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題名 從經濟活動的角度探討戒嚴時期台灣語言結構的轉變
Transformation of Taiwan language structure under martial law in terms of economic activities
作者 蘇豐文
Su, Feng Wen
貢獻者 卜道
David Blundell
蘇豐文
Su, Feng Wen
關鍵詞 語言政策
南島語言
language policy
language shift
日期 2009
上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 16:20:12 (UTC+8)
摘要 The main purpose of this thesis is to find out the economic factors that contributed to the successful promotion of Mandarin during martial law period, and serve as a reference for future language planning. Taiwan used to be ruled by Dutch, Koxinga, Qing dynasty, Japan, and the Republic of China (ROC) government. Thus, Taiwanese society gradually becomes multiethnic, multicultural, and, to my greatest concern, multilingual. Each ruling power had tried to impose different degrees of language policies on Taiwan, particularly Japan and the ROC government that were eager to establish an official language. Eventually, the successful popularization of Mandarin is overwhelming.
A number of theories and materials regarding the relationship between language and economy have been reviewed. First of all, it is argued that language could be objectified and valued. Thus, different language varieties contain different values. Second, according to rational choice theory, people make choices that would maximize their benefits. The implication is that people choose to learn a certain language variety that benefits them most. Third, as an economy becomes more and more advanced, linguistic diversity might be reduced.
The ethnolinguistic groups, language varieties, and language history of Taiwan are also discussed. There are four major ethnolinguistic groups in Taiwan: Hoklo, Hakka, aboriginal people, and Chinese Mainlanders. As for language varieties, Hoklo, Hakka, Mandarin, Taiwan Guoyu, and aboriginal languages are separately dealt with. The language history of Taiwan is divided into the evolution of spoken and written language of Taiwan.
Then, the economic value of each language varieties in Taiwan during martial law period is assessed. The result is that Mandarin possessed the highest economic value. Besides, some features of economic development, such as structural change, the emergence of social classes, the desire to gain upward social mobility, expansion in education, and examination systems that favored Mandarin, also facilitated the spread of Mandarin. And through a comparison between the Japan-led and ROC-led island-wide language directives, this thesis argues that political factors alone could not sufficiently explain the successful promotion of an official language. Economic factors must be taken into account as well.
Finally, some suggestions are proposed for the maintenance and revitalization of Hoklo, Hakka, and aboriginal languages.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
97924002
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097924002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 卜道zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor David Blundellen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蘇豐文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Su, Feng Wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蘇豐文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Su, Feng Wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 16:20:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 16:20:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 16:20:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097924002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59877-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97924002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The main purpose of this thesis is to find out the economic factors that contributed to the successful promotion of Mandarin during martial law period, and serve as a reference for future language planning. Taiwan used to be ruled by Dutch, Koxinga, Qing dynasty, Japan, and the Republic of China (ROC) government. Thus, Taiwanese society gradually becomes multiethnic, multicultural, and, to my greatest concern, multilingual. Each ruling power had tried to impose different degrees of language policies on Taiwan, particularly Japan and the ROC government that were eager to establish an official language. Eventually, the successful popularization of Mandarin is overwhelming.
A number of theories and materials regarding the relationship between language and economy have been reviewed. First of all, it is argued that language could be objectified and valued. Thus, different language varieties contain different values. Second, according to rational choice theory, people make choices that would maximize their benefits. The implication is that people choose to learn a certain language variety that benefits them most. Third, as an economy becomes more and more advanced, linguistic diversity might be reduced.
The ethnolinguistic groups, language varieties, and language history of Taiwan are also discussed. There are four major ethnolinguistic groups in Taiwan: Hoklo, Hakka, aboriginal people, and Chinese Mainlanders. As for language varieties, Hoklo, Hakka, Mandarin, Taiwan Guoyu, and aboriginal languages are separately dealt with. The language history of Taiwan is divided into the evolution of spoken and written language of Taiwan.
Then, the economic value of each language varieties in Taiwan during martial law period is assessed. The result is that Mandarin possessed the highest economic value. Besides, some features of economic development, such as structural change, the emergence of social classes, the desire to gain upward social mobility, expansion in education, and examination systems that favored Mandarin, also facilitated the spread of Mandarin. And through a comparison between the Japan-led and ROC-led island-wide language directives, this thesis argues that political factors alone could not sufficiently explain the successful promotion of an official language. Economic factors must be taken into account as well.
Finally, some suggestions are proposed for the maintenance and revitalization of Hoklo, Hakka, and aboriginal languages.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Motivation 1
1.2 Purpose of the Thesis 3
1.3 Significance of the Thesis 3
1.4 Definitions of Terms 4
1.5 Research Scope 8
1.6 Research Method 9
1.6.1 Historical Research 9
1.6.2 Documentary Research 10
1.6.3 Comparative Research 10
1.7 Organization of the Thesis 11
1.8 Limitations of the Thesis 14
1.8.1 Limitation on Research Scope 14
1.8.2 Limitation on Research Methods 15
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Rational Choice Theory 16
2.2 Value System of Jean Baudrillard 18
2.3 Language and Economy 20
2.4 Forms of Capital 25
2.5 Linguistic Market and Linguistic Capital 27 2.6 Diglossia, Bilingualism, and Multilingualism 29
2.7 Language Attitude 32
2.8 Language Maintenance and Shift 34
CHAPTER THREE ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS, LANGUAGE VARIETIES, AND LANGUAGE HISTORY OF TAIWAN 38
3.1 Ethnolinguistic Groups in Taiwan 39
3.1.1 Aboriginal People 40
3.1.2 The Hoklo 41
3.1.3 The Hakka 42
3.1.4 The Chinese Mainlanders 43
3.2 Language Varieties in Taiwan 44
3.2.1 Hoklo Language 44
3.2.2 Hakka Language 46
3.2.3 Mandarin 47
3.2.4 Taiwan Guoyu 48
3.2.5 Aboriginal Languages 49
3.3 Evolution of Spoken Language of Taiwan 49
3.3.1 Before Seventeenth Century 49
3.3.2 European Colonial Period (1624-1661) 50
3.3.3 Koxinga Period (1661-1683) 52
3.3.4 Qing Dynasty Period (1683-1895) 52
3.3.5 Japanese Rule Period (1895-1945) 53
3.3.6 ROC Government Period (1945 to Present 55
3.3.7 Present Situation 56
3.4 Evolution of Written Language of Taiwan 58
CHAPTER FOUR VALUE ASSESSMENT ON LANGUAGE VARIETIES 61
4.1 Value Assessment on Language Varieties 61
4.1.1 Functional Value of Language Varieties 61
4.1.2 Exchange Value of Language Varieties 65
4.1.3 Symbolic Value of Language Varieties 69
4.1.4 Sign Value of Language Varieties 73
4.2 A Brief Conclusion of Section 4.1 77
CHAPTER FIVE THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON LANGUAGE STRUCTURE 79
5.1 Economic Development of Taiwan during Martial Law Period 79
5.1.1 A Brief Account of the Economic Development between 1950s and 1980s 79
5.1.2 Structural Change in Economy 81
5.2 Impact of Economic Development on Society and Language Structure 83
5.2.1 Formation of the Five Social Classes 83
5.2.2 Influence of Social Mobility on Language Use 85
5.2.3 Ethnic and Linguistic Dichotomy in Economic
Organization 88
5.3 Education and Language Use 90
5.4 Promoting Mandarin through Examination System 96
5.5 A Comparison between the Japan-led and ROC-led Island-wide Language Directives 99
5.5.1 The Japan-led Island-wide Language Directive 100
5.5.2 The ROC-led Island-wide Language Directive 101
5.5.3 A comparison of the Two Island-wide Language
Directives 102
5.5.3.1 Economic Development during Japanese Rule
Period 103
5.5.3.2 An Economic Comparison 105
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 108
6.1 Successful Promotion of Mandarin 108
6.2 Suggestions for Maintenance and Revitalization 109
6.2.1 Establishment of a Standardized and Modernized
Writing System 109
6.2.2 Institutional Support 110
6.2.3 Intensification of Political and Economic Strength
113
6.3 Concluding Remark 114
BIBLIOGRAPHY 116

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Characteristic Features of Diglossia 30
Table 3-1 Relation between Language and Political Status
in Taiwan 38
Table 3-2 The Growing Percentage of Taiwanese Population
Understanding Japanese (1905-1944) 54
Table 3-3 Language Use at Home in Taipei County in 1996 56
Table 4-1 Assessment on Mandarin and Local Language
Varieties during Martial Law Period 62
Table 4-2 Assessment on Mandarin, Hoklo, and Hakka in the
1950s 64
Table 4-3 Relationship among Language, Labor Market, and
Occupational Achievement 66
Table 4-4 Development of Hsiang-t’u Literature 72
Table 4-5 Attitudes towards Languages among Different
Ethnic Groups 74
Table 4-6 Music Preferences in Taipei, Taichung, and
Kaohsiung 74
Table 4-7 A Comparison of Diglossic Features between
Mandarin and Local Language Varieties 75
Table 4-8 Classes of Languages in Taiwan 76
Table 4-9 Comparison of Language Value during Martial Law
Period 77
Table 5-1 Shares of Employment by Industry, 1952-1987
(%) 81
Table 5-2 Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 1952-1987
(%) 82
Table 5-3 Dominant Group and Language in Public and
Private Sector during Martial Law Period 89
Table 5-4 Taiwan’s Economic Plans and Manpower
Plans over Four Decades of Economic Development
91
Table 5-5 Number of Schools and Students 92
Table 5-6 Number of Schools by Level of Education 93
Table 5-7 Number of Students by Level of Education 94
Table 5-8 Percentage of Educational Attainment for People
above Six in Taiwan in 1987 95
Table 5-9 Value Comparison of Mandarin and Japanese
105
Table 5-10 Comparison of Economic Development 106


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Development of Chapters 11
Figure 1-2 Relationship of Chapters Four and Five 14
Figure 2-1 Interchangeability of Capitals 27
Figure 2-2 Schema Representing the Formation of Attitudes
34
Figure 2-3 Factors Affecting Language Maintenance 36
Figure 4-1 Relationship between Linguistic Westernization
and Economic Development 63
Figure 4-2 Relationship among Mandarin Competence,
Education, and Socioeconomic Competence 68
Figure 4-3 Fields not Possible without Mandarin 69
Figure 4-4 Relationship among Speakers, Nationalism,
Symbolic Value, and Language Variety 70
Figure 4-5 Mutual Influences among People’s Attitude,
Sign Value of a Language Variety, and the
Benefits or Advantages Created by the Language
Variety 73
Figure 5-1 The Five Social Classes and Upward Social
Mobility 87
Figure 5-2 Relationship among Education, Economic
Development, and Language Shift 96
Figure 5-3 Relationship between Examination System and
Popularity in Mandarin 99		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 556263 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097924002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 南島語言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language shiften_US
dc.title (題名) 從經濟活動的角度探討戒嚴時期台灣語言結構的轉變zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Transformation of Taiwan language structure under martial law in terms of economic activitiesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BIBLIOGRAPHY
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