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) transnational advocacy network (TAN)en_US
dc.title (題名) 非政府組織反多邊投資協定運動之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A study of NGO campaign against the multilateral agreement on investmenten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文資料
（一）專書
Joseph E. Stiglitz著，《全球化的許諾與失落》，李明譯，台北：大塊，2002年。
Robert K. Yin著，《個案研究法》，尚榮安譯，台北：弘智文化，2001年。
Sidney Tarrow著，《運動中的力量：社會運動與鬥爭政治》，吳廣宏譯，南京：譯林，2005年。
Wayne Ellwood著，《全球化反思：粉碎假面經濟榮景》，王柏鴻譯，台北：書林，2002年。
王杰、張海濱、張志洲主編，《全球治理中的國際非政府組織》，北京：北京大學，2004年。
王振軒，《非政府組織的議題、發展與能力建構》，台北：鼎茂，2006年。
吳英明、林德昌主編，《非政府組織》，台北：商鼎，2001年。
易建明，《國際投資法》，台北：翰蘆，2002年。
羅昌發，《國際貿易法》，台北：元照，1999年。

（二）期刊與研討會論文
江明修、鄭勝分，〈全球治理與非營利組織〉，中國行政，第73期，2003年，頁71-96。
吳美智，〈非政府組織與全球經濟議程設定：理論的分析架構〉，《國際關係學報》，第28期，2009年，頁9-44。
宋學文，〈非政府組織（NGOs）在全球治理中之機會與限制：一個政治學的觀點〉，《中國行政評論》，第13卷第1期，2003年，頁127-158。
李政達，〈OECD多邊投資協定內容以及我國因應之道〉，《經濟情勢暨評論》，第2卷第4期，1997年，頁142-149。
林俊宏，〈試探開發中國家與國外直接投資之相關問題-兼評多邊投資協定之適當性〉，《經濟與管理論叢》，第2卷第1期，2006年，頁93-110。
姜家雄，〈國際非政府組織與資訊科技〉，中國政治學會九十二年會暨學術研討會，2003年。
劉坤億，〈全球治理的理想與現實〉，中國行政評論，第13卷第1期，2003年，頁29-56。
瞿大文，〈OECD多邊投資協定及其諮商進展〉，《經濟情勢暨評論》，第4卷第1期，1997年，頁60-68。

（三）報紙
中國時報，〈公民新聞〉，2009年1月24日，A6版。

二、西文資料
（一）專書
Alger, Chadwick F. “Transnational Social Movement, World Politics, and Global Governance” In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State, eds. Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, 260-275. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Arts, Bas, Math Noortmann, and Bob Reinalda, eds. Non-State Actors in International Relations. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Ayres, Jeffrey M. “Transnational Political Processes and Contention against the Global Economy.” In Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, eds. Jackie Smith and Hank Johnston, 191-205. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Bennett, W. Lance. “Social Movements beyond Borders: Understanding Two Eras of Transnational Activism.” In Transnational Protest and Global Activism, eds. Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow, 203-226. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
Beyeler, Michelle. “Two Worlds Apart? Davos’ World Economic Forum and Porto Alegre’s World Social Forum.” In Global Public Policy: Business and Countervailing Powers of Civil Society, ed. Karsten Ronit, 132-153. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Biersteker, Thomas J. and Rodney Bruce Hall. “The Emergence of Private Authority in the International System.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, eds. Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas Biersteker, 203-222. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Boli, John, and Georeg M. Thomas, eds. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875. Standford: Standford University Press, 1999.
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Clark, John D. “Conclusion: Globalizing Civic Engagement.” In Globalizing Civic Engagement: Civil Society and Transnational Action, ed. John D. Clark, 164-175. Sterling: Earthscan, 2003.
__________. “Introduction: Civil Society and Transnational Action.” In Globalizing Civic Engagement: Civil Society and Transnational Action, ed. John D. Clark, 1-28. Sterling: Earthscan, 2003.
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Fredman, Thomas. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. New York: Anchor Books, 2000.
Giugni, Marco G. “Explaining Cross-national Similarities among Social Movements.” In Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, eds. Jackie Smith and Hank Johnston, 13-29. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Hall, Rodney Bruce and Thomas J. Biersteker. “The Emergence of Private Authority in the International System.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, eds. Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas Biersteker, 3-22. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Haufler, Virginia. “Globalization and Industry Self-Regulation.” In Governance In A Global Economy: Political Authority In Transition, eds. Miles Kahler and David A. Lake, 226-252. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Hirschland, Matthew J. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Shaping of Global Public Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Josselin, Daphné. “Back to the Front Line? Trade Unions in a Global Age.” In Non-State Actors in World Politics, ed. Daphné Josselin and William Wallace, 169-186. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Kahler, Miles and David A. Lake. “Globalization and Changing Patterns of Political Authority.” In Governance In A Global Economy: Political Authority In Transition, eds. Miles Kahler and David A. Lake, 412-438. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye. “Redefining Accountability for Global Governance.” In Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition, eds. Miles Kahler and David A. Lake, 386-411. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Khagram, Sanjeev, James V. Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink. “From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational Advocacy Groups Restructuring World Politics.” In Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, eds. Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink, 3-23. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
Kindon, John. Agenda, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995.
Krasner, Stephen D. “Power Politics, Institutions, and Transnational Relations.” In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, ed. Thomas Risse-Kappen, 257-279. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Kriesberg, Louis. “Social Movements and Global Transformation.” In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State, eds. Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, 3-18. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Laxer, Gordon. “Progressive Inter-nationalist Nationalisms.” In Nationalism and Global Solidarities: Alternative Projections to Neoliberal Globalisation, eds. James Goodman and Paul James, 108-122. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Lipschutz, Ronnie, and Cathleen Fogel. “Regulation for the Rest of Us? Global Civil Society and the Privatization of Transnational Regulation.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, eds. Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas Biersteker, 115-140. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Maney, Gregory M. “Transnational Structures and Protest: Linking Theories and Assessing Evidence.” In Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, eds. Jackie Smith and Hank Johnston, 31-50. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Maxwell, Simon and Diane Stone. “Global Knowledge Networks and International Development: Bridges across Boundaries.” In Global Knowledge Networks and International Development, eds. Diane Stone and Simon Maxwell, 1-17. New York: Routledge, 2005.
McCarthy, John D. “The Globalization of Social Movement Theory.” In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State, eds. Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, 243-259. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Mendelson, Sarah E., and John K. Glenn. The Power and Limits of NGOs. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
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Patel, I. G. “Global Economic Governance: Some Thoughts on Our Current Discontents.” In Global Governance: Ethics and Economics of the World Order, eds. Meghnad Desai and Paul Redfern, 22-38. London: Pinter, 1995.
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Reitan, Ruth. Global Activism. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. “Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Introduction.” In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-state Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions ed. Thomas Risse-Kappen, 3-33. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
__________. “Structures of Governance and Transnational Relations: What Have We Learned?” In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, ed. Thomas Risse-Kappen, 280-313. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Robin Cohen and Shirin M. Rai, “Global Social Movements: Towards a Cosmopolitan Politics.” In Gobal Social Movements, eds. Robin Cohen and Shirin M. Rai, 1-17. London: The Athlone Press, 2000.
Ronit, Karsten. “Conclusions: the Predicaments of the New Policy Arrangements in Global Public Policy.” In Global Public Policy: Business and Countervailing Powers of Civil Society, ed. Karsten Ronit, 174-184. New York: Routledge, 2007.
__________. “Introduction: Global Public Policy - the New Policy Arrangements of Business and Countervailing Groups.” In Global Public Policy: Business and Countervailing Powers of Civil Society, ed. Karsten Ronit, 1-42. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Schmitz, Hans-Peter. “Mobilizing Identities: Transnational Social Movements and the Promotion of Human Rights Norms.” In Global Institutions and Local Empowerment: Competing Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Kendall Stiles, 85-113. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000.
Schönleitner, Günther. “World Social Forum: Making Another World Possible?” In Globalizing Civic Engagement: Civil Society and Transnational Action, ed. John D. Clark, 127-149. Sterling: Earthscan, 2003.
Sikkink, Kathryn. “Pattern of Dynamic Multilevel Governance and the Insider-Outsider Coalition.” In Transnational Protest and Global Activism, eds. Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow, 151-173. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
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Smith, Jackie and Hank Johnston. “Globalization and Resistance: An Introduction” In Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, eds. Jackie Smith and Hank Johnston, 1-10. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Smith, Jackie, Ron Pagnucco, and Charles Chatfield. “Social Movements and World Politics: A Theoretical Framework.” In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State, eds. Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, 59-77. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
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Tarrow, Sidney. “From Lumping to Splitting: Specifying Globalization and Resistance.” In Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, eds. Jackie Smith and Hank Johnston, 229-249. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
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Watson, Iain. Rethinking the Politics of Globalization: Theory, Concepts and Strategy. Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.

（二）期刊論文
Capling, Ann and Kim Richard Nossal. “Parliament and the Democratization of Foreign Policy: The Case of Australia’s Joint Standing Committee on Treaties.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 36 (September 2003): 835-855.
Deibert, Ronald J. “International Plug’n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy.” International Studies Perspectives 1 (December 2000): 255-272.
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Finnemore, Martha. “Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology’s Institutionalism.” International Organization 50 (Spring 1996): 325-347.
He, Baogang and Hannah Murphy. “Global Social Justice at the WTO? The Role of NGOs in Constructing Global Social Contracts.” International Affairs 83 (July 2007): 707-727.
Helleiner, Gerald K. “Market, Politics, and Globalization: Can the Global Economy Be Civilized?” Global Governance 7 (July-September 2001): 243-263.
Hinton, Tony. “International Negotiation on Investment Liberalisation.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 57 (July 2003): 253-258.
Johnston, Josée and Gordon Laxer. “Solidarity in the Age of Globalization: Lessons from the Anti-MAI and Zapatista Struggles.” Theory and Society 32 (February 2003): 39-91.
Jordan, Lisa and Peter van Tuijl. “Political Responsibility in Transnational NGO Advocacy.” World Development 28 (December 2000): 2051-2065.
Kobrin, Stephen. “The MAI and the Clash of Globalizations.” Foreign Policy (Fall 1998): 97-109.
Langman, Lauren. “From Virtual Public Spheres to Global Justice: A Critical Theory of Internetworked Social Movements.” Sociological Theory 23 (March 2005): 42-74.
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McCormick, Rachel. “A Qualitative Analysis of the WTO’s Role on Trade and Environment Issues.” Global Environmental Politics 6 (February 2006): 102-124.
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Ottaway, Marina. “Corporatism Goes Global: International Organizations, NGO Networks and Transnational Business.” Global Governance 7 (July-September 2001): 265-292.
Schepers, Donald H. “The Impact of NGO Network Conflict on the Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies of Multinational Corporations.” Business and Society 45 (September 2006): 282-299.
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Tarrow, Sidney. “Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 4 (June 2001): 1-20.
Walter, Andrew. “NGOs, Business, and International Investment: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment, Seattle, and Beyond.” Global Governance 7 (January-March 2001): 51-73.
Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization 46 (Spring 1992): 391-425.

（三）政府間國際組織出版品
APEC. “1994 APEC Leaders’ Declaration.”〈http://www.apec.org/apec/leaders__declarations/1994.html〉（2009年12月瀏覽）
NAFTA Secretariat. “Chapter Eleven: Investment.”〈http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/en/view.aspx?conID=590&mtpiID=142〉（2009年12月瀏覽）
OECD. “Civil Society.”〈http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34495_1_1_1_1_1,00.html〉（2008年12月瀏覽）
OECD. “OECD Codes of Liberalisation of Capital Movements and of Current Invisible Operations.”〈http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_34887_1826559_1_1_1_1,00.html〉（2009年12月瀏覽）
OECD. “Text of the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.” 27 June 2000.〈http://www.oecd.org/document/53/0,3343,en_2649_34887_1933109_1_1_1_1,00.html〉（2009年12月瀏覽）
OECD. “The Multilateral Agreement on Investment Draft Consolidated Text.” 22 April 1998. 〈http://www1.oecd.org/daf/mai/pdf/ng/ng987r1e.pdf〉（2008年12月瀏覽）
U.N. Commission on Global Governance. Our Global Neighbourhood. 1995.〈http://www.sovereignty.net/p/gov/chap1.htm〉.（2010年1月瀏覽）
U.N. ESCOR. General Review of Arrangements for Consultations with Non-Governmental Organizations: Report of the Secretary General. Open-Ended Working Group on the Review of Arrangements for Consultations with Non-Governmental Organizations. 1st Sess., Prov. Agenda Item 3, U.N. Doc. E/AC.70/1994/5 (1994).
U.N. Global Campact.〈http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AbouttheGC/TheTENPrinciples/index.html〉（2009年6月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties and Their Relevance to A Possible Multilateral Framework on Investment: Issues and Questions.” 21 March 1997.〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c2em1d2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties: 1959-1999.” 15 December 2000. 〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiiad2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
UNCTAD. “World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment.”〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1991overview_en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
World Bank. “The Civil Society Group.” 〈http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20093801~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
WTO. “Guideline for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations.” 〈http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ngo_e/guide_e.htm〉（2009年6月瀏覽）
WTO. “TRIPS and Pharmaceutical Patents.” WTO fact sheet. September 2006.〈http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm00_e.html〉 （2009年8月瀏覽）

（四）雜誌
Economist. “The New Trade War.” Vol. 353, Issue 8148 (December 4, 1999):25-26.
Economist. “The Non-Governmental Order.” Vol. 353, Issue 8149 (December 11, 1999):20-21.

（五）其他網頁資料
Consumer Project on Technology. “Amsterdam Statement to WTO Member States on Access to Medicine.”〈http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/amsterdamstatement.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Global Policy Forum. “NGOs Say NO to Investment Agreement at WTO.” 21 March 2003.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/int/wto/2003/0321invest.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
International Labour Organization. “A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.” The Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization. February 2004.〈http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsd/docs/report.pdf〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
International River Network. “When the Rivers Run Dry – The World Bank, Dams and the Quest for Reparations.” 5 October 2007. 〈http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/latin-america/mesoamerica/chixoy-dam-guatemala/when-rivers-run-dry〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Lalumière, Catherine. Report on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment. September 1998. 〈http://www.geocities.com/w_trouble_o/lumier.htm〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Paul, James A. “The World Bank & NGOs.” Global Policy Forum. 1996.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/177/31512.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）
Public Citizen, Friends of the Earth, and Sierra Club. “International Coalition Launches Campaign Against the MAI – A New Stealth Investment Agreement.” 12 February 1998. 〈http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/print_release.cfm?ID=235〉（2009年3月瀏覽）
Public Citizen. “600 International Organizations Oppose the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) - Joint NGO Statement.”〈http://www.citizen.org/trade/issues/mai/Opposition/〉（2009年1月瀏覽）
Third World Network. “MAI-Type Investment Model Criticized at NGO-Ambassadors Meeting.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）
Third World Network. “UNCTAD’s ‘MFI Outreach’ to Civil Society Hits Snags.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）

三、重要非政府組織網站
五十年已經夠了（Fifty Years Is Enough），http://www.50years.org/

公司觀察（Corporate Watch），http://www.corpwatch.org/

公共公民（Public Citizen），http://www.citizen.org/

世界自然基金會（World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF），http://www.wwf.org/

世界社會論壇（World Social Forum），http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/

加拿大人理事會（Council of Canadians），http://www.canadians.org/

全球政策論壇（Global Policy Forum），http://www.globalpolicy.org/

地球之友（Friends of the Earth），http://www.foe.org/

西拉俱樂部（Sierra Club），http://www.sierraclub.org/

國際樂施會（Oxfam International），http://www.oxfam.org/

第三世界網絡（Third World Network），http://www.twnside.org.sg/		zh_TW