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題名 論反仿冒貿易協定談判與智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構之分合
The relationship between the negotiation of anti-counterfeiting trade agreement and the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade framework
作者 鄭燕黛
Cheng, Yen Tai
貢獻者 楊光華
鄭燕黛
Cheng, Yen Tai
關鍵詞 TRIPS
反仿冒貿易協定
智慧財產權保護
TRIPS-Plus
TRIPS
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
Intellectual Property Protection
TRIPS-Plus
日期 2009
上傳時間 5-Sep-2013 16:48:52 (UTC+8)
摘要 自19世紀以降，各國體認以國內法律為基礎的保護方式具有侷限性，因此開始嘗試以國際條約的方式對智慧財產權進行規範，產生了巴黎公約、伯恩公約、羅馬公約等國際協定，可定位為智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構形成的第一階段，也是第一次各國國內立法朝國際保護靠攏的現象。1967年WIPO成立使多邊貿易架構顯得較為完備，然而在WIPO之運作架構下又因為不同國家的立場分歧未能進一步修正智慧財產權公約，多邊架構發展出現瓶頸，已開發國家未因此退出多邊貿易架構，反而選擇持續完善此多邊架構。TRIPS於1995年烏拉圭回合後生效，規定了嚴格且具體的執行規範，但是多邊架構未能於TRIPS後再取得重大成果，已開發國家和開發中國家在智慧財產權利益之立場分歧使得多邊架構之發展陷入僵局。已開發國家於TRIPS後時期選擇了另一種途徑，本文舉美國FTAs貿易政策為例，發現此時出現了暫時偏離多邊架構，改以雙邊架構為政策重心的分離，惟雙邊貿易政策經本文分析並無法產生美國的預期效果。
ACTA的發展可以定位出美國目前的政策走向，改採協商複邊貿易協定的方式，希望可以循FTAs政策的途徑，企圖讓ACTA此複邊架構的成果可以擴張到多邊架構中。本文認為2010年12月公布最終版本的ACTA能否順利生效仍屬未知數，即便順利生效，依其談判成果可以推定，已無法達到所有參與談判國的預期。不論已開發國家之後的政策走向為何，我們可以發現擁有智慧財產權利益國家的最終目標仍是提升國際間智慧財產權保護水準，過程中則變動地、持續地在多邊、複邊貿易架構中，選擇性執行能達成最終目標的政策，國際智慧財產權保護貿易架構中存在著各國政策反覆於多邊、複邊架構間來回擺盪的分合現象。
關鍵字：TRIPS、反仿冒貿易協定、智慧財產權保護、TRIPS-Plus
Countries found out that the protection of intellectual property based only on national law was insufficient. They chosen to base on international agreement from 19 century and concluded important treaties such as Paris Convention, Berne Convention and Rome Convention. This is the first phase in the process of which the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade framework forming. WIPO was established at 1967 and completed the multilateral trade framework a little further. But countries had different positions thus could not obtain mutual recognition on specific issues. The developed countries did not walk away from the framework; nevertheless, they worked even harder to try to get some result. TRIPS came into force at 1995 after the Uruguay Round which is the most important multilateral agreement at the present day. The multilateral trade framework was stuck after TRIPS resulting from the gap between the developed and developing countries. The former began to work in other direction. We took the U.S. bilateral trade policy of FTAs as an example and found out there is a temporary departure from the multilateral trade framework at this phase. The U.S. policy of FTAs however didn’t achieve the goal expected.
We could point out the next step of U.S. by observing the negotiation of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). U.S. took a different approach by negotiating the ACTA and hoped there will be a spillover effect from the plurilateral agreement to the multilateral framework. Negotiating parties announced the final draft of ACTA on December 3rd, 2010. After analyzing the final draft, we could make a conclusion that the result from the negotiation is not outstanding; moreover, it is not clear whether the agreement will come into force in time. No matter what kind of action will the developed countries take in the next, their final and utmost goal is always trying to protect the intellectual property and their related interest. Changing policy becomes the normal condition. This leads to the phenomenon that the intellectual property protection is continuously swaying from the multilateral side to the bilateral or plurilateral trade framework, and vice versa.
Key Words: TRIPS, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Intellectual Property Protection, TRIPS-Plus
參考文獻 一、 中文文獻
(一)、 專書
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(一)、 專書
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26. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Proposed Agenda for the 9th Round of ACTA Negotiations, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/9-agenda-9-ordre_du_jour.aspx (last visited June. 26, 2010).
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
97351038
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097351038
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊光華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭燕黛zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng, Yen Taien_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄭燕黛zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Cheng, Yen Taien_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2013 16:48:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-Sep-2013 16:48:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2013 16:48:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097351038en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/60521-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97351038zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自19世紀以降，各國體認以國內法律為基礎的保護方式具有侷限性，因此開始嘗試以國際條約的方式對智慧財產權進行規範，產生了巴黎公約、伯恩公約、羅馬公約等國際協定，可定位為智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構形成的第一階段，也是第一次各國國內立法朝國際保護靠攏的現象。1967年WIPO成立使多邊貿易架構顯得較為完備，然而在WIPO之運作架構下又因為不同國家的立場分歧未能進一步修正智慧財產權公約，多邊架構發展出現瓶頸，已開發國家未因此退出多邊貿易架構，反而選擇持續完善此多邊架構。TRIPS於1995年烏拉圭回合後生效，規定了嚴格且具體的執行規範，但是多邊架構未能於TRIPS後再取得重大成果，已開發國家和開發中國家在智慧財產權利益之立場分歧使得多邊架構之發展陷入僵局。已開發國家於TRIPS後時期選擇了另一種途徑，本文舉美國FTAs貿易政策為例，發現此時出現了暫時偏離多邊架構，改以雙邊架構為政策重心的分離，惟雙邊貿易政策經本文分析並無法產生美國的預期效果。
ACTA的發展可以定位出美國目前的政策走向，改採協商複邊貿易協定的方式，希望可以循FTAs政策的途徑，企圖讓ACTA此複邊架構的成果可以擴張到多邊架構中。本文認為2010年12月公布最終版本的ACTA能否順利生效仍屬未知數，即便順利生效，依其談判成果可以推定，已無法達到所有參與談判國的預期。不論已開發國家之後的政策走向為何，我們可以發現擁有智慧財產權利益國家的最終目標仍是提升國際間智慧財產權保護水準，過程中則變動地、持續地在多邊、複邊貿易架構中，選擇性執行能達成最終目標的政策，國際智慧財產權保護貿易架構中存在著各國政策反覆於多邊、複邊架構間來回擺盪的分合現象。
關鍵字：TRIPS、反仿冒貿易協定、智慧財產權保護、TRIPS-Plus		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Countries found out that the protection of intellectual property based only on national law was insufficient. They chosen to base on international agreement from 19 century and concluded important treaties such as Paris Convention, Berne Convention and Rome Convention. This is the first phase in the process of which the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade framework forming. WIPO was established at 1967 and completed the multilateral trade framework a little further. But countries had different positions thus could not obtain mutual recognition on specific issues. The developed countries did not walk away from the framework; nevertheless, they worked even harder to try to get some result. TRIPS came into force at 1995 after the Uruguay Round which is the most important multilateral agreement at the present day. The multilateral trade framework was stuck after TRIPS resulting from the gap between the developed and developing countries. The former began to work in other direction. We took the U.S. bilateral trade policy of FTAs as an example and found out there is a temporary departure from the multilateral trade framework at this phase. The U.S. policy of FTAs however didn’t achieve the goal expected.
We could point out the next step of U.S. by observing the negotiation of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). U.S. took a different approach by negotiating the ACTA and hoped there will be a spillover effect from the plurilateral agreement to the multilateral framework. Negotiating parties announced the final draft of ACTA on December 3rd, 2010. After analyzing the final draft, we could make a conclusion that the result from the negotiation is not outstanding; moreover, it is not clear whether the agreement will come into force in time. No matter what kind of action will the developed countries take in the next, their final and utmost goal is always trying to protect the intellectual property and their related interest. Changing policy becomes the normal condition. This leads to the phenomenon that the intellectual property protection is continuously swaying from the multilateral side to the bilateral or plurilateral trade framework, and vice versa.
Key Words: TRIPS, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Intellectual Property Protection, TRIPS-Plus		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究方法與限制 2
第三節 研究架構 3
第貳章 智慧財產權保護多邊體系之現況 4
第一節 烏拉圭回合以前之國際法律架構 4
第一項 巴黎公約 5
第二項 伯恩公約 8
第三項 羅馬公約 11
第四項 世界智慧財產權組織 13
第五項 小結 15
第二節 世界貿易組織下之TRIPS協定 15
第一項 TRIPS之形成過程 15
第二項 TRIPS概述 17
第三項 與執行相關之規範 19
第四項 小結 26
第參章 美國智慧財產權保護之貿易政策 28
第一節 美國貿易政策之演變 29
第一項 不同時期之貿易政策 29
第二項 美國TRIPS-Plus貿易政策之產生 32
第二節 何謂TRIPS-Plus 34
第一項 TRIPS-Plus之定義 34
第二項 TRIPS-Plus之規範類型 34
第三項 引發之爭議─以藥品取得問題為例 39
第三節 美國智慧財產權保護之貿易政策評估 40
第一項 美國智慧財產權保護之貿易政策目標 41
第二項 美國智慧財產權保護之貿易政策成效 47
第三項 小結 48
第肆章 智慧財產權保護複邊體系之建構─反仿冒貿易協定 50
第一節 締約背景與過程 50
第一項 國際盜版活動猖獗 51
第二項 加強國際執行之必要 52
第三項 談判過程 53
第二節 對談判過程之批評 56
第一項 開發中國家的權益被忽略 57
第二項 要求協商過程應透明化 58
第三項 侵害公民權利 60
第三節 反仿冒貿易協定草案概述 62
第一章 基礎規定及定義（Initial Provisions and Definitions） 62
第二章 智慧財產權執行之法律架構（Legal Framework for Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights） 62
第三章 執法實踐（Enforcement Practices） 66
第四章 國際合作（International Cooperation） 66
第五章 機構安排（Institutional Arrangements） 67
第六章 最終條文（Final Provisions） 67
第四節 反仿冒貿易協定未來適用可能產生問題 67
第一項 無過失責任之問題 68
第二項 損害賠償之問題 69
第三項 告知權之問題 72
第四項 邊境措施適用範圍之問題 73
第五項 邊境措施主管機關依職權行為之問題 77
第六項 「商業規模」要件之問題 78
第七項 刑事程序及刑罰擴張之問題 81
第八項 機構安排 82
第九項 小結 83
第五節 數位環境中智慧財產權執法的問題 83
第一項 與ISP業者有關之問題 84
第二項 反規避條款之問題 94
第三項 小結 98
第六節 反仿冒貿易協定的可能成效 98
第一項 填補智慧財產權保護執行面的缺失 99
第二項 參與談判國的組成 101
第三項 談判形式的選擇 102
第四項 法規範之合致性 104
第五項 小結 107
第伍章 結論 108
附錄 反仿冒貿易協定四月草案版本
反仿冒貿易協定最終草案版本
參考文獻		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1632965 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097351038en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPSzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 反仿冒貿易協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智慧財產權保護zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPS-Pluszh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Intellectual Property Protectionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPS-Plusen_US
dc.title (題名) 論反仿冒貿易協定談判與智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構之分合zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The relationship between the negotiation of anti-counterfeiting trade agreement and the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade frameworken_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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57. WHO, Counterfeiting Drugs Kill!, at www.who.int/impact/FinalBrochureWHA2008a.pdf (2008).
58. WIPO website, Member States, at http://www.wipo.int/members/en/ (Apr. 13, 2010).
59. WIPO website, Treaties Statistics, at http://www.wipo.int (Apr. 13, 2010).
60. WIPO website, What Is WIPO?, at http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/what_is_wipo.html (Apr. 13, 2010).
61. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, ACTA Countries Finalize Agreement, Adopt U.S.-EU Compromise, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Nov. 18, 2010).
62. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, China Slams Nearly Completed ACTA, Questions Its WTO Compatibility, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Nov. 02, 2010).
63. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, Companies Seek ACTA Signing Statement to Ensure U.S. Law Compliance, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Oct. 14, 2010).
64. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, EU Taking A Hardline Approach on ACTA Scope Disagreement, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Sep. 09, 2010).
65. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, Implementing ACTA Text Will Require Legal Changes in Some Countries, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Oct. 14, 2010).
66. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, Nearly Final ACTA Text Shows Series of U.S. Compromise over Three Years, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Oct. 07, 2010).
67. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, Released ACTA Text Highlights Four Sections Where Disagreements Remain, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Oct. 06, 2010).
68. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, Transparency, Focus on Limits of Domestic Laws Weakened ACTA, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Nov. 24, 2010).
69. WORLD TRADE ONLINE, U.S., EU Reach Basic Agreement on ACTA Scope; Several Areas Not Finalized, at http://insidetrade.com/ (Oct. 05, 2010).
三、 WTO文件
1. Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round, WTO Doc. MIN.DEC (Sept. 20, 1986).
2. WTO Ministerial Conference Fourth Session, Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (Nov. 14, 2001)
3. WTO General Council, Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WTO Doc. WT/L/540 and Corr. 1 (Sep. 1, 2003).
4. WTO General Council Trade Negotiations Committee, Doha Work Programme-the Outstanding Implementation Issue on the Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, WTO Doc. IP/C/W/474 (July 5, 2006).
5. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Term of Patent Protection, WTO Doc. WT/DS170/AB/R (Sept. 18, 2000).
6. Panel Report, Canada – Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Product, WTO Doc. WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000).
7. Panel Report, China — Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WTO Doc. WT/DS362/R, at 115 (Sept. 18, 2000).
8. Request for Consultation by India, European Union and a Member State — Seizure of Generic Drugs in Transit, WTO Doc. WT/DS408/1 (May 19, 2010).		zh_TW