學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 貿易自由化下環保標章制度之效果分析
The effect of eco-label under trade liberalization作者 蕭文棟 貢獻者 賴育邦
蕭文棟關鍵詞 環保標章制度
貿易自由化
污染稅
環境品質
eco-label
trade liberalization
pollution tax
environmental quality日期 2009 上傳時間 4-Sep-2013 15:12:10 (UTC+8) 摘要 隨著經濟的快速發展，人類活動對環境的衝擊日趨嚴重，為了抑制環境的損害，近年來，環保標章逐漸成為各國政府採用的新興環境管制工具，而目前大部分文獻著重於分析環保標章是否對消費者的行為模式產生改變及是否有效發揮減少污染排放與提升社會福利的效果，至於實行後有關貿易效果的部分，較少著墨。因此本文主要探討國內市場、廠商結構有所不同，但皆已實施環保標章制度的情況下，環保標章與非環保標章產品廠商之最適價格、產量及利潤，以及因貿易自由化造成關稅的下降，對於污染稅與國內環境品質的影響為何？ 本文以垂直差異化模型，描述消費者行為，並建立一個多家非環保標章廠商與一家環保標章廠商於本國市場進行價格競爭的兩國兩廠商理論模型。發現本國廠商為環保標章廠商時，不論在本國觀點或全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，且關稅的下降將促使本國政府提高汙染稅，環境品質會因關稅下降而惡化。本國廠商為非環保標章廠商時，在本國觀點下，將對汙染進行補貼，關稅下降促使本國政府提高汙染補貼，同樣使得環境品質因而惡化；然而，在全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，關稅的下降促使汙染稅跟著調降，環境品質因此而獲得改善。
Due to the rapid economic development, the environment has got worse. This fact makes eco-label become a new environmental instrument which used by many countries in recent years. Recently, the economists want to figure out the influence of the eco-label. Those researches mainly focus on whether the eco-label changes the consumer behavior patterns and whether it can effectively reduce pollution emissions and improve social welfare. However, in those papers, the effect on trade is less mentioned. This paper focuses on the optimal price, quantity and profit of firms with and without eco-labels, as well as how the decline in tariffs caused by trade liberalization will influence the pollution tax and the domestic environmental quality. In this paper, we use the vertical differentiation model to describe consumer behavior. What we set here is when the local company is the eco-label product maker, the foreign company will produce non-green products, and vice versa. We found that when local company is the eco-label product maker, no matter in a domestic point of view or from the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, and the decline in tariffs will raise pollution tax, so the deterioration of environmental quality. When local company is not eco-label product maker, there are two different consequences: in domestic view, the pollutions will be subsidized. We also can see as the tariffs declines, the government will raise its pollution subsidy, which will make the deterioration of environmental quality. From the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, the decline in tariffs will lead to the reducing of pollution tax, so will improve the quality of the environment.參考文獻 胡均立 (2002), “環保標章與國際出口競爭,”行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告（報告編號：NSC 90-2415-H-032-006）Ahn, Y.-H. and B.-H. Ahn (2001), “Eco-labeling and Non-product-related Process and Production Methods,” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 4, 167–189.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2010), APEC Outcomes and Outlook 2009/2010, Singapore: APEC Secretariat.Banerjee, A. and B. D. Solomon (2003), “Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: a meta-evaluation of US programs,” Energy Policy, 31, 109–123.Barrett, S. (1994), “Strategic Environmental Policy and International Trade,” Journal of Public Economics, 54, 325–338.Basu, A. K., N. H. Chau, and U. Grote (2003), “Eco-Labeling and Stages of Development,” Review of Development Economics, 7, 228–247.Bjørner, Thomas Bue., L. G. Hansen, and C. S. Russell (2004), “Environmental labelling and consumers’ choice – an empirical analysis of the effect of the Nordic Swan,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47, 411–434.Bougherara, D., Grolleau, G., Thiébaut, L. (2005), “Can labelling policies do more harm than good? An analysis applied to environmental labelling schemes”, European Journal of Law and Economics, 19, 5–16.Bruce, C., Laroiya, A. (2007), “The Production of Eco-Labels”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 36, 275–293.Cason, T. N., and L. Gangadharan (2002), “Environmental labeling and incomplete consumer information in laboratory markets,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43, 113–134.Conrad, K. (1993), “Taxes and Subsidies for Pollution-Intensive Industries as Trade Policy,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 25, 121–135.Copeland, B.R. (1996), “Pollution Content Tariffs, Environmental Rent Shifting, and the Control of Cross-border Pollution,” Journal of International Economics, 40, 459–476.Engel, S. (2004), “Achieving environmental goals in a world of trade and hidden action: the role of trade policies and eco-labeling,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 48, 1122–1145.Forsyth, K., D. Haley, and R. Kozak (1997), “Will consumers pay more for certified wood products?,” Journal of forestry, 97, 18–22.Grolleau, Gilles., L. Ibanez, and N. Mzoughi (2009), “Too much of a good thing? Why altruism can harm the environment?,” Ecological Economics, 68, 2145–2149.Grossman, G. M. and C. Shapiro (1988), “Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 79–100.Haener, M.K. and M.K. Luckert (1998), “Forest certification: economic issues and welfare implications,” Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politique , 24, 83–94.Hamilton, S.F. and D. Zilberman (2006), “Green markets, eco-certification, and equilibrium fraud,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 52, 627–644.Ibanez, L. and G. Grolleau (2008), “Can Ecolabeling Schemes Preserve the Environment?,” Environmental and Resource Economics, 40, 233–249.Kennedy, P. W. (1994), “Equilibrium Pollution Taxes in Open Economics with Imperfect Competition,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27, 49–63.Kiker, C. F. and F. E. Putz (1997), “Ecological certification of forest products : economic challenges,” Ecological economic, 20, 37–51.Loureiro, L.M., J.J. McCluskey, and R.C. Mittelhammer (2002), “Will consumers pay a premium for eco-labeled apples,” The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 36, 203–219.Loureiro, M. L. (2003), “Rethinking new wines: implications of local and environmentally friendly labels,” Food Policy, 28, 547–560.Loureiro, M. L. and J. Lotade (2005), “Do fair trade and eco-labels in coffee wake up the consumer conscience?,” Ecological Economics, 53, 129–138.Maronick, T. J. and J. C. Andrews (1999), “The role of qualifying language on consumer perceptions of environmental claims,” The journal of consumer affairs, 33, 297–320.Mattoo, A. and H.V. Singh (1994), “Eco-labelling: Policy Considerations,” Kyklos, 47, 53–65.Muldoon, A. (2006), “Where the Green is: Examining the Paradox of Environmentally Conscious Consumption,” Electric Green Journal, 1(23), 20.Nimon, W. and J. Beghin (1999), “Ecolabels and International Trade in the Textile and Apparel Market,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81, 1078–1083.Reinhardt, F. L. (1998), “Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strategy,” California Management Review, 40, 43–73.Rex, E. and H. Baumann (2007), “Beyond ecolabels: what green marketing can learn from conventional marketing,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 567–576.Sedjo, R. A. and S. K. Swallow, (2002) “Voluntary Eco-Labeling and the Price Premium,” Land Economics, 78, 272–284.Teisl, M. F., B. Roe, and R. L. Hicks (2002), “Can Eco-Labels Tune a Market? Evidence from Dolphin-Safe Labeling,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43, 339–359.Tirole, J. (1988), The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge: MIT PressUlph, A. (1996), “Environmental Policy and International Trade when Governments and Producers Act Strategically,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 30, 265–281.World Trade Organization (2008), World Trade Report 2008 – Trade in a Globalizing World, Geneva: WTO. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
97255020
98資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0972550201 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 賴育邦 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蕭文棟 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 蕭文棟 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2009 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2013 15:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2013 15:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2013 15:12:10 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0972550201 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/60073 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 財政研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 97255020 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著經濟的快速發展，人類活動對環境的衝擊日趨嚴重，為了抑制環境的損害，近年來，環保標章逐漸成為各國政府採用的新興環境管制工具，而目前大部分文獻著重於分析環保標章是否對消費者的行為模式產生改變及是否有效發揮減少污染排放與提升社會福利的效果，至於實行後有關貿易效果的部分，較少著墨。因此本文主要探討國內市場、廠商結構有所不同，但皆已實施環保標章制度的情況下，環保標章與非環保標章產品廠商之最適價格、產量及利潤，以及因貿易自由化造成關稅的下降，對於污染稅與國內環境品質的影響為何？ 本文以垂直差異化模型，描述消費者行為，並建立一個多家非環保標章廠商與一家環保標章廠商於本國市場進行價格競爭的兩國兩廠商理論模型。發現本國廠商為環保標章廠商時，不論在本國觀點或全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，且關稅的下降將促使本國政府提高汙染稅，環境品質會因關稅下降而惡化。本國廠商為非環保標章廠商時，在本國觀點下，將對汙染進行補貼，關稅下降促使本國政府提高汙染補貼，同樣使得環境品質因而惡化；然而，在全球觀點下，將對汙染進行課稅，關稅的下降促使汙染稅跟著調降，環境品質因此而獲得改善。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Due to the rapid economic development, the environment has got worse. This fact makes eco-label become a new environmental instrument which used by many countries in recent years. Recently, the economists want to figure out the influence of the eco-label. Those researches mainly focus on whether the eco-label changes the consumer behavior patterns and whether it can effectively reduce pollution emissions and improve social welfare. However, in those papers, the effect on trade is less mentioned. This paper focuses on the optimal price, quantity and profit of firms with and without eco-labels, as well as how the decline in tariffs caused by trade liberalization will influence the pollution tax and the domestic environmental quality. In this paper, we use the vertical differentiation model to describe consumer behavior. What we set here is when the local company is the eco-label product maker, the foreign company will produce non-green products, and vice versa. We found that when local company is the eco-label product maker, no matter in a domestic point of view or from the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, and the decline in tariffs will raise pollution tax, so the deterioration of environmental quality. When local company is not eco-label product maker, there are two different consequences: in domestic view, the pollutions will be subsidized. We also can see as the tariffs declines, the government will raise its pollution subsidy, which will make the deterioration of environmental quality. From the global perspective, the pollution will be taxed, the decline in tariffs will lead to the reducing of pollution tax, so will improve the quality of the environment. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法 3第三節 本文架構 3第二章 文獻回顧 4第一節 環保標章之作用 4第二節 環保標章對消費者行為之影響 5第三節 環保標章對污染排放以及社會福利的影響 6第三章 模型設定 8第一節 基本模型 8第二節 市場上同時存在本國環保標章與外國非環保標章產品 10第三節 市場上同時存在本國非環保與外國環保標章廠商 15第四章 最適污染稅暨貿易自由化之效果-本國觀點 19第一節 社會福利與最適污染稅 19第二節 貿易自由化之影響 23第五章 最適污染稅暨貿易自由化之效果-全球觀點 28第一節 社會福利與最適污染稅 28第二節 貿易自由化之影響 29第六章 結論 32附錄一 33附錄二 34參考文獻 35 zh_TW dc.format.extent 483557 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0972550201 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環保標章制度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貿易自由化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 污染稅 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環境品質 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) eco-label en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) trade liberalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) pollution tax en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) environmental quality en_US dc.title (題名) 貿易自由化下環保標章制度之效果分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The effect of eco-label under trade liberalization en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 胡均立 (2002), “環保標章與國際出口競爭,”行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告（報告編號：NSC 90-2415-H-032-006）Ahn, Y.-H. and B.-H. Ahn (2001), “Eco-labeling and Non-product-related Process and Production Methods,” Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 4, 167–189.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2010), APEC Outcomes and Outlook 2009/2010, Singapore: APEC Secretariat.Banerjee, A. and B. D. Solomon (2003), “Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: a meta-evaluation of US programs,” Energy Policy, 31, 109–123.Barrett, S. (1994), “Strategic Environmental Policy and International Trade,” Journal of Public Economics, 54, 325–338.Basu, A. K., N. H. Chau, and U. Grote (2003), “Eco-Labeling and Stages of Development,” Review of Development Economics, 7, 228–247.Bjørner, Thomas Bue., L. G. Hansen, and C. S. Russell (2004), “Environmental labelling and consumers’ choice – an empirical analysis of the effect of the Nordic Swan,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47, 411–434.Bougherara, D., Grolleau, G., Thiébaut, L. (2005), “Can labelling policies do more harm than good? An analysis applied to environmental labelling schemes”, European Journal of Law and Economics, 19, 5–16.Bruce, C., Laroiya, A. (2007), “The Production of Eco-Labels”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 36, 275–293.Cason, T. N., and L. Gangadharan (2002), “Environmental labeling and incomplete consumer information in laboratory markets,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43, 113–134.Conrad, K. (1993), “Taxes and Subsidies for Pollution-Intensive Industries as Trade Policy,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 25, 121–135.Copeland, B.R. (1996), “Pollution Content Tariffs, Environmental Rent Shifting, and the Control of Cross-border Pollution,” Journal of International Economics, 40, 459–476.Engel, S. (2004), “Achieving environmental goals in a world of trade and hidden action: the role of trade policies and eco-labeling,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 48, 1122–1145.Forsyth, K., D. Haley, and R. Kozak (1997), “Will consumers pay more for certified wood products?,” Journal of forestry, 97, 18–22.Grolleau, Gilles., L. Ibanez, and N. Mzoughi (2009), “Too much of a good thing? Why altruism can harm the environment?,” Ecological Economics, 68, 2145–2149.Grossman, G. M. and C. Shapiro (1988), “Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 79–100.Haener, M.K. and M.K. Luckert (1998), “Forest certification: economic issues and welfare implications,” Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politique , 24, 83–94.Hamilton, S.F. and D. Zilberman (2006), “Green markets, eco-certification, and equilibrium fraud,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 52, 627–644.Ibanez, L. and G. Grolleau (2008), “Can Ecolabeling Schemes Preserve the Environment?,” Environmental and Resource Economics, 40, 233–249.Kennedy, P. W. (1994), “Equilibrium Pollution Taxes in Open Economics with Imperfect Competition,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27, 49–63.Kiker, C. F. and F. E. Putz (1997), “Ecological certification of forest products : economic challenges,” Ecological economic, 20, 37–51.Loureiro, L.M., J.J. McCluskey, and R.C. Mittelhammer (2002), “Will consumers pay a premium for eco-labeled apples,” The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 36, 203–219.Loureiro, M. L. (2003), “Rethinking new wines: implications of local and environmentally friendly labels,” Food Policy, 28, 547–560.Loureiro, M. L. and J. Lotade (2005), “Do fair trade and eco-labels in coffee wake up the consumer conscience?,” Ecological Economics, 53, 129–138.Maronick, T. J. and J. C. Andrews (1999), “The role of qualifying language on consumer perceptions of environmental claims,” The journal of consumer affairs, 33, 297–320.Mattoo, A. and H.V. Singh (1994), “Eco-labelling: Policy Considerations,” Kyklos, 47, 53–65.Muldoon, A. (2006), “Where the Green is: Examining the Paradox of Environmentally Conscious Consumption,” Electric Green Journal, 1(23), 20.Nimon, W. and J. Beghin (1999), “Ecolabels and International Trade in the Textile and Apparel Market,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81, 1078–1083.Reinhardt, F. L. (1998), “Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strategy,” California Management Review, 40, 43–73.Rex, E. and H. Baumann (2007), “Beyond ecolabels: what green marketing can learn from conventional marketing,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 567–576.Sedjo, R. A. and S. K. Swallow, (2002) “Voluntary Eco-Labeling and the Price Premium,” Land Economics, 78, 272–284.Teisl, M. F., B. Roe, and R. L. Hicks (2002), “Can Eco-Labels Tune a Market? Evidence from Dolphin-Safe Labeling,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43, 339–359.Tirole, J. (1988), The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge: MIT PressUlph, A. (1996), “Environmental Policy and International Trade when Governments and Producers Act Strategically,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 30, 265–281.World Trade Organization (2008), World Trade Report 2008 – Trade in a Globalizing World, Geneva: WTO. zh_TW
