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題名 自行組織更新團體實施都市更新事業之研究
The study of organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work作者 賴凱俐
Lai, Kai Li貢獻者 楊松齡
Yang, Song Ling
賴凱俐
Lai, Kai Li關鍵詞 都市更新
更新團體
代理理論
Urban Renewal
Renewal Group
Agency Theory日期 2010 上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 14:47:53 (UTC+8) 摘要 按都市更新條例第10 條第1 項,經劃定應實施更新之地區,土地及合法建築物所有權人,得依法自行組織更新團體,實施都市更新事業。政府推動都市更新已行之多年,近年更將都市更新事業列為主要土地政策,惟申請自辦更新者甚少。以新北市為例,自辦更新案例多為921、331 地震受災之震損戶,其更新實具有高急迫性,但所有權人之間、與銀行、政府溝通時,卻面臨許多困境,不僅震損戶須負擔高額的貸款,也延遲災後重建與更新完成之時程,爰引發本研究探討自行組織更新團體實施都市更新事業之動機。 因此,本研究希冀透過文獻分析、個案研究、理論分析等方法,以代理理論為基礎,以土城延和里金城路社區自辦更新案為例,探討自辦更新案例甚少之原因,分析此過程中所有權人與更新會、其他參與業者之關係,釐清自辦更新相關資訊、代理問題,與自辦更新運作相關困境,進而提出相關因應建議,以作為日後震損戶自辦更新者推動工作之參考,協助具高急迫性的個案能順利且儘速完成更新,希冀提高自辦更新之成功率。 經探討上述議題後,本研究認為自辦更新成功的關鍵,包含以下條件:(1)所有權人間及對更新會具有較高的信任感,(2)所有權人與更新會確實掌握相關資訊,(3)更新會具備較佳的解決問題能力,及積極付出的心態,(4)所有權人與更新會具備較佳的財力或取得足夠的融資貸款,(5)政府機關的積極協助,(6)經驗足夠、本於職責的規劃團隊協助。自辦更新案例唯有具備以上條件,方能以較低成本及較短時間取得所有權人間的共識,盡可能地縮短更新時程,減少資訊問題、代理問題的發生,降低更新成本,進而使自辦更新過程具有效率。 據此,本研究提出以下建議:(1)政府應增加震災戶更新的容積獎勵,(2)政府應公開更新的資訊,並教育及輔導所有權人及更新會,(3)政府應提供自辦更新的優惠低利貸款,(4)政府應建立優良專業代理人的評選機制,(5)更新會與專業代理人應定期向所有權人彙報工作情形,(6)更新會與所有權人應建立信任關係,共同協力合作,(7)更新會與規劃團隊應盡心盡責,積極推動更新工作,以供政府與其他自辦更新推動工作者參酌。
According to the Article 10 of the Urban Renewal Act, the owners of the lands and legal buildings of an area that has been designated for renewal implementation may organize a renewal group to implement the urban renewal business of that area. The government has carried out the urban renewal policy for years, and recently, it regards the urban renewal group as main land policy. But applying to organize the urban renewal group is not much. Take New Taipei City for example, most of the urban renewal group cases are stricken households of 921 and 331 earthquake. The urban renewal work of theirs is urgent, but the communication among the land owners, the bank, and the government is difficult. The stricken households not only have to bear highly loan but also delay the rebuilding work after the earthquake and the process of the urban renewal work. Therefore, this study is going to discuss the motive of organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work. This study is based on Agency Theory and through reference analysis, case study and theory analysis and take Tu Cheng District Jin Cheng Road Community for example, to discuss the reason why the renewal group is rare. In addition, the study is going to analyze the relationship among the land owners, renewal group and other participating members to define clearly the information and agency problems of the urban renewal group. This study also provides some suggestions to be the reference resources of the stricken households in the future, and help urgent cases to implement the urban renewal work rapidly and successfully. This study considers that the keys to organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work successfully are: (1) the land owners highly trust the renewal group; (2) the land owners and the renewal group know information well; (3) the renewal group have excellent ability to solve problems and try it best to devote; (4) the land owners and the renewal group have good financial capability or can get enough loan; (5) the government can provide assistance; (6) the professional and experimental team can provide assistance. Above-mentioned, the renewal group can get common consensus among the land owners by less time and lower cost, and shorter the process and time of renewal work, reduce information and agency problems and lower down renewal cost as far as possible, and then the renewal work can be efficiency. Thus, this study proposes the following suggestions : (1) the government should increase additional building bulk of stricken households’ renewal work; (2) the government should make public the renewal information and teach and guide the land owners and the renewal group; (3) the government should provide low-rate loan for the renewal group; (4) the government should set up the evaluation of excellent professional agency team; (5) the renewal group and agency team should make a collective report regularly to the land owners; (6) the renewal group and the land owners should trust each other and cooperate; (7) the renewal group and agency team should implement the urban renewal work positively and responsibly.參考文獻 一、中文文獻(一)專書1.王春源、錢淑芬,2001,『資訊經濟學』,臺北:空中大學。2.方博亮、林祖嘉,2003,『管理經濟學』,臺北:智勝。3.張維迎,2001,『賽局理論與訊息經濟學』,臺北:茂昌圖書有限公司。(二)專書論文1.方鳴濤,1999,「民間自組更新團體之推動」。頁162-166,收錄於『邁向21世紀都市更新研討會大會實錄』,臺北市:財團法人都市更新研究發展基金會。(三)期刊論文1.熊秉元,1993,「『市場之尺』和『心中之尺』—論釋寇斯定理和布坎南對寇斯定理的質疑」,『經濟論文』, 2(2):331-356。(四)博、碩士論文1.王天源,2009,「災損建築物實施都市更新之實事分析-以臺北市為例」,中國科技大學土木與防災應用科技研究所碩士論文:臺北。2.呂宗盈,2002,「環境變遷與土地使用管理制度關係之研究-土地與法律互動模式之應用」,國立台北大學都市計劃研究所博士論文:臺北。3.李金桂,2008,「運用社會資本自組都市更新會實施更新之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。4.李美玲,2010,「臺北市自力更新關鍵成功因素-以尚華仁愛大樓都市更新案為例」,東吳大學企業管理學系碩士論文:臺北。5.林美娟,2006,「都市更新權利變換制度實施之研究-以台北市更新重建個案為例」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。6.林昕蓉,2007,「運用徵收方式實施都市更新之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。7.林怡妏,2005,「應用交易成本理論檢討台灣現行土地開發機制—舊市區與新開發區之比較」,國立成功大學都市計劃學系碩士論文:臺南。8.林育全,2006,「建構整合代理機制推動民間參與都市更新事業之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。9.林惠華,2002,「公私協力機制運用於都市更新政策之研究:士林夜市之個案模擬」,國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文:臺北。10.林煒翔,2009,「台北市都市更新制度與治理—「雙橡園」與「修德國宅」案例研究」,國立台北大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文:臺北。11.卓輝華,2011,「都市更新權利變換制度的委託代理、產權結構與契約關係之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系博士論文:臺北。12.洪貴源,2001,「社區住民自辦都市更新程序與權利變換之研究」,淡江大學建築學系碩士論文:臺北。13.麥怡安,2009,「我國都市更新權利變換制度之研究-以實施者與土地權利人間權益分配問題為中心」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。14.陳世彬,2009,「隱藏的空間:以台北市林口社區都市更新案之權益分配為例」,中國文化大學地學研究所碩士論文:臺北。15.陳宇捷,2001,「都市更新事業中公私合作機制建立之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。16.陳怡君,2008,「國立傳統藝術中心委外經營之交易成本途徑分析」,國立台灣大學社會科學院政治學系碩士論文:臺北。17.張友怡,1998,「私部門辦理都市更新問題之研究」,國立中興大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文:臺北。18.傅秉豐,2006,「民間參與推動都市更新重建之研究」,中華大學營建管理研究所碩士論文:新竹。19.楊傑光,2002,「災後都市更新民眾參與方式之評估:以九二一地震東勢鎮本街及台北市慶福大樓重建為例」,國立台北大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。20.楊棻系,2000,「都市更新單元規模之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。21.葉郁菁,2005,「從資訊不對稱看清代康熙之奏摺制度」,國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策學系碩士論文:臺北。22.蔡孟芳,2005,「弱勢社區民眾參與都市更新的迷思:台北市林口社區水源路一期整建住宅之個案研究」,臺灣大學地理環境資源學研究所碩士論文:臺北。23.鍾中信,2007,「從產權結構論都市更新之權利變換制度」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。24.謝嘉展,2009,「台北市整建住宅更新機制之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。25.顏宏叡,2005,「以土地信託實施都市更新機制之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。26.羅芳琪,2005,「都市更新及權利變換實施之研究-以九二一災區重建為例」,中國技術學院建築研究所碩士論文:臺北。27.蘇英瑋,2000,「民間參與都市更新災區重建-兼論容積獎勵之迷思」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。(五)其他:政府出版品1.內政部營建署、財團法人都市更新研究發展基金會,2010,『台灣都市更新案例總集/921災後自力更新重建案例─家園重生:100個災後重建的故事1994-2008』:臺北市:營建署http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/UR/THSD02.html二、英文文獻(一)專書1.Coleman, J., 1990, Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.2.Laffont, J.J. and Martimort, D., 2002, The Theory of Incentives: the Principal-Agent Model, United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.3.Macho-Stadler, I. and P’erez-Castrillo, J. D., 2001, An Introduction to the Economics of Information: Incentives and Contracts, New York: Oxford University Press.4.Perrow, C., 1984, Complex Organizations:A Critical Essay, New York: Random House.5.-----, 1986, Complex Organizations: a Critical Essay 3rd, New York: McGraw Hill.6.Willamson, O. E., 1975, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York: Free Press.7.-----, 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: Free Press.(二)期刊論文1.Alchain, A. and Demsetz, H., 1972, “Production, Information Cost, and Economic Organization”, American Economic Review, 62:777-795.2.Bergen, M., Shantanu, D., and Orville, C. W., 1992, “Agency relationships in marketing: a review of the implications and applications of agency and related theories”, Journal of Marketing, 56:1-24.3.Coase, R. H., 1937, “The Nature of the Firm”, Economics, New Series, 4(16): 386-405. 4.Eisenhardt, K. M., 1989, “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Reviewer, 14 (1):57-74.5.Huque, A.S., 2005, “Contracting out and Trust in the Public Sector:Case of Management from Hung Kong” , Public Organization Review ,5(1): 69-84.6.Jensen, M. C. and Meckling, W. H., 1976, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305-360.7.Moe, R. C., 1984 , “Exploring the Limit of Privatization” , Public Administration Review, 47 (6):453-460.8.Williamson, O. E., 1998, “The institutions of governance”, The American Economic Review, 88:75-79. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
94257003
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094257003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊松齡 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Song Ling en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴凱俐 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lai, Kai Li en_US dc.creator (作者) 賴凱俐 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lai, Kai Li en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 14:47:53 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 14:47:53 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 14:47:53 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094257003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59800 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 地政研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 94257003 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 按都市更新條例第10 條第1 項,經劃定應實施更新之地區,土地及合法建築物所有權人,得依法自行組織更新團體,實施都市更新事業。政府推動都市更新已行之多年,近年更將都市更新事業列為主要土地政策,惟申請自辦更新者甚少。以新北市為例,自辦更新案例多為921、331 地震受災之震損戶,其更新實具有高急迫性,但所有權人之間、與銀行、政府溝通時,卻面臨許多困境,不僅震損戶須負擔高額的貸款,也延遲災後重建與更新完成之時程,爰引發本研究探討自行組織更新團體實施都市更新事業之動機。 因此,本研究希冀透過文獻分析、個案研究、理論分析等方法,以代理理論為基礎,以土城延和里金城路社區自辦更新案為例,探討自辦更新案例甚少之原因,分析此過程中所有權人與更新會、其他參與業者之關係,釐清自辦更新相關資訊、代理問題,與自辦更新運作相關困境,進而提出相關因應建議,以作為日後震損戶自辦更新者推動工作之參考,協助具高急迫性的個案能順利且儘速完成更新,希冀提高自辦更新之成功率。 經探討上述議題後,本研究認為自辦更新成功的關鍵,包含以下條件:(1)所有權人間及對更新會具有較高的信任感,(2)所有權人與更新會確實掌握相關資訊,(3)更新會具備較佳的解決問題能力,及積極付出的心態,(4)所有權人與更新會具備較佳的財力或取得足夠的融資貸款,(5)政府機關的積極協助,(6)經驗足夠、本於職責的規劃團隊協助。自辦更新案例唯有具備以上條件,方能以較低成本及較短時間取得所有權人間的共識,盡可能地縮短更新時程,減少資訊問題、代理問題的發生,降低更新成本,進而使自辦更新過程具有效率。 據此,本研究提出以下建議:(1)政府應增加震災戶更新的容積獎勵,(2)政府應公開更新的資訊,並教育及輔導所有權人及更新會,(3)政府應提供自辦更新的優惠低利貸款,(4)政府應建立優良專業代理人的評選機制,(5)更新會與專業代理人應定期向所有權人彙報工作情形,(6)更新會與所有權人應建立信任關係,共同協力合作,(7)更新會與規劃團隊應盡心盡責,積極推動更新工作,以供政府與其他自辦更新推動工作者參酌。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) According to the Article 10 of the Urban Renewal Act, the owners of the lands and legal buildings of an area that has been designated for renewal implementation may organize a renewal group to implement the urban renewal business of that area. The government has carried out the urban renewal policy for years, and recently, it regards the urban renewal group as main land policy. But applying to organize the urban renewal group is not much. Take New Taipei City for example, most of the urban renewal group cases are stricken households of 921 and 331 earthquake. The urban renewal work of theirs is urgent, but the communication among the land owners, the bank, and the government is difficult. The stricken households not only have to bear highly loan but also delay the rebuilding work after the earthquake and the process of the urban renewal work. Therefore, this study is going to discuss the motive of organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work. This study is based on Agency Theory and through reference analysis, case study and theory analysis and take Tu Cheng District Jin Cheng Road Community for example, to discuss the reason why the renewal group is rare. In addition, the study is going to analyze the relationship among the land owners, renewal group and other participating members to define clearly the information and agency problems of the urban renewal group. This study also provides some suggestions to be the reference resources of the stricken households in the future, and help urgent cases to implement the urban renewal work rapidly and successfully. This study considers that the keys to organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work successfully are: (1) the land owners highly trust the renewal group; (2) the land owners and the renewal group know information well; (3) the renewal group have excellent ability to solve problems and try it best to devote; (4) the land owners and the renewal group have good financial capability or can get enough loan; (5) the government can provide assistance; (6) the professional and experimental team can provide assistance. Above-mentioned, the renewal group can get common consensus among the land owners by less time and lower cost, and shorter the process and time of renewal work, reduce information and agency problems and lower down renewal cost as far as possible, and then the renewal work can be efficiency. Thus, this study proposes the following suggestions : (1) the government should increase additional building bulk of stricken households’ renewal work; (2) the government should make public the renewal information and teach and guide the land owners and the renewal group; (3) the government should provide low-rate loan for the renewal group; (4) the government should set up the evaluation of excellent professional agency team; (5) the renewal group and agency team should make a collective report regularly to the land owners; (6) the renewal group and the land owners should trust each other and cooperate; (7) the renewal group and agency team should implement the urban renewal work positively and responsibly. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目次 I圖次 II表次 III第一章 緒論 1-1第一節 研究動機與目的 1-1第二節 研究範圍與內容 1-5第三節 研究方法與流程 1-8第四節 研究架構 1-10第二章 自組更新團體實施更新與代理理論之探討 2-1第一節 我國自組更新團體實施更新文獻之探究 2-1第二節 代理理論之探究 2-8第三節 小結 2-15第三章 自組更新團體實施更新之制度分析 3-1第一節 自組更新團體實施更新之法令與程序 3-1第二節 自組更新團體實施更新之代理課題分析 3-17第三節 小結 3-27第四章 自組更新團體實施更新之個案分析 4-1第一節 研究個案自組更新團體實施更新計畫之內容 4-1第二節 研究個案自組更新團體實施更新之課題分析 4-15第三節 小結 4-46第五章 結論與建議 5-1第一節 結論 5-1第二節 建議 5-5第三節 後續研究建議 5-10參考文獻 6-1附錄 口試委員意見回應表 7-1 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2009264 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094257003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市更新 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 更新團體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 代理理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Urban Renewal en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Renewal Group en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Agency Theory en_US dc.title (題名) 自行組織更新團體實施都市更新事業之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The study of organizing the urban renewal group to operate the urban renewal work en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻(一)專書1.王春源、錢淑芬,2001,『資訊經濟學』,臺北:空中大學。2.方博亮、林祖嘉,2003,『管理經濟學』,臺北:智勝。3.張維迎,2001,『賽局理論與訊息經濟學』,臺北:茂昌圖書有限公司。(二)專書論文1.方鳴濤,1999,「民間自組更新團體之推動」。頁162-166,收錄於『邁向21世紀都市更新研討會大會實錄』,臺北市:財團法人都市更新研究發展基金會。(三)期刊論文1.熊秉元,1993,「『市場之尺』和『心中之尺』—論釋寇斯定理和布坎南對寇斯定理的質疑」,『經濟論文』, 2(2):331-356。(四)博、碩士論文1.王天源,2009,「災損建築物實施都市更新之實事分析-以臺北市為例」,中國科技大學土木與防災應用科技研究所碩士論文:臺北。2.呂宗盈,2002,「環境變遷與土地使用管理制度關係之研究-土地與法律互動模式之應用」,國立台北大學都市計劃研究所博士論文:臺北。3.李金桂,2008,「運用社會資本自組都市更新會實施更新之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。4.李美玲,2010,「臺北市自力更新關鍵成功因素-以尚華仁愛大樓都市更新案為例」,東吳大學企業管理學系碩士論文:臺北。5.林美娟,2006,「都市更新權利變換制度實施之研究-以台北市更新重建個案為例」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。6.林昕蓉,2007,「運用徵收方式實施都市更新之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。7.林怡妏,2005,「應用交易成本理論檢討台灣現行土地開發機制—舊市區與新開發區之比較」,國立成功大學都市計劃學系碩士論文:臺南。8.林育全,2006,「建構整合代理機制推動民間參與都市更新事業之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。9.林惠華,2002,「公私協力機制運用於都市更新政策之研究:士林夜市之個案模擬」,國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文:臺北。10.林煒翔,2009,「台北市都市更新制度與治理—「雙橡園」與「修德國宅」案例研究」,國立台北大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文:臺北。11.卓輝華,2011,「都市更新權利變換制度的委託代理、產權結構與契約關係之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系博士論文:臺北。12.洪貴源,2001,「社區住民自辦都市更新程序與權利變換之研究」,淡江大學建築學系碩士論文:臺北。13.麥怡安,2009,「我國都市更新權利變換制度之研究-以實施者與土地權利人間權益分配問題為中心」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。14.陳世彬,2009,「隱藏的空間:以台北市林口社區都市更新案之權益分配為例」,中國文化大學地學研究所碩士論文:臺北。15.陳宇捷,2001,「都市更新事業中公私合作機制建立之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。16.陳怡君,2008,「國立傳統藝術中心委外經營之交易成本途徑分析」,國立台灣大學社會科學院政治學系碩士論文:臺北。17.張友怡,1998,「私部門辦理都市更新問題之研究」,國立中興大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文:臺北。18.傅秉豐,2006,「民間參與推動都市更新重建之研究」,中華大學營建管理研究所碩士論文:新竹。19.楊傑光,2002,「災後都市更新民眾參與方式之評估:以九二一地震東勢鎮本街及台北市慶福大樓重建為例」,國立台北大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。20.楊棻系,2000,「都市更新單元規模之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。21.葉郁菁,2005,「從資訊不對稱看清代康熙之奏摺制度」,國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策學系碩士論文:臺北。22.蔡孟芳,2005,「弱勢社區民眾參與都市更新的迷思:台北市林口社區水源路一期整建住宅之個案研究」,臺灣大學地理環境資源學研究所碩士論文:臺北。23.鍾中信,2007,「從產權結構論都市更新之權利變換制度」,國立政治大學地政學系在職專班碩士論文:臺北。24.謝嘉展,2009,「台北市整建住宅更新機制之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。25.顏宏叡,2005,「以土地信託實施都市更新機制之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。26.羅芳琪,2005,「都市更新及權利變換實施之研究-以九二一災區重建為例」,中國技術學院建築研究所碩士論文:臺北。27.蘇英瑋,2000,「民間參與都市更新災區重建-兼論容積獎勵之迷思」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。(五)其他:政府出版品1.內政部營建署、財團法人都市更新研究發展基金會,2010,『台灣都市更新案例總集/921災後自力更新重建案例─家園重生:100個災後重建的故事1994-2008』:臺北市:營建署http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/UR/THSD02.html二、英文文獻(一)專書1.Coleman, J., 1990, Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.2.Laffont, J.J. and Martimort, D., 2002, The Theory of Incentives: the Principal-Agent Model, United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.3.Macho-Stadler, I. and P’erez-Castrillo, J. 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