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題名 彌合或擴大鴻溝:亞歐會議在覺醒"認知區域主義"之角色(1996-2013)
Bridging the gap or widening the gap? The Asia Europe Meeting`s role in awakening `cognitive regionalism`.
作者 黎依芯
貢獻者 蔡增家
黎依芯
關鍵詞 亞歐會議
東協
區域認同
Asia Europe Meeting
ASEAN
regional identity
日期 2012
上傳時間 3-Mar-2014 15:32:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 At the core of this study there lays a paradigm that existing explanation of regionalism and inter-regionalism process neglect the essential, and arguably the most advanced level of it – the cognitive level of regionalism. The theoretical contribution of this study is the concept of “cognitive”/ conscious regionalism”. This dissertation argues that without that element, regional and inter-regional cooperation cannot be advanced and they remain shallow processes.
This study argues that the gap between Asia and Europe is a cognitive one, rather than physical. The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) has been facing severe criticism because of the low effectiveness of its governance. This dissertation explains the reason behind the limits of ASEM in looking into the deeper levels that determine the inter-regional cooperation: level of cognition of the actors involved.
The research not only explains the limits but also identifies the contributions of the ASEM as a bridge between the regions and their peoples’. Creating the venue for interaction contributes to the realization and awakening of the perception of what is “Asia” and what is “Europe” in Asia-Europe Meeting. Incorporating cultural and intellectual agenda of cooperation and including the civil society into the process not only creates the mutual understanding and acquisition of exchanged knowledge but also to pluralization of actors involved in the inter-regional process.
Both in terms of actors and of cultural factors of cooperation, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plays the pivotal role in the ASEM process. The process of sustainable interaction shows institutional learning happening between ASEAN and ASEM that proves the idea of acquisition cognition through interaction also between institutions.
This dissertation’s theoretical contribution is offering the concept of ‘cognitive regionalism’. Cognitive regionalism is explained and analyzed through ideas of awakening, acquisition and affiliation. The analysis is done on four levels of inter-regional, sub-regional, member government and civil society. The aspects included in these levels are: regional identity formation, institutional representation, member government’s commitment to ASEM process and civil society inclusiveness in “bottom-up” inter-regionalism.
The empirical contribution of this research is in the richness of extensive interviews with various stakeholders including Track 1, 1½, 2 and 3 representatives from both across Asia and Europe. Methodology is a combination of interpretative, policy-tracing of official documents, official press releases and an essential participatory observation and field work. The originality of this study is twofold: (1) the comprehensive explanation of the role of culture, and norms in the inter-regional cooperation focusing on the third pillar of ASEM particularly and (2) taking the ASEAN’s perspective in analysis.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
97265506
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0972655061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡增家zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黎依芯zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 黎依芯zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Mar-2014 15:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Mar-2014 15:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Mar-2014 15:32:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0972655061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/64330-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97265506zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) At the core of this study there lays a paradigm that existing explanation of regionalism and inter-regionalism process neglect the essential, and arguably the most advanced level of it – the cognitive level of regionalism. The theoretical contribution of this study is the concept of “cognitive”/ conscious regionalism”. This dissertation argues that without that element, regional and inter-regional cooperation cannot be advanced and they remain shallow processes.
This study argues that the gap between Asia and Europe is a cognitive one, rather than physical. The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) has been facing severe criticism because of the low effectiveness of its governance. This dissertation explains the reason behind the limits of ASEM in looking into the deeper levels that determine the inter-regional cooperation: level of cognition of the actors involved.
The research not only explains the limits but also identifies the contributions of the ASEM as a bridge between the regions and their peoples’. Creating the venue for interaction contributes to the realization and awakening of the perception of what is “Asia” and what is “Europe” in Asia-Europe Meeting. Incorporating cultural and intellectual agenda of cooperation and including the civil society into the process not only creates the mutual understanding and acquisition of exchanged knowledge but also to pluralization of actors involved in the inter-regional process.
Both in terms of actors and of cultural factors of cooperation, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plays the pivotal role in the ASEM process. The process of sustainable interaction shows institutional learning happening between ASEAN and ASEM that proves the idea of acquisition cognition through interaction also between institutions.
This dissertation’s theoretical contribution is offering the concept of ‘cognitive regionalism’. Cognitive regionalism is explained and analyzed through ideas of awakening, acquisition and affiliation. The analysis is done on four levels of inter-regional, sub-regional, member government and civil society. The aspects included in these levels are: regional identity formation, institutional representation, member government’s commitment to ASEM process and civil society inclusiveness in “bottom-up” inter-regionalism.
The empirical contribution of this research is in the richness of extensive interviews with various stakeholders including Track 1, 1½, 2 and 3 representatives from both across Asia and Europe. Methodology is a combination of interpretative, policy-tracing of official documents, official press releases and an essential participatory observation and field work. The originality of this study is twofold: (1) the comprehensive explanation of the role of culture, and norms in the inter-regional cooperation focusing on the third pillar of ASEM particularly and (2) taking the ASEAN’s perspective in analysis.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………………….1
Table of Content ………………………………………………………………………………..2
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………………8
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………..11

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………13
PART 1: RESEARCH DESIGN ……………………………………………………………….14
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………15
1.1. Summary of the research …………………………………………………………15
1.1.1. Background of the problem and the research puzzle ………………….17
1.1.2. Motivation of the study ……………………………………………….18
1.1.3. Contribution of the study ……………………………………………..21
1.1.4. Organization of the dissertation ……………………………………..22
1.2. Literature Review ………………………………………………………………24
1.2.1. Inter-regionalism …………………………………………………….24
1.2.2. The Five Functions of inter-regionalism from the mainstream International Relations approaches ……………………………………………………….26
1.2.3. Old versus New: Typologies of inter-regionalism …………………..31
1.2.4. Defining a region ……………………………………………………..34
1.2.5. Issue of Actorness ………………………………………………………37
1.2.6. ASEM as a manifestation of multilateralism ……………………………38
1.2.7. The socio-cultural dimension of the dialogue ……………………………40
1.2.8. Summary of existing literature ………………………………………….43

Chapter 2: Research Design ……………………………………………………………….. 47
2.1. Analytical Framework …………………………………………………………..47
2.1.1. Research Questions …………………………………………………….47
2.1.2. Working hypotheses ………………………………………………….49
2.2. Conceptual framework ……………………………………………………………53
2.2.1. Levels of analysis ………………………………………………………..53
2.2.2. Socializing as mimicking each other ………………………………55
2.2.3. Social environment of international organizations …………………59
2.2.4. Concepts of social constructivism …………………………………..61
2.2.5. Epistemic community as an effect of socializing …………………..63
2.2.6. Original contribution: The concept of “Cognitive regionalism”……66
2.3. Methodology …………………………………………………………………. 69
2.3.1. Methods applied ……………………………………………………..70
2.3.2. Organization of empirical data ……………………………………….72
2.3.3. Summary of interviewees profiles ……………………………………...77

PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT OF ASEM AND ASEAN…………………………………..81
Chapter 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROCESS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………………82
3.1. ASEAN then – contribution and expectations from ASEAN ………………….. 83
3.1.1. Intra-ASEAN development: ASEAN’s origin …………………………84
3.1.2. Five phases of ASEAN evolution ………………………………………85
3.1.2.1. The formative phase ………………………………………….85
3.1.2.2. The second phase …………………………………………..87
3.1.2.3. The third phase ……………………………………………. 88
3.1.2.4. The fourth phase after the financial crisis …………………90
3.1.2.5. The fifth period …………………………………………….92
3.2. ASEAN-EU relations and the birth of Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) ………….93
3.2.1. ASEAN–EU relations before Karlsruhe Meeting (1970s and 1980s) ……93
3.2.2. Karlsruhe Meeting – the turning point of EU foreign policy towards Asia (1994-1996) ……………………………………………………………………97
3.2.3. The birth of ASEM (1996) ……………………………………………100
3.2.4. First phase of ASEM and its meaning to the ASEAN-EU relations …..104
3.2.5. Summary of Historical background …………………………………….107
3.3. Institutional design and working format of ASEAN ……………………………...109
3.3.1. Institutionalization of ASEAN ………………………………………...109
3.3.2. ASEAN norms and the ASEAN Way ………………………………..111
3.3.3. Meetings and format …………………………………………………….113
3.4. Institutional design and working format of ASEM ………………………………..116
3.4.1. Institutional arrangements of ASEM ……………………………………116
3.4.2. The three-pillar structure ……………………………………………….119
3.4.2.1. The Political Pillar …………………………………………….119
3.4.2.2. The Economic Pillar …………………………………………122
3.4.2.3. The Socio-Cultural Pillar ……………………………………123
3.3.3. Institutional management of ASEM …………………………………125
3.4. Summarizing the ASEAN and ASEM’s institutional characteristics ……………127

Chapter 4: NORMS, VALUES AND IDENTITY- THE VALUE OF DIALOGUING ………130
4.1. Asia-Europe Meeting: the dialogue norms, values and modules of cooperation …131
4.1.1. ASEAN Way versus European institutionalism ……………………….132
4.1.2. Conflicting cooperation cultures ……………………………………135
4.1.3. Clashing over the human rights issues ……………………………..141
4.1.4. Norms’ differences and the asymmetric relationship ………………146
4.1.5. East -West binary and the “Asian values” discourse ……………….147
4.2. Regions in the making – ASEM and regional identity formation …………….148
4.2.1. Regionalism through inter-regionalism …………………………….151
4.2.2. Collectiveness and its political meaning …………………………..154
4.2.3. Identity as cultural representation …………………………………157
4.2.4. Developing regional awareness through interaction ……………….161
4.2.5. Identity on the grassroots level ……………………………………165
4.2.6. Perceptions of “Asia” “Europe” …………………………………….167
4.3. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………173

Chapter 5: THE VALUE-ADDED ASEM: THE ROLE OF THE ASIA-EUROPE FOUNDATION ………………………………………………………………………………..176
5.1. Cultural cooperation in the mandate of ASEM ………………………………...177
5.1.1. Policy tracing of cultural agenda in ASEM documents ………………..177
5.1.2. The Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) ………………………………….181
5.1.3. Phases of ASEF evolution …………………………………………184
5.1.4. ASEF’s ambiguous identity ……………………………………….187
5.2. The nebulous relationship between ASEM and ASEF ……………………….189
5.2.1. Contributions of ASEF to the ASEM process ………………………190
5.2.1.1. Pluralization of actors ……………………………………190
5.2.1.2. Inclusiveness of civil society …………………………….193
5.2.1.3. The value of cultural cooperation ………………………..196
5.2.1.4. Inter-regionalism through educational and
intellectual exchanges ………………………………………………199
5.2.1.5. ASEF as an expert of Asia-Europe relations ……………….202
5.2.2. ASEM recognition and endorsement of ASEF ……………………….205
5.2.2.1. Who needs whom more? …………………………………. 207
5.3. Problems and limitations ………………………………………………………210
5.3.1. Interests and funding: who cares, who doesn’t, and why? ……………211
5.3.2. Connecting but disconnected ………………………………………….214
5.3.3. Visibility issues ………………………………………………………216
5.4. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………...217

PART THREE: CHANGING ASIA, CHANGING EUROPE …………………………….221
CHAPTER 6: CHANGE OF THE ACTORS, CHANGE OF THE BALANCE ……………222
6. 1. The changing ASEAN …………………………………………………………223
6.1.1. ASEAN and the 21st Century’s challenges …………………………..225
6.1.2. New agenda: The Charter, human rights and institutionalisation ……229
6.1.3. ASEAN and its “Way” as a socialization agent ………………………233
6.2. The changing ASEM ……………………………………………………………236
6.2.1. The issue of enlargement – ASEM’s identity crisis …………………..237
6.2.2. ASEM: a problem solving institution or a non-solving problematic institution? ………………………………………………………………………….242
6.2.3. Challenges for inter-regionalism ……………………………………...244
6.2.4. Change of interests: members’ commitments ………………………..248
6.2.5. Changes from “below” ……………………………………………….251
6.3. Change as an effect of socialization ………………………………………………253
6.3.1. The role of dialogue mechanism ………………………………………253
6.3.2. Functionality of ASEM process …………………………………….255
6.4. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………259

CHAPTER 7: EVALUATNG THE ASEM PROCESS: EXPECTATIONS AND LIMITS OF THE ASEM NOW AND THEN ……………………………………………………………..261
7.1. Expectations ……………………………………………………………………..261
7.1.1. The rhetoric at inception …………………………………………….261
7.1.2. Expectations from Europe …………………………………………….262
7.1.2.1. ASEM as EU`s external policy towards Asia …………………265
7.1.3. Expectations from ASEAN ……………………………………………..269
7.1.3.1. ASEAN’s role in creating the ASEM …………………………269
7.1.3.2. ASEAN’s duality towards ASEM …………………………….271
7.2. Evaluation ……………………………………………………………………….272
7.2.1. Utility of ASEM to the EU …………………………………………….272
7.2.2. What ASEM can offer to ASEAN? ……………………………………275
7.2.3. Convergence or divergence of expectations? …………………………277
7.3. The values of ASEM process ……………………………………………………280
7.3.1. The political values: Political symbolism …………………………….280
7.3.2. The economic values: Tangible benefits ……………………………..282
7.3.3. “Beyond hard reasoning: Where politics and economy do not reach …285
7.3.4. Contribution of the Asia-Europe Foundation ………………………….286
7.4. The remaining gap ………………………………………………………………288
7.4.1. Limits and their reasons ………………………………………………288
7.4.2. Diversity of perceptions ……………………………………………..292
7.4.3. The mismatching expectations ………………………………………294
7.4.4. Informality or indecision? …………………………………………….296
7.5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………299


Chapter 8: CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………………….304
8.1. Tested hypotheses ………………………………………………………………304
8.2. Recommendations ……………………………………………………………….313
8.3. Summary …………………………………………………………………………315

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………….317
APENDIX …………………………………………………………………………………….329
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………… 330
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………332
LIST OF GRAPHS …………………………………………………………………………..333		zh_TW
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dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0972655061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 亞歐會議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 東協zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區域認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asia Europe Meetingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ASEANen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) regional identityen_US
dc.title (題名) 彌合或擴大鴻溝:亞歐會議在覺醒"認知區域主義"之角色(1996-2013)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Bridging the gap or widening the gap? The Asia Europe Meeting`s role in awakening `cognitive regionalism`.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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