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題名 多秘密視覺密碼之研究
A study on visual cryptography with multiple secrets作者 朱致諺
Chu, Chih Yen貢獻者 左瑞麟
Tso, Ray Lin
朱致諺
Chu, Chih Yen關鍵詞 視覺密碼
多秘密
像素擴展日期 2010 上傳時間 4-Sep-2013 17:08:55 (UTC+8) 摘要 視覺密碼不同於傳統密碼學，在於視覺密碼不需經過繁雜的計算，而是利用分享影像間的疊合，再透過人類視覺得到原先所要隱藏的秘密影像。傳統視覺密碼被用來設計在隱藏單張秘密影像，但對於隱藏多張秘密影像非常沒有效率，因此本文希望僅以兩張分享影像間的疊合，使用上下或左右平移的方式解密更多張疊合後的秘密影像。多數的多秘密視覺密碼技術，隱藏的數量侷限在分享影像旋轉的次數，即使目前已有技術可隱藏到n張秘密影像，但對比及形狀比例皆會隨著隱藏的數量作改變。對比決定影像清晰度的關鍵因素；像素擴展決定疊合影像的大小，因此這兩項一直是視覺密碼重要的研究指標。本文主要貢獻在於：(1) 隱藏的數量不受侷限 (2) 對比、像素擴展及形狀比例不隨著隱藏數量改變(3) 產生最小面積的疊合影像。
Visual cryptography is different from the conventional cryptography, because it can be decrypted directly by human visual system without any complex computation. Conventional visual secret sharing is designed for hiding only single secret image, and it is inefficient to hide numerous secret images.In this thesis, we introduce a new visual secret sharing scheme which requires only two share images, and by shifting one of them up to down or left to right, our new scheme can decrypt more secret images.In most of the current researches on multiple secrets visual cryptography, the amount of the images that can be hidden is limited by the number of times that a sharing image can be rotated. Although some researches provide ways to hide n secret images where n can be any value, the contrast and the ratio of shape will decrease when n is large. Because the contrast determines the image’s clarity and pixel expansion determines the size of composite image, they are two important indicators of researches on visual secret sharing. The main contributions of this thesis are: Firstly, the amount of secret images to be hidden can be any value n. Secondly, the contrast, pixel expansion and the ratio of shape is independent of n, which means that they will remain the same for different n. Thirdly, when hiding the same amount of secret images, our scheme has the least size of composite image (ie., the size of share B) comparing with other schemes.參考文獻 [1] C. C. Chang and T. X. Yu, “Sharing a Secret Gray Image in Multiple Images,” Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds,(CW.02), pp. 230- 237, 2002.[2] J. Chen, T. S. Chen, H. C. Hsu and Y. H. Lin, “Using Multi-Ringed Shadow Image of Visual Cryptography to Hide More Secret Messages,” The Image Science Journal, vol. 57, pp. 101-108, 2009.[3] K. Y. Chen, W. P. Wu and C. S. Laih, “On the (2, 2) Visual Multi-Secret Sharing Schemes”, Proceedings of the 2000 International Computer Symposium Workshop on Cryptography and Information Security, pp.73-80 ,2000.[4] S. Comato, R. De Prisco and A. De Santis, “Probabilistic Visual Cryptography Schemes,” The Computer Journal, vol. 49, no. 1,pp. 97-107,2006.[5] L. G. Fang, Y. M. Li and B. Yu, “Multi-Secret Visual Cryptography Based on Reversed Images ,” Proceedings of IEEC, pp.195-198 , 2010.[6] J. B. Feng, H. C. Wu, C. S. Tsai, Y. F. Chang and Y. P. Chu. “Visual Secret Sharing for Multiple Secrets ,” Pattern Recognition , vol.41, pp. 3572 – 3581, 2008.[7] R. W. Floyd and L. Steinberg. “An Adaptive Algorithm for Spatial Greyscale,” Proceedings of Society for Information Display, vol. 17(2), pp 75-77,1976.[8] Z. Fu and B. Yu, “Research on Rotation Visual Cryptography Scheme,” Proceedings of IEEC, pp.533-536, 2009.[9] H. C. Hsu, T. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “The Ring Shadow Image Technology of Visual Cryptography by Applying Diverse Rotating Angles to Hide the Secret Sharing,” Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing & Control , pp.996-1001, 2004.[10] J. C. Hou, “Visual Cryptography for Color Images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, pp. 1619–1629, 2003.[11] R. Ito, H. Kuwakado and H. Tanaka,” Image Size Invariant Visual Cryptography,” IEICE trans. On Fund. Of Elect. Comm. and Comp. Sci., vol. E82-A, pp. 2172-2177, 1999.[12] B. W. Leung, F. Y. Ng, and D. S. Wong, “On the Security of a Visual Cryptography Scheme for Color Images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 40, pp. 929–940, 2009.[13] T. Lin, S. Horng, K. Lee, P. Chiu, T. Kao ,Y. Chen, R. Run, J. Lai and R. Chen, “A Novel Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Multiple Secrets Without Pixel Expansion,” Expert Systems With Applications, vol. 37 , pp.7858 - 7869 , 2010.[14] M. Naor and A. Shamir, “Visual Cryptography,” Proceedings of LNCS, pp.1-12, 1994.[15] M. Naor and B. Pinkas, “Visual Authentication and Identification, ” Proceedings of CRYPTO, Jr. B. S. Kaliski(Ed.),Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2184, pp. 322-336, 1997.[16] S. J. Shyu, “Efficient Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Color Images”, Pattern Recognition, vol. 39, pp. 866–880, 2006.[17] S. J. Shyu, S. Y. Huang, Y. K. Lee, R. Z. Wang and K. Chen, “Sharing Multiple Secrets in Visual Cryptography,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 40, pp. 3633 - 3651, 2007.[18] C. C. Thien and J. C. Lin, “Secret Image Sharing,” Computers & Graphics, pp.765–770 , 2002.[19] P. F. Tsai and M. S. Wang, “An (3, 3)-Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Hiding Three Secret Data,” Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Information Sciences, 2006.[20] H. C. Wu and C. C. Chang, “Sharing Visual Multi-Secrets Using Circle Shares,” Computer Standards & Interfaces, vol.28, pp.123-135, 2005.[21] C. N. Yang, “New Visual Secret Sharing Schemes Using Probabilistic Method,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 25, pp. 481-494, 2004.[22] C. N. Yang and T. S. Chen, “New Size-Reduced Visual Secret Sharing Schemes with Half Reduction of Shadow Size,” IEICE Trans. on Fund. of Elect, Comm. and Comp. Sci, vol. E89-A, pp. 620-625, 2006.[23] C. N. Yang and T. S. Chen, “Colored Visual Cryptography Scheme Based on Additive Color Mixing,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, pp.3114-3129, 2008.[24] 王旭正、嚴志宏 、林宜萱 、陳宏和，視覺安全式使用者登入系統鑑定機制，電腦學刊第十六卷第五期，2005年。[25] 林祝興、李正隆、簡睿成，應用視覺式秘密分享的安全線上交談軟體之製作，東海科學第二卷,第43-53頁 ，2000年。[26] 葉育斌 ，視覺式秘密分享在網路安全上之應用與實現，國立成功大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文，1998年。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
98753029
99資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098753029 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 左瑞麟 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Tso, Ray Lin en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 朱致諺 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chu, Chih Yen en_US dc.creator (作者) 朱致諺 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chu, Chih Yen en_US dc.date (日期) 2010 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2013 17:08:55 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2013 17:08:55 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2013 17:08:55 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098753029 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/60254 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98753029 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 視覺密碼不同於傳統密碼學，在於視覺密碼不需經過繁雜的計算，而是利用分享影像間的疊合，再透過人類視覺得到原先所要隱藏的秘密影像。傳統視覺密碼被用來設計在隱藏單張秘密影像，但對於隱藏多張秘密影像非常沒有效率，因此本文希望僅以兩張分享影像間的疊合，使用上下或左右平移的方式解密更多張疊合後的秘密影像。多數的多秘密視覺密碼技術，隱藏的數量侷限在分享影像旋轉的次數，即使目前已有技術可隱藏到n張秘密影像，但對比及形狀比例皆會隨著隱藏的數量作改變。對比決定影像清晰度的關鍵因素；像素擴展決定疊合影像的大小，因此這兩項一直是視覺密碼重要的研究指標。本文主要貢獻在於：(1) 隱藏的數量不受侷限 (2) 對比、像素擴展及形狀比例不隨著隱藏數量改變(3) 產生最小面積的疊合影像。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Visual cryptography is different from the conventional cryptography, because it can be decrypted directly by human visual system without any complex computation. Conventional visual secret sharing is designed for hiding only single secret image, and it is inefficient to hide numerous secret images.In this thesis, we introduce a new visual secret sharing scheme which requires only two share images, and by shifting one of them up to down or left to right, our new scheme can decrypt more secret images.In most of the current researches on multiple secrets visual cryptography, the amount of the images that can be hidden is limited by the number of times that a sharing image can be rotated. Although some researches provide ways to hide n secret images where n can be any value, the contrast and the ratio of shape will decrease when n is large. Because the contrast determines the image’s clarity and pixel expansion determines the size of composite image, they are two important indicators of researches on visual secret sharing. The main contributions of this thesis are: Firstly, the amount of secret images to be hidden can be any value n. Secondly, the contrast, pixel expansion and the ratio of shape is independent of n, which means that they will remain the same for different n. Thirdly, when hiding the same amount of secret images, our scheme has the least size of composite image (ie., the size of share B) comparing with other schemes. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 ........................................................................................................................................... I目錄 ........................................................................................................................................ III圖目錄 ...................................................................................................................................... V表目錄 .................................................................................................................................... VI第一章 緒論 ........................................................................................................................ 11.1研究背景 .......................................................................................................................... 11.2研究動機與目的 .............................................................................................................. 11.3論文大綱 .......................................................................................................................... 2第二章 視覺密碼及半色調技術 ........................................................................................ 32.1視覺密碼分享技術 .......................................................................................................... 32.2半色調影像技術運用 ...................................................................................................... 4第三章 文獻探討 ................................................................................................................ 63.1 Fu和Yu多秘密分享機制 .............................................................................................. 63.2 Shyu和Huang多秘密分享機制 .................................................................................... 93.3 Fang和Li多秘密分享機制 .......................................................................................... 11第四章 多秘密視覺密碼技術 .......................................................................................... 154.1定義 ............................................................................................................................... 154.2多秘密隱藏演算法 ........................................................................................................ 234.3問題點與改良方法 ........................................................................................................ 264.3.1問題點 ..................................................................................................................... 264.3.2改良方法 ................................................................................................................. 284.4 改良之多秘密隱藏演算法 ........................................................................................... 294.5正確性分析 .................................................................................................................... 31第五章 安全性分析及比較 .............................................................................................. 365.1安全性分析 .................................................................................................................... 365.2比較 ............................................................................................................................... 42第六章 實驗結果與討論 .................................................................................................. 44第七章 結論 ...................................................................................................................... 48文獻參考 ................................................................................................................................. 49IV附錄 ......................................................................................................................................... 52附錄A (4.2演算法範例) .................................................................................................. 52附錄B (4.4演算法範例) .................................................................................................. 55 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3672283 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098753029 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 視覺密碼 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多秘密 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 像素擴展 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 多秘密視覺密碼之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A study on visual cryptography with multiple secrets en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] C. C. Chang and T. X. Yu, “Sharing a Secret Gray Image in Multiple Images,” Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds,(CW.02), pp. 230- 237, 2002.[2] J. Chen, T. S. Chen, H. C. Hsu and Y. H. Lin, “Using Multi-Ringed Shadow Image of Visual Cryptography to Hide More Secret Messages,” The Image Science Journal, vol. 57, pp. 101-108, 2009.[3] K. Y. Chen, W. P. Wu and C. S. Laih, “On the (2, 2) Visual Multi-Secret Sharing Schemes”, Proceedings of the 2000 International Computer Symposium Workshop on Cryptography and Information Security, pp.73-80 ,2000.[4] S. Comato, R. De Prisco and A. De Santis, “Probabilistic Visual Cryptography Schemes,” The Computer Journal, vol. 49, no. 1,pp. 97-107,2006.[5] L. G. Fang, Y. M. Li and B. Yu, “Multi-Secret Visual Cryptography Based on Reversed Images ,” Proceedings of IEEC, pp.195-198 , 2010.[6] J. B. Feng, H. C. Wu, C. S. Tsai, Y. F. Chang and Y. P. Chu. “Visual Secret Sharing for Multiple Secrets ,” Pattern Recognition , vol.41, pp. 3572 – 3581, 2008.[7] R. W. Floyd and L. Steinberg. “An Adaptive Algorithm for Spatial Greyscale,” Proceedings of Society for Information Display, vol. 17(2), pp 75-77,1976.[8] Z. Fu and B. Yu, “Research on Rotation Visual Cryptography Scheme,” Proceedings of IEEC, pp.533-536, 2009.[9] H. C. Hsu, T. S. Chen and Y. H. Lin, “The Ring Shadow Image Technology of Visual Cryptography by Applying Diverse Rotating Angles to Hide the Secret Sharing,” Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing & Control , pp.996-1001, 2004.[10] J. C. Hou, “Visual Cryptography for Color Images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, pp. 1619–1629, 2003.[11] R. Ito, H. Kuwakado and H. Tanaka,” Image Size Invariant Visual Cryptography,” IEICE trans. On Fund. Of Elect. Comm. and Comp. Sci., vol. E82-A, pp. 2172-2177, 1999.[12] B. W. Leung, F. Y. Ng, and D. S. Wong, “On the Security of a Visual Cryptography Scheme for Color Images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 40, pp. 929–940, 2009.[13] T. Lin, S. Horng, K. Lee, P. Chiu, T. Kao ,Y. Chen, R. Run, J. Lai and R. Chen, “A Novel Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Multiple Secrets Without Pixel Expansion,” Expert Systems With Applications, vol. 37 , pp.7858 - 7869 , 2010.[14] M. Naor and A. Shamir, “Visual Cryptography,” Proceedings of LNCS, pp.1-12, 1994.[15] M. Naor and B. Pinkas, “Visual Authentication and Identification, ” Proceedings of CRYPTO, Jr. B. S. Kaliski(Ed.),Springer-Verlag, LNCS 2184, pp. 322-336, 1997.[16] S. J. Shyu, “Efficient Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Color Images”, Pattern Recognition, vol. 39, pp. 866–880, 2006.[17] S. J. Shyu, S. Y. Huang, Y. K. Lee, R. Z. Wang and K. Chen, “Sharing Multiple Secrets in Visual Cryptography,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 40, pp. 3633 - 3651, 2007.[18] C. C. Thien and J. C. Lin, “Secret Image Sharing,” Computers & Graphics, pp.765–770 , 2002.[19] P. F. Tsai and M. S. Wang, “An (3, 3)-Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Hiding Three Secret Data,” Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Information Sciences, 2006.[20] H. C. Wu and C. C. Chang, “Sharing Visual Multi-Secrets Using Circle Shares,” Computer Standards & Interfaces, vol.28, pp.123-135, 2005.[21] C. N. Yang, “New Visual Secret Sharing Schemes Using Probabilistic Method,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 25, pp. 481-494, 2004.[22] C. N. Yang and T. S. Chen, “New Size-Reduced Visual Secret Sharing Schemes with Half Reduction of Shadow Size,” IEICE Trans. on Fund. of Elect, Comm. and Comp. Sci, vol. E89-A, pp. 620-625, 2006.[23] C. N. Yang and T. S. Chen, “Colored Visual Cryptography Scheme Based on Additive Color Mixing,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, pp.3114-3129, 2008.[24] 王旭正、嚴志宏 、林宜萱 、陳宏和，視覺安全式使用者登入系統鑑定機制，電腦學刊第十六卷第五期，2005年。[25] 林祝興、李正隆、簡睿成，應用視覺式秘密分享的安全線上交談軟體之製作，東海科學第二卷,第43-53頁 ，2000年。[26] 葉育斌 ，視覺式秘密分享在網路安全上之應用與實現，國立成功大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文，1998年。 zh_TW
