1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 中國幹部考核與幹部教育培訓: 以科學發展觀為例子
Changes in Cadre Evaluation and Training in China: Incorporating the Scientific Development View
作者 李蒂綺
Julia Ritirc
貢獻者 王振寰
Wang Jenn Hwan
李蒂綺
Julia Ritirc
關鍵詞 中國
科學發展
幹部考核與幹部教育培訓
官僚
經濟發展與环境保护
永遠發展
China
scientific development view
cadre evaluation and training
bureaucracy
economic growth and environmental protection
sustainable development
日期 2013
上傳時間 2-Dec-2013 17:49:31 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文討論中共中央的科學發展觀對黨內幹部考核與教育培訓的變遷過程，並以中央與地方政府在推動此一意識形態的權力關係做為具體分析的對象。歷經十餘年來，胡錦濤提出的科學發展觀，不僅成為中共黨內的主流意識形態，並且也是幹部升遷考核與思想教育的重要內容。本論文透過文獻與田野調查方法搜集資料，分析江蘇省與廣東省等地方政府的行政體系採取哪些政策與法規來落實科學發展觀的過程。本論文發現，就政治治理的觀點而言，時至今日，中共的意識形態固然有其一套統一的架構，但隨著政治、經濟與社會變遷，在不同的歷史時期皆有所變化，這些意識形態內容的變化，反映中國的經濟、社會及其他領域對中共政治治理的挑戰。
In my thesis I am particularly interested in the ideological foundation of China’s new development model, the Scientific Development View 科学发展. Scientific Development is a home-grown ideational strategy of development by means of which China has been trying to turn development towards a more socially equitable and environmentally sound direction.
I explore how China has responded to new challenges in the CMS, how its idea of a balanced and sustainable development has been transported from the center to the lower levels in administration. In contrast to other studies which investigate the implementation of a specific policy or law, I look into the organization of ideology.
The main contribution of this study is a systematic analysis how the Scientific Development View has been incorporated into one part of the administrative system, namely the cadre management system. By doing so, I reveal the interaction of the national and local level and give examples of interpretation of the ideology in the local context. The inquiry on Scientific Development and its incorporation into cadre evaluation and training helps us to deepen our understanding of how China sees its future. The focus on the process of organizing ideology is an important work that reveals the relationships between center and periphery, the flow of ideas within the state bureaucracy, and the tensions between unification and diversity.
參考文獻 Aufrecht, Steven S., and Bun, Li Sui (1995): “Reform with Chinese Characteristics: The Context of the Civil Service Reform.” In Public Administration Review 55 (2), pp. 175-182
Bai, Xuemei (2007): “Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management: The Scale and Readiness Argument.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11 (2), pp. 15-29
Barnett, Doak A. (1967): Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power in Communist China. NY/London: Columbia University Press
Bo, Guili 薄贵利 (5 November 2005): “The Role of Chinese Government in Building a Harmonious Society.” Keynote speech at the Annual Conference of Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG), China
Boix, Charles, and Svolik, Milan W. (2013): “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” In Journal of Politics 75 (2), pp. 300-316
Bray, David (2010): “Master-Planning the Nation: Elites and the Transformation of China’s Built Environment.” Conference paper from International Conference on Elites and Governance in China, Taipei: National Chengchi University
Bulkeley, Harriet (2005): “Reconfiguring Environmental Governance toward a Politics of Scale and Networks,” Political Geography 24 (8), pp. 875-902
Burns John P. (1989): “Chinese Civil Service Reform: The 13th Party Congress Proposal.” In The China Quarterly 120, pp. 739-770
Chan, Hon S., Wong, Koon-kwai, Cheung, K. C., Lo, Jack Man-keung (1996): “The Implementation Gap in Environmental Management in China: The Case of Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Nanjing.” In Public Administration Review 55 (4), pp. 333-340
Chan, Hon S., and Li, Edward S.Z. (2007): “Civil Service Law in the People`s Republic of China: A Return to Cadre Personnel Management.” In Public Administration Review 67 (3), pp. 383-398
Chan, Hon S., and Gao, Jie (2009): “Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Accountability or Performance?” In The Australian Journal of Public Administration 68 (S1), pp. S51-S61
Chen, Xi (27 September 2011): “Book Review on ‘Mao’s Invisible Hand’.” [Review on the book Mao’s Invisible Hand]. In The China Beat [Blog], available online: http://www.thechinabeat. org/?p=3824, accessed April 2013
Chin, Gregory T. (2011): “Innovation and Preservation: Remaking China`s National Leadership Training system.” In The China Quarterly 205, pp. 18-39
Chinau (18 March 2013): “’Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao jianxiao bashi zhounian’ jinian youpiao da banpiao xinshang ’中共中央党校建校八十周年’纪念邮票大版票欣赏.”Retrieved from: http://www.chinau.cc/news/201303/2889.html (last checked, September 2013)
Dickson, Bruce J. (2003): Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press
Dong Hongjun董宏君 (18 September 2009): “Dangzheng lingdao banzi he ganbu kaohe jizhi zhubu jianquan 党政领导班子和干部考核机制逐步健全.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://renshi.people.com.cn /GB/10075713.html (last checked, August 2013)
Dong Hongjun董宏君 (28 February 2010): “Li Yuanchao dianchu ganbu peixun de ‘guanjiandian’ 李源潮点出干部培训的’关键点’.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn /GB/64093/64094/11042363.html (last checked, August 2013)
Economy, Elizabeth (2005): “Environment Enforcement in China,” in China`s Environment and the Challenge of Sustainable Development edited by Kristen A. Day, New York: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 102-120
Edin, Maria (1998): “Why do Chinese Local Cadres Promote Growth? Institutional Incentives and Constraints of Local Cadres.” In Forum for Development Studies 1, p. 97-127
Foster, Kenneth D. (2006): “Improving Municipal Governance in China: Yantai’s Path breaking Experiment in Administrative Reform.” In Modern China 32 (2), pp. 221-250
Göbel, Christian, and Ong, Lynette H. (2012): “Social Unrest in China.” ECRAN Europe Research and Advice Network
Goodman David S (1985): Centre and Province in The People`s Republic of China: Sichuan and Guizhou 1955-1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guangdong sheng zuzhibu 广东省组织部 (2008): “Guangdong shengshi tingji dangzheng lingdao banzi he lingdao ganbu luoshi kexue fazhangun pinjia zhibiao tixi ji kaohe pingjia banfa (shixing) 广东省市厅级党政领导班子和领导干部落实科学发展观评价指标体系及考核评价办法 (试行).”
Guangdong sheng zuzhibu 广东省组织部 (2013): “Guangdong sheng guanganbu renqian gongshi tonggao 广东省管干部任前公示通知.” Guangdong zuzhifayin No. 6. Retrieved from: http://renshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0803/c139617-22432613.html (last checked, August 2013)
Guo, Gang (2007): “Retrospective Economic Accountability under Authoritarianism.” In Public Research Quarterly 60 (3), pp. 378-390
Guo, Weigui, and Shan, Wei (2009): “The Local Party Schools and China`s Cadre Education and Training: Expectations and Limits.” EAI Working Paper 151. Retrieved from: http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/EWP151.pdf (last checked, October 2012)
Guowuyuan国务院 (1993): “Guojia gongwuyuan zanxing tiaolie国家公务员暂行条例.” Guowuyuan di 125 hao ling. Retrieved online: http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/bjpd-zhuanti/2006-01/18/content_6078258.htm (last checked, August 2013)
Guowuyuan 国务院 (2005): “Guowuyuan guanyu luoshi kexue fazhanghuan jiaqiang huanjing baohu de jueding国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定.” Guofa No. 39. Retrieved from:
http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2005-12/13/content_125680.htm last checked July 2013 (last checked, August 2013)
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John (1977): “The population ecology of organizations.” In American Journal of Sociology 82, pp. 929-964
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John (1984): “Structural inertia and organizational change.” In American Sociological Review 49, pp. 149-164
Heilmann, Sebastian (2008): “From Local Experiments to National Policy: The Origins of China`s Distinctive Policy Process.” In The China Journal 59, pp. 1-30
Hofem, Andreas, and Heilmann, Sebastian (2013): “Bringing the Low-Carbon Agenda to China: A Study in Transnational Policy Diffusion.” In Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 1, pp. 199-215
Holbig, Heike (2005): “`Wissenschaftliches Entwicklungskonzept`, `Harmonische Entwicklung` und Eigenständige Innovation`: Neueparteipolitische Prioritäten unter Hu Jintao.” In China Aktuell 6, pp. 13-19.
Hsing, You-tien (2010): The Great Urban Transformation: Politics of Land and Property in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hu Jintao胡锦涛 (14 October 2003): “Shuli he luoshi kexue fazhanguan树立和落实科学发展观.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66691/4494641.html (last checked, September 2013)
Hu Jintao胡锦涛 (24 November 2007): “Hu Jintao zai dang de shiqida shang de baogao胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告.” In Xinhua Net. Retrieved from:
http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news .xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/24/content_6938568_2.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Huanjing Baohuju 环境保护局 (2006): “’Shiyiwu’chengshi huanjing zongjie zhengzhi dingliang kaohe zhibiao shishi xize ‘十一五’城市环境综合整治定量考核指标实施细则” and “Quanguo chengshi huanjing zonghe zhengzhi dingliang kaohe guanli gongzuo guiding全国城市环境综合整治定量考核管理工作规.” Huanban [2006] No. 36. Retrieved from: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/info/gw/huanban/200603/t20060322_75278.htm (last checked, September 2013)
Kakar, Sudhir (1979): “Leadership Training in Administration,” in Management in Government, edited by B.C Mathur, K. Diesh, C. Chandra Sekharan, New Delhi: Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, pp. 129-140
Kung, James, Cai, Yongshun, and Sun, Xiulin (2009): “Rural Cadres and Governance in China: Incentive, Institution and Accountability.” In The China Journal 62, pp. 61-77
Lammers, John C., and Barbour, Joshua B. (2006): “An institutional theory of organizational communication.” In Communication Theory 16, pp. 356-377
Lammers, John C. (2011): “How Institutions Communicate: Institutional Messages, Institutional Logics, and Organizational Communications.” In Management Communication Quarterly 25 (1), pp. 154-182
Lam, Taio-chiu, and Chan, Hon S. (1996): “Reforming China`s Cadre Management System: Two Views of a Civil Service.” In Asian Survey 36 (8), pp. 772-786
Lee, Ching K. (2000): “The Revenge of History: Collective Memories and Labor Protests in Northeastern China.” In Ethnography 1 (2), pp. 217-37
Li, Fang (1 January 2008): Zhongguo ganbu renshi zhidu gaige yi li 30nian chuanjia chengyou sichengjiu 中国干部人事制度改革已历30年专家称有四成就.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64093/64099/6761457.html (last checked, July 2012)
Li Jing (17 July 2013): “Seaweed farming linked to Qingdao`s green tide of algae.” In South China Morning Post. Retrieved from:
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1284295/jiangsu-seaweed-farming-linked-algae-bloom-qingdao (last checked, August 2013)
Lieberthal, Kenneth D. (1992): “Introduction: The `Fragmented Authoritarianism` Model and Its Limitations,” in Bureaucracy, Politics and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, edited by Kenneth Lieberthal and David Lampton, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 1-31
Lieberthal, Kenneth D. (1995): Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. New York: Norton
Lovas, Bjorn, and Ghoshal, Sumantra (2000): “Strategy as Guided Evolution.” In Strategic Management Journal 21, pp. 875-896
Lowell, Dittmer (1984): “Ideology and Organization in Post-Mao China.” In Asian Survey 24 (3), pp. 349-369
Lu Hugen陆沪根, Fu Zhubian副主编, and Zhou Guohua 周国华 (2007): Dangxiao jiaoyu guihua yanjiu 党校教育规划研究. Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe
Ma Changbo 马昌博 (2008): “Lüse GDP “tuiyin” muhou 绿色GDP “退隐”幕后.” In Nanfang Zhoubao 1288, p. B10
Magee, Darrin (2006): “Powershed Politics: Yunnan Hydropower under Great Western Development.” In The China Quarterly 185, pp. 23-41
Manion, Melanie (1985): “The Cadre Management System, Post-Mao: The Appointment, Promotion, Transfer and Removal of Party and State Leaders.” In: The China Quarterly 102, pp. 203-233
Marx, Karl (1895): The German Ideology. Retrieved from:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm (last checked, August 2013)
McPhee, Robert D. and Zaug P. (2000): “The communicative constitution of organizations: A framework for explanation.” In Electronic Journal of Communication, 10(1/2), pp. 1-16
Mertha, Andrew A. (2009): “Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0: Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process.” In The China Quarterly 200, pp. 995-1012
Minar, David M. (1961): “Ideology and Political Behavior.” In Midwest Journal of Political Science 5 (4), pp. 317-331
Monge, Peter R., and Poole, Marshall S. (2008): “The evolution of organizational communication.” In Journal of Communication 58, pp. 679-692
Muldavin, Joshua S.S. (1997): “Environmental Degradation in Heilongjiang: Policy Reform and Agrarian Dynamics in China`s New Hybrid Economy.” In Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 (4), 579-613
Ogden, Suzanne (1989): China`s Unresolved issues: Politics, Development and Culture. Englewood Cliffs: Pren-tice-Hall
Oi, Jean C. (1992): “Fiscal Reform and Economic Foundation of Local State Corporatism in China.” In World Politics 45 (1), pp. 99-126
Oksenberg, Michel (1968): “The Institutionalisation of the Chinese Communist Revolution: The Ladder of Success on the Eve of the Cultural Revolution.” In The China Quarterly 36, pp. 61-92
Oliver, Steven (9 January 2013): “Top-Down Institutions and Agency Losses under Authoritarian Regimes: Gaming of Ambient Air Quality in Urban China.” Presentation at 9th Graduate Seminar on China, Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong
Pearson, Margaret M. (1997): China`s New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform. Berkeley: University of California Press
Perry, Elizabeth (2007): “Studying Chinese Politics: A Farewell to Revolution?” In The China Journal 57, pp. 1-22
People’s Daily (21 November 1979): “Zhonggong zhongzang zuzhibu guanyu shixing ganbu kaohe zhidu de yijian中共中央组织部关于实行干部考核制度的意见.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/71387/71591/4854973.html (last checked, October 2013)
People’s Online (27 June 2005): “Building harmonious society is crucial for China`s progress: Hu.” Retrieved from: http://english.people.com.cn/200506/27/eng20050627_192495.html (last checked June 2013)
People`s Online (8 November 2012): “Hu Jintao: Quanmian tigao dang de jianshe kexuehua shuiping 胡锦涛：全面提高党的建设科学化水平.” Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/18/n/2012/1108/c350821-19526634.html (last checked, November 2012)
People’s Online (1 March 2013): “Xi Jinping zai zhongyang dangxiao jianxiao 80 zhounian qingzhu dahui ji 2013 chunji xueqi kaixue dianli shang de jianghua习近平在中央党校建校80周年庆祝大会暨2013年春季学期开学典礼上的讲话.” Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0303/c64094-20656845.html (last checked, September 2013)
Pieke, Frank N. (2009): The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today`s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Pye, Lucian (1988): The Mandarin and the Cadre: China Political Cultures. Ann Harbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan
Qi, Ye, Ma, Li, Zhang, Huangbo, and Li, Huimin (2008): “Translating a Global Issue into Local Priority––China’s Local Government Response to Climate Change.” In Journal of Environment and Development 17 (4), pp. 379-400
Quanguo ganbu peixun jiaocai bianshen zhidao weiyuanui zuzhi bianxie 全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会组织编写 (2006): 科学发展观Kexue fazhanguan. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, dangjian duwu chubanshe
Quanguo ganbu peixun jiaocai bianshen zhidao weiyuanui zuzhi bianxie 全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会组织编写 (2011): Shengtai wenmin jianshe yu kechixufazhan生态文明间这与可持续发展. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, dangjian duwu chubanshe.
Reed, Maureen G., and Bruyneel, Shannon (2010): “Rescaling Environmental Governance, Rethinking the State: A Three-dimensional Review.” In Progress of Human Geography 34 (5), pp. 875-902
Renmin chubanshe (benshu bianxiezu) 人民出版社（本书编写组） (2010): Hu Jintao zai quandang shenru xuexi shijian kexue fazhanguan guodong zongjie dahui shang de jianghua xuexi duben 胡锦涛 “在全党深入学习实践科学发展观活动总结大会上的讲话”学习读本. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Schurmann, Franz (1971): Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California Press
Shambaugh, David (1984): The Making of a Premier: Zhao Ziyang’s Provincial Career. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Replica Editions
Shambaugh, David (2008a): China`s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley, L.A.: University of California Press
Shambaugh, David (2008b): “Training China`s Political Elite: The Party School System.” In The China Quarterly 196, pp. 827-844
Shi Juan施娟 (22 October 2011): “Ganbu kaohe kan shenme (renmin guancha): Laizi Jiangsu ganyue yuchuan liu shengshi de diaocha干部考核看什么（人民观察）：来自苏浙赣粤渝川六省市的调查.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/1598 1043.html (last checked July 2013)
Shih, Victor, and Qi, Zhang (2004): “Who receives subsidies? A look at the county level in two time periods,” In Paying for Progress in China: Public finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality, edited by Vivienne Shue and Christine Wong, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 145-165
Solinger, Dorothy J. (1992): “Urban Entrepreneurs and the State,” In State and Society in China: The Conse-quences of Economic Reform, edited by Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, Boulder: Westview, pp. 121-41
Sterba, Richard L.A. (1978): “Clandestine Management in the Imperial Chinese Bureaucracy” In The Academy of Management Review 13 (1), pp. 69-78
Strauss, Julia (2003): “`Virtuous and Talented` Officials for the Twentieth Century: Discourse and Practice in Xingzheng China.” In Modern Asia Studies 37 (4), pp. 831-850
Tilt, Bryan (2009): The Struggle for Sustainability in Rural China: Environmental Values and Civil Society. New York: Columbia University Press
Tsai Lilly (2007): Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press
UNEP and Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (26 September 2011): “Suzhoushi shengtai wenming yu kechixu fazhan zhuanti yanxiuban ‘jiu yue zai tongji daxue IESD kaiban’ 苏州市生态文明与可持续发展专题研修班’九月在同济大学IESD开班’.” Retrieved from: http://unep-iesd.tongji.edu.cn/index.php?classid=181&newsid=859&t=show (last checked July 2013)
Wang, Peng (2008): “Environmental problems in developing of new socialist countryside,” in The China Envi-ronment Yearbook Volume.2: Challenges and Struggles, edited by Dongping Yang, Leiden: Brill, pp. 99-119
Wambugu, Samuel M., and Ombui Kephia (2013): “Effects of Reward Strategies on Employee Performance at Kabete Technical Training Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.” In Public Policy and Administration Research 3 (7), pp. 19-45
Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne (2004): “Zentrum und Peripherie in Ostasien,” in Ostasien 1600-1900: Ge-schichte und Gesellschaft, Sepp Linhart and Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrizik (eds.), Vienna: Promedia, pp. 81-98
Wen Jiabao 温家宝 (26 April 2006): “Quanmian luoshi kexue fazhanguan jiakuai jianshe huanjing youhaoxing shehui全面落实科学发展观加快建设环境又好型的社会.” In Zhongguo huanjing bao. Retrieved from: http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0107/20/803452_177952275.s html (last checked 8 July 2013)
Whiting, Susan (2004): “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grass Roots: The Paradox of Party Rule,” in Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, Susan Whiting, and Dali Yang (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 101-119
World Bank Data: “World Development Indicators.” Retrieved from: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx (last checked, August 2013)
World Bank (2009): “Developing Circular Economy in China: Highlights and Recommendations.
Xinhua Online (4 April 2004a): “Yai zhongyng renkou ziyuan huanjing gongzuo zuotanhui shang de jianghua在中央人口资源环境工作座谈会上的讲话.“ Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-04/04/content_1400087.htm (last checked, October 2013)
Xinhua Online (4 April 2004b): “Hu Jintao: Kexue fazhanguan shi wo dang tichu de xin zhongda zhanlüe sixiang 胡锦涛：科学发展观是我党提出的新重大战略思想.” Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-04/04/content_1400182.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Xu Liming, and Yang, Chaoren (1998): The Management of Chinese Cadre Personnel. Beijing: China Ministry of Personnel Publishing House
Yang Huayun 杨华云 (1 July 2009): “Zhonggong diangshi yanjiushi fuzhuren: ganbu kaohe jiangdi GDP bizhong中共党史研究室副主任：干部考核降低GDP比重.” In Xinhua Net. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2009-07/01/content_11630289.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Yang Zhi (2013): “Shengtai wenming yu xunhuan jingji yanjiu wenti生态文明与循环经济研究问题.” Cadre training session. Beijing: Renmin University
Yicai Online (2013): “Duo di tuijin lüse GDP kaohe huanjing zhibiao yu zhengji guagou多地推进绿色GDP考核环境指标与政绩挂钩.” Retrieved from: http://www.fozone.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=399:gdp-&catid=41:timenewsreport&Itemid=55 (last checked, August 2013)
Yu, Hongyuan (2008): Global Warming and China`s Environmental Diplomacy. New York: Nova Science Publishing
Zhang, Linxiu, Luo Fenfu, Liu, Chengfang, and Rozelle, Scott (2004): “Investing in rural China: Tracking China`s commitment to modernization,” in Paying for Progress in China: Public finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality, edited by Vivienne Shue and Christine Wong, London, New York: Routledge, pp. 117-144
Zhang Ren张刃 (2008): “Sibao ‘heise GDP’ yu ‘lüse GDP’ de nanchan 死抱’黑色GDP’ 与’绿色GDP’的难产.” Retrieved from: http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2007-8/15/content_716941.htm (last checked, 19 May 2009)
Zhao, Shukai (2007): “The Accountability System of Township Governments.” In Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 39 (2), pp. 64-73
Zheng, Yongnian (2010): The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor: Culture, Reproduction and Transformation. London, New York: Routledge
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting mishuju中共中央办公厅秘书局 (2000): “Zhonggong zhongyang guanyu mianxiang 21 shiji jiaqiang he gaijin dangxiao gongzuo de jueding中共中央关于面向21世纪加强和改进党校工作的决定.” Zhongfa [2000] No.10. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/71382/71480/4854083.html, accessed November 2012
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting中共中央办公厅 (2009): “Guanyu jianli zujin kexue fazhanguan de dangzheng lingdao banzi he lingdao ganbu kaohe pingjia jizhi de yijian关于建立促进科学发展观的党政领导班子和领导干部考核评价机制的意见.” Zhongbanfa [2009] 30 hao. Retrieved from http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2009-12/23/content_19115929.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting中共中央办公厅 (2010): “2010-2020 nian ganbu jiaoyu peixun gaige wangyao 2010-2020 年干部教育培训改革纲要.” Zhongbanfa ???? hao. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/12467912.html (last checked, March 2011)
Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe (benshu bianxie zu) 中共中央党校出版社 （本书编写组）(2008): Shenru xuexi shijian kexue fazhanguan huodong xuexi duben深入学习实践科学发展观活动学习读本.” Beijing: zhonggong zhongyang dangxioa chubanshe
Zhonggong Suzhoushi shiwei zuzhibu ganbu jianduchu lianxi中共苏州市委组织部干部监督处联系 (2013): “Suzhou shi dangzheng lingdao ganbu renqian gongshi (2013nian di 5 hao) 苏州市党政领导干部任前公示（2013年第5号）.” Retrieved from: http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/xxgk/rsxx _2010/ gbrqgs/201306/t20130606_242686.shtml (last checked, August 2013)
Zhonggong Suzhoushi weidangxiao Suzhoushi xingzheng xueyuan中共苏州市委党校苏州市行政学院: “Dangxiao gaizhuang党校概况.” Retrieved from: http://www.dx.suzhou.gov.cn/template/gaikuang.asp?keyword=%E9%99%A2%E6%A0%A1%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5 (last checked, August 2013)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu 中共中央组织部 (2001): “2001nian-2005nian quanmian ganbu jiaoyu peixun guihua 2001年－2005年全国干部教育培训规划.” Zhongfa [2001] 4 hao. Retrieved from: http://www.ccnt.com.cn/htm/gbpx/index2.php?col=01&file=01_0006 (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu 中共中央组织部 (2006): “2006nian-2011nian quanguo ganbu jiaoyu peixun guihua 2006年-2011年全国干部教育培训规划.” Zhongfa [2006] 21 hao. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/14/content_5604001.htm (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu中共中央组织部 (2006): Ganbu jiaoyu peixun gongzuo tiaolie 干部教育培训工作条烈.” Zhongfa [2006] 3 hao. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/4251754.html (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu yanjiu shi, zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu zuzhiju 中共中央组织部研究室, 中共中央组织部组织局 (1983): Dang de zuzhi gongzuo wenda 党的组织工作问答. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu yanjiu shi, zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu zuzhiju 中共中央组织部研究室, 中共中央组织部组织局 (1996): Dang de zuzhi gongzuo wenda 党的组织工作问答. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Zusman, Eric and Turner, Jennifer L. (2005): “Beyond the Bureaucracy: Changing China`s Policy Making Environment,” in China`s Environment and the Challenge of Development, edited by Kristen A. Day, New York: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 121-149
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治研究所
100252021
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002520211
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王振寰zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang Jenn Hwanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李蒂綺zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Julia Ritircen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李蒂綺zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Julia Ritircen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Dec-2013 17:49:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Dec-2013 17:49:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Dec-2013 17:49:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1002520211en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/62013-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100252021zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文討論中共中央的科學發展觀對黨內幹部考核與教育培訓的變遷過程，並以中央與地方政府在推動此一意識形態的權力關係做為具體分析的對象。歷經十餘年來，胡錦濤提出的科學發展觀，不僅成為中共黨內的主流意識形態，並且也是幹部升遷考核與思想教育的重要內容。本論文透過文獻與田野調查方法搜集資料，分析江蘇省與廣東省等地方政府的行政體系採取哪些政策與法規來落實科學發展觀的過程。本論文發現，就政治治理的觀點而言，時至今日，中共的意識形態固然有其一套統一的架構，但隨著政治、經濟與社會變遷，在不同的歷史時期皆有所變化，這些意識形態內容的變化，反映中國的經濟、社會及其他領域對中共政治治理的挑戰。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In my thesis I am particularly interested in the ideological foundation of China’s new development model, the Scientific Development View 科学发展. Scientific Development is a home-grown ideational strategy of development by means of which China has been trying to turn development towards a more socially equitable and environmentally sound direction.
I explore how China has responded to new challenges in the CMS, how its idea of a balanced and sustainable development has been transported from the center to the lower levels in administration. In contrast to other studies which investigate the implementation of a specific policy or law, I look into the organization of ideology.
The main contribution of this study is a systematic analysis how the Scientific Development View has been incorporated into one part of the administrative system, namely the cadre management system. By doing so, I reveal the interaction of the national and local level and give examples of interpretation of the ideology in the local context. The inquiry on Scientific Development and its incorporation into cadre evaluation and training helps us to deepen our understanding of how China sees its future. The focus on the process of organizing ideology is an important work that reveals the relationships between center and periphery, the flow of ideas within the state bureaucracy, and the tensions between unification and diversity.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents List of pictures and figures 5
List of tables 6
Executive Summary 7
Foreword 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1—Introduction 17
Chapter 2—Strategic Initiatives and the Administrative System 23
Tensions in central-periphery relations 23
Conflicts between economy and ecology 28
Cadre accountability 29
Organizational Change and Guided Evolution 31
Theoretical considerations 33
Methodology 34
Operationalization 34
Remarks on experiences in field work 36
Chapter 3—The Evolution of the Cadre Management System 39
General historical overview 40
The grip of the Party 41
Cadre selection and promotion 44
Cadre training and education 47
Promoting policies through the CMS 50
Conclusion 52
Chapter 4—Responding to New Challenges in the 21st Century 55
Political, economic, social and environmental background 55
A new ideology is born 58
What is the Scientific Development View? 58
What does “scientific” mean? 61
What is the role of the government in the task of transformation? 61
How is the conflict between environment and socio-economic development addressed in the ideological realm? 62
How is the conflict between environment and socio-economic development addressed in the practical realm? 64
Conclusion 66
Chapter 5—The Incorporation Scientific Development into the CMS 69
Setting up evaluating systems under the Scientific Development View scheme 69
Launch of trial projects 69
The Guangdong Cadre Evaluation System 73
Conclusion 81
Scientific Development in cadre education and training 83
Adoption and experimentation 83
Party school curricula 84
Conclusion 91
Chapter 6—Critical Assessment 93
Failed system in environmental politics 93
Motivational factors and different outcomes 96
Scientific Development and the claim of objectivity in cadre evaluation 98
Lack of political reform 99
Use and effectiveness of cadre education 101
Chapter 7—Conclusion and Further Considerations 105
Appendix 113
References 125		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 10406232 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002520211en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 科學發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 幹部考核與幹部教育培訓zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 官僚zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟發展與环境保护zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 永遠發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) scientific development viewen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cadre evaluation and trainingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) bureaucracyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) economic growth and environmental protectionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sustainable developmenten_US
dc.title (題名) 中國幹部考核與幹部教育培訓: 以科學發展觀為例子zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Changes in Cadre Evaluation and Training in China: Incorporating the Scientific Development Viewen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aufrecht, Steven S., and Bun, Li Sui (1995): “Reform with Chinese Characteristics: The Context of the Civil Service Reform.” In Public Administration Review 55 (2), pp. 175-182
Bai, Xuemei (2007): “Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management: The Scale and Readiness Argument.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11 (2), pp. 15-29
Barnett, Doak A. (1967): Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power in Communist China. NY/London: Columbia University Press
Bo, Guili 薄贵利 (5 November 2005): “The Role of Chinese Government in Building a Harmonious Society.” Keynote speech at the Annual Conference of Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG), China
Boix, Charles, and Svolik, Milan W. (2013): “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” In Journal of Politics 75 (2), pp. 300-316
Bray, David (2010): “Master-Planning the Nation: Elites and the Transformation of China’s Built Environment.” Conference paper from International Conference on Elites and Governance in China, Taipei: National Chengchi University
Bulkeley, Harriet (2005): “Reconfiguring Environmental Governance toward a Politics of Scale and Networks,” Political Geography 24 (8), pp. 875-902
Burns John P. (1989): “Chinese Civil Service Reform: The 13th Party Congress Proposal.” In The China Quarterly 120, pp. 739-770
Chan, Hon S., Wong, Koon-kwai, Cheung, K. C., Lo, Jack Man-keung (1996): “The Implementation Gap in Environmental Management in China: The Case of Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Nanjing.” In Public Administration Review 55 (4), pp. 333-340
Chan, Hon S., and Li, Edward S.Z. (2007): “Civil Service Law in the People`s Republic of China: A Return to Cadre Personnel Management.” In Public Administration Review 67 (3), pp. 383-398
Chan, Hon S., and Gao, Jie (2009): “Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Accountability or Performance?” In The Australian Journal of Public Administration 68 (S1), pp. S51-S61
Chen, Xi (27 September 2011): “Book Review on ‘Mao’s Invisible Hand’.” [Review on the book Mao’s Invisible Hand]. In The China Beat [Blog], available online: http://www.thechinabeat. org/?p=3824, accessed April 2013
Chin, Gregory T. (2011): “Innovation and Preservation: Remaking China`s National Leadership Training system.” In The China Quarterly 205, pp. 18-39
Chinau (18 March 2013): “’Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao jianxiao bashi zhounian’ jinian youpiao da banpiao xinshang ’中共中央党校建校八十周年’纪念邮票大版票欣赏.”Retrieved from: http://www.chinau.cc/news/201303/2889.html (last checked, September 2013)
Dickson, Bruce J. (2003): Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press
Dong Hongjun董宏君 (18 September 2009): “Dangzheng lingdao banzi he ganbu kaohe jizhi zhubu jianquan 党政领导班子和干部考核机制逐步健全.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://renshi.people.com.cn /GB/10075713.html (last checked, August 2013)
Dong Hongjun董宏君 (28 February 2010): “Li Yuanchao dianchu ganbu peixun de ‘guanjiandian’ 李源潮点出干部培训的’关键点’.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn /GB/64093/64094/11042363.html (last checked, August 2013)
Economy, Elizabeth (2005): “Environment Enforcement in China,” in China`s Environment and the Challenge of Sustainable Development edited by Kristen A. Day, New York: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 102-120
Edin, Maria (1998): “Why do Chinese Local Cadres Promote Growth? Institutional Incentives and Constraints of Local Cadres.” In Forum for Development Studies 1, p. 97-127
Foster, Kenneth D. (2006): “Improving Municipal Governance in China: Yantai’s Path breaking Experiment in Administrative Reform.” In Modern China 32 (2), pp. 221-250
Göbel, Christian, and Ong, Lynette H. (2012): “Social Unrest in China.” ECRAN Europe Research and Advice Network
Goodman David S (1985): Centre and Province in The People`s Republic of China: Sichuan and Guizhou 1955-1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guangdong sheng zuzhibu 广东省组织部 (2008): “Guangdong shengshi tingji dangzheng lingdao banzi he lingdao ganbu luoshi kexue fazhangun pinjia zhibiao tixi ji kaohe pingjia banfa (shixing) 广东省市厅级党政领导班子和领导干部落实科学发展观评价指标体系及考核评价办法 (试行).”
Guangdong sheng zuzhibu 广东省组织部 (2013): “Guangdong sheng guanganbu renqian gongshi tonggao 广东省管干部任前公示通知.” Guangdong zuzhifayin No. 6. Retrieved from: http://renshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0803/c139617-22432613.html (last checked, August 2013)
Guo, Gang (2007): “Retrospective Economic Accountability under Authoritarianism.” In Public Research Quarterly 60 (3), pp. 378-390
Guo, Weigui, and Shan, Wei (2009): “The Local Party Schools and China`s Cadre Education and Training: Expectations and Limits.” EAI Working Paper 151. Retrieved from: http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/EWP151.pdf (last checked, October 2012)
Guowuyuan国务院 (1993): “Guojia gongwuyuan zanxing tiaolie国家公务员暂行条例.” Guowuyuan di 125 hao ling. Retrieved online: http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/bjpd-zhuanti/2006-01/18/content_6078258.htm (last checked, August 2013)
Guowuyuan 国务院 (2005): “Guowuyuan guanyu luoshi kexue fazhanghuan jiaqiang huanjing baohu de jueding国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定.” Guofa No. 39. Retrieved from:
http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2005-12/13/content_125680.htm last checked July 2013 (last checked, August 2013)
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John (1977): “The population ecology of organizations.” In American Journal of Sociology 82, pp. 929-964
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John (1984): “Structural inertia and organizational change.” In American Sociological Review 49, pp. 149-164
Heilmann, Sebastian (2008): “From Local Experiments to National Policy: The Origins of China`s Distinctive Policy Process.” In The China Journal 59, pp. 1-30
Hofem, Andreas, and Heilmann, Sebastian (2013): “Bringing the Low-Carbon Agenda to China: A Study in Transnational Policy Diffusion.” In Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 1, pp. 199-215
Holbig, Heike (2005): “`Wissenschaftliches Entwicklungskonzept`, `Harmonische Entwicklung` und Eigenständige Innovation`: Neueparteipolitische Prioritäten unter Hu Jintao.” In China Aktuell 6, pp. 13-19.
Hsing, You-tien (2010): The Great Urban Transformation: Politics of Land and Property in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hu Jintao胡锦涛 (14 October 2003): “Shuli he luoshi kexue fazhanguan树立和落实科学发展观.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66691/4494641.html (last checked, September 2013)
Hu Jintao胡锦涛 (24 November 2007): “Hu Jintao zai dang de shiqida shang de baogao胡锦涛在党的十七大上的报告.” In Xinhua Net. Retrieved from:
http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news .xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/24/content_6938568_2.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Huanjing Baohuju 环境保护局 (2006): “’Shiyiwu’chengshi huanjing zongjie zhengzhi dingliang kaohe zhibiao shishi xize ‘十一五’城市环境综合整治定量考核指标实施细则” and “Quanguo chengshi huanjing zonghe zhengzhi dingliang kaohe guanli gongzuo guiding全国城市环境综合整治定量考核管理工作规.” Huanban [2006] No. 36. Retrieved from: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/info/gw/huanban/200603/t20060322_75278.htm (last checked, September 2013)
Kakar, Sudhir (1979): “Leadership Training in Administration,” in Management in Government, edited by B.C Mathur, K. Diesh, C. Chandra Sekharan, New Delhi: Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, pp. 129-140
Kung, James, Cai, Yongshun, and Sun, Xiulin (2009): “Rural Cadres and Governance in China: Incentive, Institution and Accountability.” In The China Journal 62, pp. 61-77
Lammers, John C., and Barbour, Joshua B. (2006): “An institutional theory of organizational communication.” In Communication Theory 16, pp. 356-377
Lammers, John C. (2011): “How Institutions Communicate: Institutional Messages, Institutional Logics, and Organizational Communications.” In Management Communication Quarterly 25 (1), pp. 154-182
Lam, Taio-chiu, and Chan, Hon S. (1996): “Reforming China`s Cadre Management System: Two Views of a Civil Service.” In Asian Survey 36 (8), pp. 772-786
Lee, Ching K. (2000): “The Revenge of History: Collective Memories and Labor Protests in Northeastern China.” In Ethnography 1 (2), pp. 217-37
Li, Fang (1 January 2008): Zhongguo ganbu renshi zhidu gaige yi li 30nian chuanjia chengyou sichengjiu 中国干部人事制度改革已历30年专家称有四成就.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64093/64099/6761457.html (last checked, July 2012)
Li Jing (17 July 2013): “Seaweed farming linked to Qingdao`s green tide of algae.” In South China Morning Post. Retrieved from:
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1284295/jiangsu-seaweed-farming-linked-algae-bloom-qingdao (last checked, August 2013)
Lieberthal, Kenneth D. (1992): “Introduction: The `Fragmented Authoritarianism` Model and Its Limitations,” in Bureaucracy, Politics and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, edited by Kenneth Lieberthal and David Lampton, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 1-31
Lieberthal, Kenneth D. (1995): Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. New York: Norton
Lovas, Bjorn, and Ghoshal, Sumantra (2000): “Strategy as Guided Evolution.” In Strategic Management Journal 21, pp. 875-896
Lowell, Dittmer (1984): “Ideology and Organization in Post-Mao China.” In Asian Survey 24 (3), pp. 349-369
Lu Hugen陆沪根, Fu Zhubian副主编, and Zhou Guohua 周国华 (2007): Dangxiao jiaoyu guihua yanjiu 党校教育规划研究. Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe
Ma Changbo 马昌博 (2008): “Lüse GDP “tuiyin” muhou 绿色GDP “退隐”幕后.” In Nanfang Zhoubao 1288, p. B10
Magee, Darrin (2006): “Powershed Politics: Yunnan Hydropower under Great Western Development.” In The China Quarterly 185, pp. 23-41
Manion, Melanie (1985): “The Cadre Management System, Post-Mao: The Appointment, Promotion, Transfer and Removal of Party and State Leaders.” In: The China Quarterly 102, pp. 203-233
Marx, Karl (1895): The German Ideology. Retrieved from:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm (last checked, August 2013)
McPhee, Robert D. and Zaug P. (2000): “The communicative constitution of organizations: A framework for explanation.” In Electronic Journal of Communication, 10(1/2), pp. 1-16
Mertha, Andrew A. (2009): “Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0: Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process.” In The China Quarterly 200, pp. 995-1012
Minar, David M. (1961): “Ideology and Political Behavior.” In Midwest Journal of Political Science 5 (4), pp. 317-331
Monge, Peter R., and Poole, Marshall S. (2008): “The evolution of organizational communication.” In Journal of Communication 58, pp. 679-692
Muldavin, Joshua S.S. (1997): “Environmental Degradation in Heilongjiang: Policy Reform and Agrarian Dynamics in China`s New Hybrid Economy.” In Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 (4), 579-613
Ogden, Suzanne (1989): China`s Unresolved issues: Politics, Development and Culture. Englewood Cliffs: Pren-tice-Hall
Oi, Jean C. (1992): “Fiscal Reform and Economic Foundation of Local State Corporatism in China.” In World Politics 45 (1), pp. 99-126
Oksenberg, Michel (1968): “The Institutionalisation of the Chinese Communist Revolution: The Ladder of Success on the Eve of the Cultural Revolution.” In The China Quarterly 36, pp. 61-92
Oliver, Steven (9 January 2013): “Top-Down Institutions and Agency Losses under Authoritarian Regimes: Gaming of Ambient Air Quality in Urban China.” Presentation at 9th Graduate Seminar on China, Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong
Pearson, Margaret M. (1997): China`s New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform. Berkeley: University of California Press
Perry, Elizabeth (2007): “Studying Chinese Politics: A Farewell to Revolution?” In The China Journal 57, pp. 1-22
People’s Daily (21 November 1979): “Zhonggong zhongzang zuzhibu guanyu shixing ganbu kaohe zhidu de yijian中共中央组织部关于实行干部考核制度的意见.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/71387/71591/4854973.html (last checked, October 2013)
People’s Online (27 June 2005): “Building harmonious society is crucial for China`s progress: Hu.” Retrieved from: http://english.people.com.cn/200506/27/eng20050627_192495.html (last checked June 2013)
People`s Online (8 November 2012): “Hu Jintao: Quanmian tigao dang de jianshe kexuehua shuiping 胡锦涛：全面提高党的建设科学化水平.” Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/18/n/2012/1108/c350821-19526634.html (last checked, November 2012)
People’s Online (1 March 2013): “Xi Jinping zai zhongyang dangxiao jianxiao 80 zhounian qingzhu dahui ji 2013 chunji xueqi kaixue dianli shang de jianghua习近平在中央党校建校80周年庆祝大会暨2013年春季学期开学典礼上的讲话.” Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0303/c64094-20656845.html (last checked, September 2013)
Pieke, Frank N. (2009): The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today`s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Pye, Lucian (1988): The Mandarin and the Cadre: China Political Cultures. Ann Harbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan
Qi, Ye, Ma, Li, Zhang, Huangbo, and Li, Huimin (2008): “Translating a Global Issue into Local Priority––China’s Local Government Response to Climate Change.” In Journal of Environment and Development 17 (4), pp. 379-400
Quanguo ganbu peixun jiaocai bianshen zhidao weiyuanui zuzhi bianxie 全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会组织编写 (2006): 科学发展观Kexue fazhanguan. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, dangjian duwu chubanshe
Quanguo ganbu peixun jiaocai bianshen zhidao weiyuanui zuzhi bianxie 全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会组织编写 (2011): Shengtai wenmin jianshe yu kechixufazhan生态文明间这与可持续发展. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, dangjian duwu chubanshe.
Reed, Maureen G., and Bruyneel, Shannon (2010): “Rescaling Environmental Governance, Rethinking the State: A Three-dimensional Review.” In Progress of Human Geography 34 (5), pp. 875-902
Renmin chubanshe (benshu bianxiezu) 人民出版社（本书编写组） (2010): Hu Jintao zai quandang shenru xuexi shijian kexue fazhanguan guodong zongjie dahui shang de jianghua xuexi duben 胡锦涛 “在全党深入学习实践科学发展观活动总结大会上的讲话”学习读本. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Schurmann, Franz (1971): Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California Press
Shambaugh, David (1984): The Making of a Premier: Zhao Ziyang’s Provincial Career. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Replica Editions
Shambaugh, David (2008a): China`s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley, L.A.: University of California Press
Shambaugh, David (2008b): “Training China`s Political Elite: The Party School System.” In The China Quarterly 196, pp. 827-844
Shi Juan施娟 (22 October 2011): “Ganbu kaohe kan shenme (renmin guancha): Laizi Jiangsu ganyue yuchuan liu shengshi de diaocha干部考核看什么（人民观察）：来自苏浙赣粤渝川六省市的调查.” In People’s Online. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/1598 1043.html (last checked July 2013)
Shih, Victor, and Qi, Zhang (2004): “Who receives subsidies? A look at the county level in two time periods,” In Paying for Progress in China: Public finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality, edited by Vivienne Shue and Christine Wong, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 145-165
Solinger, Dorothy J. (1992): “Urban Entrepreneurs and the State,” In State and Society in China: The Conse-quences of Economic Reform, edited by Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum, Boulder: Westview, pp. 121-41
Sterba, Richard L.A. (1978): “Clandestine Management in the Imperial Chinese Bureaucracy” In The Academy of Management Review 13 (1), pp. 69-78
Strauss, Julia (2003): “`Virtuous and Talented` Officials for the Twentieth Century: Discourse and Practice in Xingzheng China.” In Modern Asia Studies 37 (4), pp. 831-850
Tilt, Bryan (2009): The Struggle for Sustainability in Rural China: Environmental Values and Civil Society. New York: Columbia University Press
Tsai Lilly (2007): Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press
UNEP and Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (26 September 2011): “Suzhoushi shengtai wenming yu kechixu fazhan zhuanti yanxiuban ‘jiu yue zai tongji daxue IESD kaiban’ 苏州市生态文明与可持续发展专题研修班’九月在同济大学IESD开班’.” Retrieved from: http://unep-iesd.tongji.edu.cn/index.php?classid=181&newsid=859&t=show (last checked July 2013)
Wang, Peng (2008): “Environmental problems in developing of new socialist countryside,” in The China Envi-ronment Yearbook Volume.2: Challenges and Struggles, edited by Dongping Yang, Leiden: Brill, pp. 99-119
Wambugu, Samuel M., and Ombui Kephia (2013): “Effects of Reward Strategies on Employee Performance at Kabete Technical Training Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.” In Public Policy and Administration Research 3 (7), pp. 19-45
Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne (2004): “Zentrum und Peripherie in Ostasien,” in Ostasien 1600-1900: Ge-schichte und Gesellschaft, Sepp Linhart and Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrizik (eds.), Vienna: Promedia, pp. 81-98
Wen Jiabao 温家宝 (26 April 2006): “Quanmian luoshi kexue fazhanguan jiakuai jianshe huanjing youhaoxing shehui全面落实科学发展观加快建设环境又好型的社会.” In Zhongguo huanjing bao. Retrieved from: http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0107/20/803452_177952275.s html (last checked 8 July 2013)
Whiting, Susan (2004): “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grass Roots: The Paradox of Party Rule,” in Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era, Susan Whiting, and Dali Yang (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 101-119
World Bank Data: “World Development Indicators.” Retrieved from: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx (last checked, August 2013)
World Bank (2009): “Developing Circular Economy in China: Highlights and Recommendations.
Xinhua Online (4 April 2004a): “Yai zhongyng renkou ziyuan huanjing gongzuo zuotanhui shang de jianghua在中央人口资源环境工作座谈会上的讲话.“ Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-04/04/content_1400087.htm (last checked, October 2013)
Xinhua Online (4 April 2004b): “Hu Jintao: Kexue fazhanguan shi wo dang tichu de xin zhongda zhanlüe sixiang 胡锦涛：科学发展观是我党提出的新重大战略思想.” Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-04/04/content_1400182.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Xu Liming, and Yang, Chaoren (1998): The Management of Chinese Cadre Personnel. Beijing: China Ministry of Personnel Publishing House
Yang Huayun 杨华云 (1 July 2009): “Zhonggong diangshi yanjiushi fuzhuren: ganbu kaohe jiangdi GDP bizhong中共党史研究室副主任：干部考核降低GDP比重.” In Xinhua Net. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2009-07/01/content_11630289.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Yang Zhi (2013): “Shengtai wenming yu xunhuan jingji yanjiu wenti生态文明与循环经济研究问题.” Cadre training session. Beijing: Renmin University
Yicai Online (2013): “Duo di tuijin lüse GDP kaohe huanjing zhibiao yu zhengji guagou多地推进绿色GDP考核环境指标与政绩挂钩.” Retrieved from: http://www.fozone.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=399:gdp-&catid=41:timenewsreport&Itemid=55 (last checked, August 2013)
Yu, Hongyuan (2008): Global Warming and China`s Environmental Diplomacy. New York: Nova Science Publishing
Zhang, Linxiu, Luo Fenfu, Liu, Chengfang, and Rozelle, Scott (2004): “Investing in rural China: Tracking China`s commitment to modernization,” in Paying for Progress in China: Public finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality, edited by Vivienne Shue and Christine Wong, London, New York: Routledge, pp. 117-144
Zhang Ren张刃 (2008): “Sibao ‘heise GDP’ yu ‘lüse GDP’ de nanchan 死抱’黑色GDP’ 与’绿色GDP’的难产.” Retrieved from: http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2007-8/15/content_716941.htm (last checked, 19 May 2009)
Zhao, Shukai (2007): “The Accountability System of Township Governments.” In Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 39 (2), pp. 64-73
Zheng, Yongnian (2010): The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor: Culture, Reproduction and Transformation. London, New York: Routledge
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting mishuju中共中央办公厅秘书局 (2000): “Zhonggong zhongyang guanyu mianxiang 21 shiji jiaqiang he gaijin dangxiao gongzuo de jueding中共中央关于面向21世纪加强和改进党校工作的决定.” Zhongfa [2000] No.10. Retrieved from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/71382/71480/4854083.html, accessed November 2012
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting中共中央办公厅 (2009): “Guanyu jianli zujin kexue fazhanguan de dangzheng lingdao banzi he lingdao ganbu kaohe pingjia jizhi de yijian关于建立促进科学发展观的党政领导班子和领导干部考核评价机制的意见.” Zhongbanfa [2009] 30 hao. Retrieved from http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2009-12/23/content_19115929.htm (last checked, July 2013)
Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting中共中央办公厅 (2010): “2010-2020 nian ganbu jiaoyu peixun gaige wangyao 2010-2020 年干部教育培训改革纲要.” Zhongbanfa ???? hao. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/12467912.html (last checked, March 2011)
Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe (benshu bianxie zu) 中共中央党校出版社 （本书编写组）(2008): Shenru xuexi shijian kexue fazhanguan huodong xuexi duben深入学习实践科学发展观活动学习读本.” Beijing: zhonggong zhongyang dangxioa chubanshe
Zhonggong Suzhoushi shiwei zuzhibu ganbu jianduchu lianxi中共苏州市委组织部干部监督处联系 (2013): “Suzhou shi dangzheng lingdao ganbu renqian gongshi (2013nian di 5 hao) 苏州市党政领导干部任前公示（2013年第5号）.” Retrieved from: http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/xxgk/rsxx _2010/ gbrqgs/201306/t20130606_242686.shtml (last checked, August 2013)
Zhonggong Suzhoushi weidangxiao Suzhoushi xingzheng xueyuan中共苏州市委党校苏州市行政学院: “Dangxiao gaizhuang党校概况.” Retrieved from: http://www.dx.suzhou.gov.cn/template/gaikuang.asp?keyword=%E9%99%A2%E6%A0%A1%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5 (last checked, August 2013)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu 中共中央组织部 (2001): “2001nian-2005nian quanmian ganbu jiaoyu peixun guihua 2001年－2005年全国干部教育培训规划.” Zhongfa [2001] 4 hao. Retrieved from: http://www.ccnt.com.cn/htm/gbpx/index2.php?col=01&file=01_0006 (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu 中共中央组织部 (2006): “2006nian-2011nian quanguo ganbu jiaoyu peixun guihua 2006年-2011年全国干部教育培训规划.” Zhongfa [2006] 21 hao. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/14/content_5604001.htm (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu中共中央组织部 (2006): Ganbu jiaoyu peixun gongzuo tiaolie 干部教育培训工作条烈.” Zhongfa [2006] 3 hao. Retrieved from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/4251754.html (last checked, October 2012)
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu yanjiu shi, zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu zuzhiju 中共中央组织部研究室, 中共中央组织部组织局 (1983): Dang de zuzhi gongzuo wenda 党的组织工作问答. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu yanjiu shi, zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu zuzhiju 中共中央组织部研究室, 中共中央组织部组织局 (1996): Dang de zuzhi gongzuo wenda 党的组织工作问答. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe
Zusman, Eric and Turner, Jennifer L. (2005): “Beyond the Bureaucracy: Changing China`s Policy Making Environment,” in China`s Environment and the Challenge of Development, edited by Kristen A. Day, New York: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 121-149		zh_TW