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題名 台灣僧尼的親屬支持系統 : 以南部某寺院為中心
Kin support system of Taiwanese Buddhist monks and nuns: A study at a monastery in southern Taiwan作者 吳佳純
Wu ,Chia Chun貢獻者 張珣
Chang, Hsun
吳佳純
Wu ,Chia Chun關鍵詞 佛教
親屬關係
寺院
社會改變
孝道
比丘
比丘尼
寺院系統
Buddhism
Kinship
Monastery
Social Change
Filial Piety
Monk
Nun
Monastic System日期 2010 上傳時間 3-Sep-2013 16:26:37 (UTC+8) 摘要 N/A
Unlike what most people believe, Buddhist monasteries rely not only on laymen’s financial support but also on the supports of families and relatives of monks and nuns. In addition, Buddhist renunciation does not always cut off the relationship of a monk or nun with their families. On the contrary, most of monks and nuns in my research remain close contacts with their families and relatives. It is believed that once a person joins the Order, he or she can rely fully on the monasteries’ financial, emotional and medical supports. However, this is not true in all Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan. Mutual dependency between monks or nuns and their families and relatives is the main focus of this research. With lack of supports of different aspects from the monasteries, monks and nuns will have to turn to their families and relatives for helps when needed. Therefore, keeping close and positive relationship with families and relatives is important to some monks and nuns. This research aims at: 1. finding out the kin relationships of monks and nuns; 2. looking at the mutual dependency between monks and nuns and their families or relatives; 3. comparing the ideology and reality of monastic life and Buddhist institution (monasteries). In order to achieve the above goals, I will look at possible causes that might affect the relationship between monks and nuns with their families and relatives. Moreover, although not intended, the reasons of renunciation will be discussed in this paper. Different from Buddhist monasteries in other countries and traditions, Taiwanese monasteries can be privately owned by monks, nuns, or laymen. Because of this fact, and because it determines whether monks and nuns will get necessary supports from the monasteries or not, so types of Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan will be discussed, too.參考文獻 English Books:Baker, Hugh D. R. Chinese Family And Kinship. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1979.Benn, James A., Lori Meeks and James Robson, edited. Buddhist Monasticism in East China: Places of Practice. N.Y.: Routledge, 2010.Brandtstadter Susanne and Goncalo D. Santos, ed. Chinese Kinship. N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Chang, Doris T. Women’s Movements in Twentieth-Century Taiwan. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2009.Chao, Paul. Chinese Kinship. Boston: Kegan Paul International, 1983.Chen, Kenneth K.S. Buddhism in China. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1964.Cole, Alan. Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998.____. Text as Father: Paternal Seduction in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2005. Cuevas, Bryan J. and Jacqueline I. Stone, edited. The Buddhist Dead: Practices, Discourses, Representations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.Derris, Karen and Natalie Gummer. Defining Buddhism(s). London: Equinox Publishing, 2007.Dutt, Sukumar. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries in India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture. Londan: George Allen and Unwin, 1962.Fan Tsung, Shiu-Kuen. Moms, Nuns and Hookers: Extrafimilial Alternatives for Village Women in Taiwan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1986.Freedman, Maurice, ed. Family And Kinship In Chinese Society. California: Standford University Press, 1970.Heirmann, Ann. The Discipline in Four Parts: Rules for Nuns according to the Dharmaguptakavinaya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2002.Hsing, Lawrence Fu-Chuan. Taiwanese Buddhism and Buddhist Temples. Taipei, Taiwan: Pacific Cultural Foundation, 1983.Idema, Wilt L. Personal Salvation and Filial Piety: Two Precious Scroll Narratives of Guanyin and Her Acolytes. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2008.Jones, Charles Brewer. Buddhism in Taiwan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.Karma Lekshe Tsomo. Sisters in Solitude: Two Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Ethics for Women. NY: State University of New York, 1996.Knapp, Keith N. Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.Lee, Tan Long. The Canon of Filial Piety. Tainan, Taiwan: Tan Long Lee, 1977.Legge, James, trans. The Hsiao King, Or Classic of Filial. Whitefish, M.T.: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.Lewis, Todd T. Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2000.Lopez Jr., Donald S, edited. Religions of Asia in Practice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. ____, edited. Buddhism in Practice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.Ortner, Sherry B. Sherpa through their rituals. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1978.____. High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.____. Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpa and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.Ruggiero, Adriane, edited. Religious and Religious Movements: Confucianism. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Greenhaven Press, 2006.Schopen, Gregory. Figments and Fragments of Mahayana Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.____. Buddhist Monks and Business Matters. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. ____. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.Shinohara, Koichi and Gregory Schopen, edited. Benares to Beijing: Essays on Buddhism and Chinese Religion. N.Y.: Mosaic Press, 1991.Seaman, Gary. “The Sexual Politics of Karmic Retribution”, in The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society edited by Emily Martin and Hill Gates. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 1981, pp.381-396. Shih, Ci Yi (Ed.). (1989). Buddha’s Light Dictionary. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Buddha’s Light Publishing.Shih, Wu Yin. Choosing Simplicity: Commentary on the Bhikshuni Pratimoksha. Translated by Jendy Shih and edited by Thubten Chodron. NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2001.Tambiah, S.J. Buddhism and The Spirit Cults In Noth-East Thailand. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1970.____. Brahma Net Sutra: Moral Code of the Bodhisattvas. Translated by Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada. Taipei: The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 1999.Teiser, Stephen F. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.Welch, Holmes. The Practice of Chinese Buddhism 1900-1950. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.____. The Buddhist Revival in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.____. Buddhism under Mao. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.Wijayaratna, Mohan. Buddhist Monastic Life. Translated by Claude Grangier and Steven Collins. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Wright, Arthur W. Buddhism in Chinese History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1971, c.1959.Yang, C.K. Religion in Chinese Society: a study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1961. English Journal Articles:Chen, Kenneth K.S. “Anti-Buddhist Propaganda During the Nan-Chao”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 15 (1952): 166-192.Crane, Hillary. “Becoming a nun, becoming a man: Taiwanese Buddhist nuns’ gender transformation”, in Journal of Religion S.N. 37 (2007): 117-132.Huang, Chien Yu Julia and Robert P. Weller. “Merit And Mothering: Women and Social Welfare in Taiwanese Buddhism”, in The Journal of Asian Studies 57, no. 2 (1998): 379-396.Schopen, Gregory. “The Ritual Obligations and Donor Roles of Monks In The Pali Vanaya”, in Journal of the Pali Text Society XVI (1992): 87-107.____. “Filial Piety And The Monk In The Practice Of Indian Buddhism: A Question Of ‘Sinicization’ Viewed From The Other Side”, in T’oung Pao LXX (1984): 110-126. Thiradhammo Bhikkhu. “Corrections to The Book of Displine”. In Journal of the Pali Text Society XVI (1992): 87-107. Chinese Books:Guan, Zheng Zong, Zun Hong Zhuo and Kuen Hong Ho (interviewed and recorded). The reminiscences of master Yuan-Lin《臺灣經懺佛事縱橫談：源靈法師訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2007.Ho, Kuen Hong (interviewed and recorded). The reminiscences of master Heng-Chin 《杏壇衲履：恆清法師訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2009. Jiang, Canteng. The History of Buddhism in Taiwan《臺灣佛教 史》. Taipei: Wu-Nan Book Inc, 2009.Li, Yu Chen. “The Mother-Daughter Complex: Gender Identity and Subjectivity of Taiwanese Buddhist Nuns”. Affect, Emotion and Culture Anthropological and Psychological Studies in Taiwanese Society. Ed. Ta Li Hu. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology Academia Sinica, 2002. 363-404.Lin, Zhong Yi, ed. The Compilation of Buddhist Terms in Chinese, English, Pali and Sanskrit. Taipei: Torch of Wisdom Publisher, 1971.Shih, Pai Yun. An Autobiography《雲水悠悠》. Kaohsiun: Pai Yun Broadcasting, 1977. Shih, Ji Xiong. The Early Buddhist Ethics on Family《初期佛教家庭倫理觀》. Taipei: Dharma Drum Publishing, 1996.Shih, Hui Min. Vinaya and Chan Dharma《戒律與禪法》. Taipei: Dharma Drum Publishing, 1999.Shih, Tze Yen. An Compilation of MA and PhD theses on Buddhism (1963-2000)《佛教相關博碩士論文題要彙編 (1963-2000)》. Chiayi: Gaya Publishing, 2001. ____. An Compilation of MA and PhD theses on Buddhism (2000-2006)《佛教相關博碩士論文題要彙編 (2000-2006)》. Chiayi: Gaya Publishing, 2001.Shih, Neng Rong. An Investigation on the Vinaya`s Monastic Discipline, Chinese Monastic Regulations, and their Significance in the Present Sangha Order《律制、清規及其 現代意義之探究》. Taipei: Dharma Drum Publishing, 2003. Shih, Fo Yin. An Annotation on the Bhikshuni Pratimoksa Sutras of the Dharmagupta Vinaya《四分比丘尼戒本註解》. Nantou: Jing Lu Monastery, 1986. Shih, Hui Ren, Zun Hong Zhuo and Kuen Hong Ho (interviewd and recorded). The reminiscences of master Pu-Miao《菩妙 老和尚訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2008. Shih, Cherng Yi (oral narrattion); interviewed by Zun Hong Zhuo and Kuen Hong Ho, and recorded by Yan Bo Liao. The reminiscences of master Cherng-Yi 《成一法師訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2007. Wu, Lao Tzer (oral narration); interviewed by Zun Hong Zhuo and Kuen Hong Ho, and recorded by Wei Peng Zho, Qian Huei Wang and Feng Ji Zhuang. The sixty years development of buddhism in Taiwan, 1943-2002:The reminiscences of Mr.Wu Lao Tzer 《臺灣佛教一甲子－吳老擇 先生訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2006. Wu, Min Xia. Taiwanese Buddhism During the Period of Japanese Colonization 《日據時期的台灣佛教》. Taichung County: Ci Guang Monastery, 2007. Zhuo, Zun Hong and Kuen Hong Ho (interviewed and recorded). The reminiscences of master Hong-Yin《人間比丘之路：宏印法師 訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2007.Zhuo, Zun Hong and others (interviewed and recorded). The reminiscences of Taiwanese Buddhists 《臺灣佛教人物訪談 錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2007. Zhuo, Zun Hong and Kuen Hong Ho (interviewed and recorded). The reminiscences of master Ru-Wu《如悟法訪談錄》. Taipei: Academia Historica, 2008.Chinese Journal Articles:Chang, Hsun. “Chinese Women’s Kinship Status: Adopted Daughters and Adopted Daughters-in-Law Reconsidered”, in The Bulletin of the Department of Anthropology National Taiwan University No.56 (Dec, 2000): 15-43.____.“Research on History of Buddhism in Taiwan and Its Contemporaneity: With book review on Buddhism in Taiwan: Religion and the State, 1660-1990 by Charles Jones and History of Buddhism in Taiwan by Tsan-teng Chiang”, in Taiwan Historical Research V. 16 No. 3 (Sept, 2009): 165-173.Li, Yu Chen.“Jiemeiqing in the Monastic Kitchen in Post-War Taiwan: Gender Identity and Community Solidarity among Buddhist Women”, in Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology Academia Sinica 87 (1999): 97-128.____.“Buddhist Women and Women’s Buddhism – the Gender Studies in Buddhism in these two decades”, in Research on Women in Modern Chinese History 10 (Dec. 2002): 147-176.____.“Leaving the Household to Enter the World: the Changing Career of Buddhist Nuns in Post-war Taiwan”, in National Normal University ed., The Change of Taiwanese Society and Culture in the Post-war Period (2000): 146-207.Chern, Meei-Hwa. “An Introduction to English Publications on Bhikshuni”〈有關「比丘尼」的英文書籍簡介〉, in The Library Newsletters of Buddhist Library 23 (2000): 73-78. Ph.D. and M.A. Theses:1995 Bae, Seung-dong. The Gentry`s Consciousness and Reaction to Buddhism in Dong Jin Period〈東晉時期士大夫對佛教的態度與反應〉, M.A. thesis of Department of History of Tunghai University. 2000 Chern, Meei-hwa. Encountering Modernity: Buddhist Nuns in Postwar Taiwan, Ph.D. thesis of Department of Religion, Temple University2000 Liao, Yi-fang. A Study on the Relationship between Mother and Son in Tang Dynasty〈唐代的母子關係初探〉, M.A. thesis of Department of History of National Taiwan University.2001 Chen, Yi-Shun. The World of Sangha’s Practice: Possible Predicaments in Buddhist Practices〈僧團的修行世界---修持的處境及其可能〉, M.A. thesis of Graduate Institute of Ethnic Relations and Cultures of National Dong Hwa University.2004 Yao, Meng Jun. The Historical Development and Cultural Analysis of The Sutra on the Difficulty of Repaying the Kindness of Parents〈《父母恩重經》的歷史發展與文化詮釋〉, M.A. thesis of Department of Chinese Literature of National Chung Cheng University.2005 Hsieh, Ai-Qing. Chinese Buddhist Ideology on Filial Piety〈中國佛教的孝道思想〉, M.A. thesis of Graduate Institute of Education of National Changhua University of Education. Works in Buddhist Collections:Taisha Shinshu Daizokyo 大正新修大正藏 (Taisho Tripitaka), ed. Takakusu Junjiro 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo, 1924-1929.T 13 No.412 Ksitigarbha Great Vows Sutra 〈地藏菩薩本願經〉T 16 No.684 The Sutra on the Difficulty of Repaying the Kindness of Parents〈佛說父母恩重難報經〉T 16 No.685 The Ghost Festival Sutra〈佛說盂蘭盆經〉T 16 No.687 The Sutra on Filial Son〈佛說孝子經〉T 22-24 No.1421-1504 Vinaya Pitaka (律部)T 85 No.2887 The Sutra on the Profound Kindness of Parents〈父母恩重經〉卍 Xuzangjing《卍續藏經》Vol. 1 No. 23 The Blood Bowl Sutra大藏正教血盆經C.F.S. PublicationsA Brief Introduction to Puti Monastery C.F.S. Magazines Issue No. 203, 207, 216. C.F.S. Special Issue of Thirty YearsThe Common Regulations of the Monastic CommunityInternet Webpage"Tipitaka: The Pali Canon", edited by John T. Bullitt. Access to Insight, Nov. 18, 2010, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/index.html. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
96156004
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096156004 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張珣 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Hsun en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳佳純 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu ,Chia Chun en_US dc.creator (作者) 吳佳純 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wu ,Chia Chun en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2013 16:26:37 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Sep-2013 16:26:37 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2013 16:26:37 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096156004 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59881 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 96156004 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) N/A zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Unlike what most people believe, Buddhist monasteries rely not only on laymen’s financial support but also on the supports of families and relatives of monks and nuns. In addition, Buddhist renunciation does not always cut off the relationship of a monk or nun with their families. On the contrary, most of monks and nuns in my research remain close contacts with their families and relatives. It is believed that once a person joins the Order, he or she can rely fully on the monasteries’ financial, emotional and medical supports. However, this is not true in all Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan. Mutual dependency between monks or nuns and their families and relatives is the main focus of this research. With lack of supports of different aspects from the monasteries, monks and nuns will have to turn to their families and relatives for helps when needed. Therefore, keeping close and positive relationship with families and relatives is important to some monks and nuns. This research aims at: 1. finding out the kin relationships of monks and nuns; 2. looking at the mutual dependency between monks and nuns and their families or relatives; 3. comparing the ideology and reality of monastic life and Buddhist institution (monasteries). In order to achieve the above goals, I will look at possible causes that might affect the relationship between monks and nuns with their families and relatives. Moreover, although not intended, the reasons of renunciation will be discussed in this paper. Different from Buddhist monasteries in other countries and traditions, Taiwanese monasteries can be privately owned by monks, nuns, or laymen. Because of this fact, and because it determines whether monks and nuns will get necessary supports from the monasteries or not, so types of Buddhist monasteries in Taiwan will be discussed, too. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents ABSTRACT iiACKNOWLEDGMENTS iiiTABLE OF CONTENTS ivLIST OF DIAGRAMS VIChapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Research Motivation and Background 1 1.2 Purpose of the Study 2 1.3 Reviews on Literatures and Related Studies 4 1.4 Research Methodologies 12 1.5 Chapter Layout 14 1.6 Transliteration 17Chapter Two: About C.F.S. 18 2.1 The Founder 19 2.2 Lineage 22 2.3 The Abbot 23 2.4 The People of C.F.S. 27 2.5 Background of the Monastic Members 34 2.6 Daily Life in the Monastery 39 2.7 Cares for the Sangha 44 2.8 C.F.S.’ Code of Conduct 48 2.9 Monastic Economy 51Chapter Three: Different Perspectives on Kin Relations of Monks and Nuns 56 3.1 Social Perspectives on Extrafamilial Alternative: 56 3.2 What might affect kin relations of monks and nuns? 61 3.3 Kin Relations of Nuns in Fan Tsung’s research 67 3.4 Substitutions of Family and Kin in the Monastery 68 3.5 Why need helps? 71 3.6 Social Changes 73 3.7 Filial Piety 76 3.8 Gender, Birth Order and Marital Status 89 3.9 Monastic Rules and Prohibitions on kin relations of Monks and Nuns 93Chapter Four: Kin Relations of Monks and Nuns in Real Cases 96 4.1 Nuns Who Have No Marriage Before 97 4.2 Monk Who Have No Marriage Before 112 4.3 Monks Who Had Marriage Before 116 4.4 Other Cases 127 4.5 Reasons to Support 135 4.6 From Secular Family to Monastic Family 137 4.7 The Supports to Families from Monks and Nuns 139 4.8 Types of Monastery 140Chapter Five: What About now? 147 5.1 The Changing Monastic System in Taiwan 147 5.2 The Changing Kin Relations of Monks and Nuns 151 5.3 Systemization: Caring for Monks and Nuns in Taiwanese Monasteries 155 5.4 Further Research 159Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusion 161REFERENCES CITED 167 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1521446 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096156004 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 佛教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 親屬關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寺院 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會改變 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孝道 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比丘 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比丘尼 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寺院系統 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Buddhism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kinship en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monastery en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Change en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Filial Piety en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monk en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Nun en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monastic System en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣僧尼的親屬支持系統 : 以南部某寺院為中心 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Kin support system of Taiwanese Buddhist monks and nuns: A study at a monastery in southern Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English Books:Baker, Hugh D. R. Chinese Family And Kinship. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1979.Benn, James A., Lori Meeks and James Robson, edited. Buddhist Monasticism in East China: Places of Practice. N.Y.: Routledge, 2010.Brandtstadter Susanne and Goncalo D. Santos, ed. Chinese Kinship. N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Chang, Doris T. Women’s Movements in Twentieth-Century Taiwan. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2009.Chao, Paul. Chinese Kinship. Boston: Kegan Paul International, 1983.Chen, Kenneth K.S. Buddhism in China. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1964.Cole, Alan. Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1998.____. Text as Father: Paternal Seduction in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2005. Cuevas, Bryan J. and Jacqueline I. Stone, edited. The Buddhist Dead: Practices, Discourses, Representations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.Derris, Karen and Natalie Gummer. Defining Buddhism(s). London: Equinox Publishing, 2007.Dutt, Sukumar. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries in India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture. Londan: George Allen and Unwin, 1962.Fan Tsung, Shiu-Kuen. Moms, Nuns and Hookers: Extrafimilial Alternatives for Village Women in Taiwan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1986.Freedman, Maurice, ed. Family And Kinship In Chinese Society. California: Standford University Press, 1970.Heirmann, Ann. The Discipline in Four Parts: Rules for Nuns according to the Dharmaguptakavinaya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2002.Hsing, Lawrence Fu-Chuan. Taiwanese Buddhism and Buddhist Temples. Taipei, Taiwan: Pacific Cultural Foundation, 1983.Idema, Wilt L. Personal Salvation and Filial Piety: Two Precious Scroll Narratives of Guanyin and Her Acolytes. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2008.Jones, Charles Brewer. Buddhism in Taiwan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.Karma Lekshe Tsomo. Sisters in Solitude: Two Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Ethics for Women. NY: State University of New York, 1996.Knapp, Keith N. Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.Lee, Tan Long. The Canon of Filial Piety. Tainan, Taiwan: Tan Long Lee, 1977.Legge, James, trans. The Hsiao King, Or Classic of Filial. Whitefish, M.T.: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.Lewis, Todd T. Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2000.Lopez Jr., Donald S, edited. Religions of Asia in Practice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. ____, edited. Buddhism in Practice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.Ortner, Sherry B. Sherpa through their rituals. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1978.____. High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.____. Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpa and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.Ruggiero, Adriane, edited. Religious and Religious Movements: Confucianism. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Greenhaven Press, 2006.Schopen, Gregory. Figments and Fragments of Mahayana Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.____. Buddhist Monks and Business Matters. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. ____. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.Shinohara, Koichi and Gregory Schopen, edited. Benares to Beijing: Essays on Buddhism and Chinese Religion. N.Y.: Mosaic Press, 1991.Seaman, Gary. “The Sexual Politics of Karmic Retribution”, in The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society edited by Emily Martin and Hill Gates. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 1981, pp.381-396. Shih, Ci Yi (Ed.). (1989). Buddha’s Light Dictionary. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Buddha’s Light Publishing.Shih, Wu Yin. Choosing Simplicity: Commentary on the Bhikshuni Pratimoksha. Translated by Jendy Shih and edited by Thubten Chodron. NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2001.Tambiah, S.J. Buddhism and The Spirit Cults In Noth-East Thailand. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1970.____. Brahma Net Sutra: Moral Code of the Bodhisattvas. Translated by Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada. Taipei: The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 1999.Teiser, Stephen F. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.Welch, Holmes. The Practice of Chinese Buddhism 1900-1950. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.____. The Buddhist Revival in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.____. Buddhism under Mao. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.Wijayaratna, Mohan. Buddhist Monastic Life. Translated by Claude Grangier and Steven Collins. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Wright, Arthur W. Buddhism in Chinese History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1971, c.1959.Yang, C.K. Religion in Chinese Society: a study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1961. English Journal Articles:Chen, Kenneth K.S. “Anti-Buddhist Propaganda During the Nan-Chao”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 15 (1952): 166-192.Crane, Hillary. “Becoming a nun, becoming a man: Taiwanese Buddhist nuns’ gender transformation”, in Journal of Religion S.N. 37 (2007): 117-132.Huang, Chien Yu Julia and Robert P. 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Access to Insight, Nov. 18, 2010, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/index.html. zh_TW
