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題名 漢語親子對話中母親控制行為
Maternal control acts in mandarin mother-child conversation作者 蔡雨倫
Tsai, Yu Lun貢獻者 黃瓊之
Huang, Chiung Chih
蔡雨倫
Tsai, Yu Lun關鍵詞 控制行為
指令
禁止
句法直接性
語意修飾
內容
control acts
directives
prohibitions
syntactic directness
semantic modification
content日期 2009 上傳時間 4-九月-2013 16:33:39 (UTC+8) 摘要 本篇研究目的在於藉由分析句法直接性(syntactic directness)、語意修飾(semantic modification)以及內容 (content)來探討漢語母親規範語中的控制行為(control acts)，也就是指令(directives)和禁止(prohibitions)。語料來自一名以漢語為母語的母親與兒童之間的日常對話。研究結果顯示，指令隨著兒童年紀增長而遞減，而禁止卻隨著兒童年紀增長而遞增。句法直接性分析結果發現，不論指令或是禁止的情況下，漢語母親常使用祈使句(imperative)的句式。語意修飾方面結果發現，漢語母親主要是採用未修飾(bald)以及縮小(minimization)。內容方面顯示，指令常使用在從事能力活動(competent action)，而禁止常使用在得體行為(appropriate behavior)和自立(caretaking)。
The purpose of this study is to investigate Mandarin maternal control acts including the directives and prohibitions in maternal regulatory language by analyzing syntactic directness, semantic modification, and content. The data collected were natural conversations of one Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyad. The data of maternal regulatory language was analyzed when the child’s ages were 2;1, 2;7, 3;1, and 3;7. The results show that the frequency of directives decreases with the child’s age, but the frequency of prohibitions increases. In addition, the preferred sentence type is imperative in both directives and prohibitions. The child’s cognitive development and the culture factors which would determine the style of regulatory language used by the Mandarin mother are discussed. Furthermore, the results of semantic modification reveal that bald and minimization are two dominant modifications. The mother’s adoption of bald and minimization may be influenced by her power status and politeness. Two major kinds of semantic combinations are also discovered in this study. Finally, the results of contents show that competent action often occurs in directives. As for prohibitions, appropriate behavior and caretaking are most related. Our finding would shed some light on the Mandarin maternal regulatory language.參考文獻 Aronsson, K., & Thorell, M. (1999). Family politics in children’s play directives. Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 25-47.Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1), 1-130.Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.Baumrind, D., & Black, A. E. (1967). Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Development, 38, 291-327.Bellinger, D. (1979). Changes in the explicitness of mothers’ directives as children age. Journal of Child Language, 6, 443-458.Blum-Kulka, S. (1989). Playing it safe: The role of conventionality in indirectness. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Request and apologies (pp. 37-70). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Blum-Kulka, S. (1990). You don’t touch lettuce with your fingers: Parental politeness in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 259-288.Bond, M. H., Wan, K., Leung, K., & Giacalone, R. A. (1985). How are responses to verbal insult related to cultural collectivism and power distance? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16 (1), 111-127. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cheah, C. S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (2003). European American and Mainland Chinese mothers’socialization beliefs regarding preschoolers’ social skills. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3, 1-22.Chen, G. M., & Chung, J. (1994). The impact of Confucianism on organizational communication. Communication Quarterly, 41, 93-105.Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349-367.Damon, W. (2006). Socialization and individuation. In G. Handel (Ed.), Childhood socialization (2th ed., pp. 3-10). New Brunswick, NJ; London: Aldine Transaction.Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates. Eric Digest, EDO-PS-99-3.Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited, Advances in International Comparative Management, 3, 127-150. Dubin, E. R., & Dubin, R. (1963). The authority inception period in socialization. Child Development, 34, 885-898.Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1976). Is Sybil there? The structure of some American English directives. Language in Society, 5, 25-66.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1977). Wait for me, roller skate. In S. Ervin-Tripp, & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Child discourse (pp. 165-188). New York: Academic Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1988). Control exchange code. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Cognitive Studies.Ervin-Tripp, S. M., Guo, J., & Lampert, M. (1990). Politeness and persuasion in children’s control acts. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 195-219.Forbes, G., Zhang, X., Doroszewicz, K., & Haas, K. (2009). Relationships between individualism-collectivism, gender, and direct or indirect Aggression: A study in China, Poland, and the U.S. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 24–30.Fukushima, S. (2000). Request and culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese. Berlin: Peter Lang.Gao, H. (1999). Features of request strategies in Chinese. Lund Universality, Dept. of Linguistics. Working Papers, 47, 73-86.Garvey, C. (1975). Requests and responses in children’s speech. Journal of Child Language, 2, 41-63.Gleason, J. B. (1988). Language and socialization. In F. S. Kessel (Ed.), The development of language and language researchers: Essays in honor of roger Brown. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Gleason, J. B., Ely, R., Perlmann, R. Y., & Narasimhan, B. (1996). Patterns of prohibition in parent-child discourse. In D. I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis & J. Guo (Eds.), Social interaction, social context, and language: Essays in honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp (pp. 205-217). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Gralinski, J. H., & Kopp, C. B. (1993). Everyday rules for behavior: Mothers’requests to young children.Developmental Psychology, 29, 573-584.Halle, T., & Shatz, M. (1994). Mothers’ social regulatory language to young children in family settings. First Language, 14, 83-104. Hays, J., Power, T. G., & Olvera, N. (2001). Effects of maternal socialization strategies on children’s nutrition knowledge and behavior. Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 421-437.Hetherington, E. M., & Parke, R. D. (1975). Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill.Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Moral internalization: Current theory and research. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp.85-133). New York: Academic Press.Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture`s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 4–21.Hong, W. (1998). Request patterns in Chinese and German: A cross-cultural study. Munich: Lincom Europa.Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget`s theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.htmlJames, S. L. (1978). Effects of listener age and situation on the politeness of children`s directives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7, 307-317.Junefelt, K., & Tulviste, T. (1997). Regulation and praise in American, Estonian, and Swedish mother-child interaction. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 4 (1), 24-33. Kuczynski, L., Kochanska, G., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Girnius-Brown, O. (1987). A developmental interpretation of young children’s noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 23(6), 799-806.Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children’s noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26 (3), 398-408.Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1995). Function and content of maternal demands: Developmental significance of early demands for competent action. Child Development, 66, 616- 628.Lakoff, R. (1973). The logic of politeness; or, minding your p’s and q’s. Chicago Linguistic Society, 9, 292-305.Lampert, M. D., & Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1993). Structured coding for the study of language and social interaction. In J. A. Edwards, & M. D. Lampert (Eds.), Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research (pp. 169-206). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Lytton, H. (1980). Parent-child interaction: The socialization process observed in twin and singleton families. New York: Plenum.Maccoby, E. E. (1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), & P. H. 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The role of adult-child play in language development. In K. Rubin (Ed.), Children’s play. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Schaffer, H. R. (2006). The mutuality of parental control in early childhood. In G. Handel (Ed.), Childhood socialization (2th ed., pp. 45-64). New Brunswick, NJ; London: Aldine Transaction.Schaffer, H. R., & Crook, C. K. (1979). Maternal control techniques in a directed play situation. Child Development, 50, 989-998.Schaffer, H. R., & Crook, C. K. (1980). Child compliance and maternal control techniques. Developmental Psychology, 16(1), 54-61.Schneiderman, M. H. (1983). “Do what I mean, not what I say!” Changes in mothers’ action-directives to young children. Journal of Child Language, 10, 357-367.Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. (1981). Narrative, literacy, and face in interethnic communication. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole, & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Vol. 3. Speech acts (pp. 59-82). New York: Academic Press.Searle, J. R. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5, 1-23.Shatz, M. (1978). Children’s comprehension of their mothers’ question-directives. Journal of Child Language, 5, 39-46. Shatz, M. (1994). A toddler’s life: Becoming a person. New York: Oxford University Press.Snow, C., Perlmann, R., Gleason, J., & Hooshyar, N. (1990). Developmental perspectives on politeness: Sources of children’s knowledge. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 289-305.Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27, 155-180.Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and Social behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1006-1020.Tulviste, T. (1995). Mothers’ regulation of their two-year-olds’ behavior in two settings. In: K. Junefelt (Ed.), Activity theory. 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國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96555002
98資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555002 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Chiung Chih en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 蔡雨倫 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Tsai, Yu Lun en_US dc.creator (作者) 蔡雨倫 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yu Lun en_US dc.date (日期) 2009 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-九月-2013 16:33:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-九月-2013 16:33:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-九月-2013 16:33:39 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0096555002 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/60167 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 96555002 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇研究目的在於藉由分析句法直接性(syntactic directness)、語意修飾(semantic modification)以及內容 (content)來探討漢語母親規範語中的控制行為(control acts)，也就是指令(directives)和禁止(prohibitions)。語料來自一名以漢語為母語的母親與兒童之間的日常對話。研究結果顯示，指令隨著兒童年紀增長而遞減，而禁止卻隨著兒童年紀增長而遞增。句法直接性分析結果發現，不論指令或是禁止的情況下，漢語母親常使用祈使句(imperative)的句式。語意修飾方面結果發現，漢語母親主要是採用未修飾(bald)以及縮小(minimization)。內容方面顯示，指令常使用在從事能力活動(competent action)，而禁止常使用在得體行為(appropriate behavior)和自立(caretaking)。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to investigate Mandarin maternal control acts including the directives and prohibitions in maternal regulatory language by analyzing syntactic directness, semantic modification, and content. The data collected were natural conversations of one Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyad. The data of maternal regulatory language was analyzed when the child’s ages were 2;1, 2;7, 3;1, and 3;7. The results show that the frequency of directives decreases with the child’s age, but the frequency of prohibitions increases. In addition, the preferred sentence type is imperative in both directives and prohibitions. The child’s cognitive development and the culture factors which would determine the style of regulatory language used by the Mandarin mother are discussed. Furthermore, the results of semantic modification reveal that bald and minimization are two dominant modifications. The mother’s adoption of bald and minimization may be influenced by her power status and politeness. Two major kinds of semantic combinations are also discovered in this study. Finally, the results of contents show that competent action often occurs in directives. As for prohibitions, appropriate behavior and caretaking are most related. Our finding would shed some light on the Mandarin maternal regulatory language. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements........................................ivChinese Abstract.........................................xEnglish Abstract........................................xiChapter 1 Introduction...................................11.1 Background and motivation........................11.2 The present study................................41.3 Organization.....................................5Chapter 2 Literature review..............................72.1 Parenting style..................................72.2 Regulation of behavior...........................82.3 Linguistic socialization........................102.4 Control acts....................................112.4.1 Directives......................................142.4.2 Prohibitions....................................152.4.3 Politeness......................................16Chapter 3 Methodology...................................193.1 Subjects and data...............................193.2 Procedures of data analysis.....................193.3 Coding system...................................203.3.1 Maternal control acts...........................213.3.2 Syntactic directness............................213.3.3 Semantic modification...........................243.3.4 Content of maternal control acts................263.3.5 Coding system & Reliability.....................28Chapter 4 Results.......................................314.1 Two types of Mandarin maternal control acts.....314.2 Syntactic directness............................334.2.1 The three types of syntactic directness in directives......................................334.2.2 The three types of syntactic directness in prohibitions....................................384.2.3 Summary.........................................414.3 Semantic modification...........................424.3.1 The semantic modification in directives.........424.3.2 The semantic modification in prohibitions.......454.3.3 The major combination of semantic modification..474.3.4 Summary.........................................494.4 Content.........................................494.4.1 The content in directives.......................504.4.2 The content in prohibitions.....................514.4.3 Summary.........................................53Chapter 5 Discussion....................................555.1 The child’s cognitive development..............555.2 The cultural factor.............................565.3 Politeness in maternal regulatory language......58Chapter 6 Conclusion....................................616.1 Summary.........................................616.2 Limitations and suggestions.....................62Appendix................................................64References..............................................65 zh_TW dc.format.extent 445100 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555002 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 控制行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 指令 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禁止 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 句法直接性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語意修飾 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內容 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) control acts en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) directives en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) prohibitions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) syntactic directness en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) semantic modification en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) content en_US dc.title (題名) 漢語親子對話中母親控制行為 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Maternal control acts in mandarin mother-child conversation en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aronsson, K., & Thorell, M. (1999). Family politics in children’s play directives. Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 25-47.Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1), 1-130.Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.Baumrind, D., & Black, A. E. (1967). Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Development, 38, 291-327.Bellinger, D. (1979). Changes in the explicitness of mothers’ directives as children age. Journal of Child Language, 6, 443-458.Blum-Kulka, S. (1989). Playing it safe: The role of conventionality in indirectness. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Request and apologies (pp. 37-70). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Blum-Kulka, S. (1990). You don’t touch lettuce with your fingers: Parental politeness in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 259-288.Bond, M. H., Wan, K., Leung, K., & Giacalone, R. A. (1985). How are responses to verbal insult related to cultural collectivism and power distance? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16 (1), 111-127. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cheah, C. S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (2003). European American and Mainland Chinese mothers’socialization beliefs regarding preschoolers’ social skills. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3, 1-22.Chen, G. M., & Chung, J. (1994). The impact of Confucianism on organizational communication. Communication Quarterly, 41, 93-105.Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349-367.Damon, W. (2006). Socialization and individuation. In G. Handel (Ed.), Childhood socialization (2th ed., pp. 3-10). New Brunswick, NJ; London: Aldine Transaction.Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates. Eric Digest, EDO-PS-99-3.Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited, Advances in International Comparative Management, 3, 127-150. Dubin, E. R., & Dubin, R. (1963). The authority inception period in socialization. Child Development, 34, 885-898.Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1976). Is Sybil there? The structure of some American English directives. Language in Society, 5, 25-66.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1977). Wait for me, roller skate. In S. Ervin-Tripp, & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Child discourse (pp. 165-188). New York: Academic Press.Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1988). Control exchange code. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Cognitive Studies.Ervin-Tripp, S. M., Guo, J., & Lampert, M. (1990). Politeness and persuasion in children’s control acts. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 195-219.Forbes, G., Zhang, X., Doroszewicz, K., & Haas, K. (2009). Relationships between individualism-collectivism, gender, and direct or indirect Aggression: A study in China, Poland, and the U.S. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 24–30.Fukushima, S. (2000). Request and culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese. Berlin: Peter Lang.Gao, H. (1999). Features of request strategies in Chinese. Lund Universality, Dept. of Linguistics. Working Papers, 47, 73-86.Garvey, C. (1975). Requests and responses in children’s speech. Journal of Child Language, 2, 41-63.Gleason, J. B. (1988). Language and socialization. In F. S. Kessel (Ed.), The development of language and language researchers: Essays in honor of roger Brown. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Gleason, J. 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