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題名 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策之研究
The Studies of Skilled Immigration Policies of the United States and Canada作者 林婉萍
Lin,Wan Ping貢獻者 姜家雄
林婉萍
Lin,Wan Ping關鍵詞 技術性移民
美國
加拿大
長期移民
短期移民
Skilled Immgration
The United States
Canada
Permanent Immigration
Temporary Workers日期 2013 上傳時間 14-Jul-2014 11:33:42 (UTC+8) 摘要 經濟全球化以及國際分工，形成跨國的人才競爭，許多國家意識到在新經濟模式下欲維持競爭力，就必須吸納世界各國人才，對高技術人才的需求成為許多已開發國家的共同現象，並將技術性人才的跨國招募視為國家政策的重要項目，其中，美國和加拿大是最能成功吸引技術移民的國家，因此，本研究主要想要探討：美國和加拿大能夠成功吸引技術移民的原因是否與美國和加拿大的技術性移民政策有關。 本研究運用文獻研究法及比較研究法，先分析美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策的發展趨勢與變化，瞭解美國和加拿大技術性移民政策吸引世界各國高技術人才的方式，最後探討美國和加拿大技術性移民政策的成效及影響。 本研究發現美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的變化，主要受到需求驅動的影響，針對不同時期的需求，會適時調整移民政策，而在基於經濟增長的長遠考慮下，必須有一套穩定、有計劃的招募人才的選擇性移民政策。美國與加拿大招募技術性人才的方式，主要皆以招募永久移民與短期移民為主，永久性的技術移民必須是國家需要的、有利於國家的高技術人才，並能長期為國家作出貢獻者；短期移民目的是為了要解決國家短期急需，但雇主在國內卻又招不到高階人才而設置的，但有工作年限的限制，不但解決了國家對極需人才的問題，也避免了當景氣衰退時的勞工過剩現象。在技術性移民政策的成效上，美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策，無論是永久移民或是短期移民，皆呈現逐年增加趨勢，可見得美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策在吸引各國技術人才上有明顯的成效。 本研究建議台灣政府學習美國與加拿大，調整技術性移民政策或配套措施，減少嚴重的人才流失問題，有效吸引外國技術性人才。並期待國內能有更多與美國及加拿大技術性移民政策的相關研究，作為台灣制訂技術性移民政策的借鏡。
Due to economic globalization and international division of labor, contries compete for manpower cross the global. Many countries have realized the importance of recruiting labor forces over the world to maintain their competitiveness under this new economic trend. Especially the needs for high skilled professionals have become a common phenomenon in many developed countries. They regard the transnational labor recruitment is a crucial factor of their national policies. Among these countries, the United State of American and Canada are most success on recruiting skilled immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore a question - Are the policies of skilled immigrants of United State of American and Canada related to their success of skilled workers recruitment?This study utilizes literature review and comparative research method. Through analyzing the developmental trend and change of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, this study tries to understand the method of transnational skilled worker recruitment from these policies. Further, this study discusses the achievements and impacts of these policies. This study found the changes of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada majorly were influenced by the demands of labor forces. Focusing on the demands in different periods, these policies were adjusted accordingly. Based the long term consideration on the economic growth, countries need to have a stable and planned selective immigrant policies on recruitment of skilled workers. The United State of American and Canada’s methods of recruiting skilled labors primarily are in two categories - “Permanent Immigration" and “Temporary Workers”. Permanent immigration is given to immigrants who are high skilled workers. They are needed by the country and will benefit to the country. Also they will contribute to the country for a long time. On the other hand, the temporary worker is given to skilled workers who are fulfilled the short-term needs of the country when these employers could not find employees from domestic labor force. Temporary worker status has limitation on the duration of stay that solves the shortage of domestic manpower and also avoids the excessive labor force in recession. Regarding the achievements of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, both “Permanent Immigration” and “Temporary Workers” policies have been brining skilled workers increasingly every year. This shows their policies have significant effects on recruiting skilled workers cross the world. This study suggests Taiwan government can learn from skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. Taiwan government can adjust its skilled immigrant policies or other supporting measurements. It can reduce seriously problem of losing skilled workers and effectively recruiting skilled workers from other countries. This study expects more related researches in Taiwan on skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. 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Hart.“International Cooperation to Manage High-Skill Migration: The Case of India–U.S. Relations. ”Review of Policy Research, 27, No. 4 (2010)：506-526.Tannock, Stuart. “ Points of Prejudice: Education-Based Discrimination in Canada’s Immigration System.” Antipode 43, No. 4 (2011)：1330–1356.Tichenor, D.“High-Skilled Immigration Reform in Historical Context.”Mortimer Caplin Conference on the World Economy, Washington, 2012.Tang, Nicolas.“Unlimited Talent: The Benefits of High- Skilled Immigrants.”Hinckley Journal of Politics 14 (2013)：33-39. United Nations ,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,“World Population Policies 2009.”, Population Division, New York, United Nations (2010)：1-504.United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Sixty-sevenh session,“Resolution Adopted By the General Assembly. ”International Migration and Development (2012)：1-39.Vivek, Wadhwa., AnnaLee Saxenian, Richard Freeman, Gary Gereffi and Alex Salkever, “America’ s Loss Is the World’s Gain：America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part IV.” Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness at the Social Science Research Institute, (2009)：1-20.Yan, Victor.“International Mobility Trends of Highly Skilled Workers: An Analysis of the Transnational Migration of Highly Skilled Immigrants for both Receiving and Sending Countries and Their Role on Innovation in a Knowledge-Based Economy.”Master of Art, Simon Fraser University, 2009：1-93.網際網路專文Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand,“Immigration Regulation: 1986–2003: Selection on Personal Merit.” 〈http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationReg ulation/5/en〉 , asessed 1 April 2014.Peters, Katherine McIntire, “Up Against The Wall – Operation Gatekeeper.” (1996).Government Executive Magazine.asessed 1 April 2014.〈http://www.govexec.com/archdoc/1096/1096s1.htm〉, 三、網站資料：加拿大移民與公民部（Citizenship and Immigration Canada）： http://www.cic.gc.ca/加拿大就業與社會發展部(Employment and Social Development Canada, ESDC)： http://www.esdc.gc.ca/eng/home.shtml經濟合作與發展組織（Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development）：http://www.oecd.org/美國公民及移民服務局（U.S.Citizenship and Immigration Service） ：http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis美國領事事務局（Service of The Bureau of Consular Affairs-US Department of State）： http://www.travel.state.gov/美國國家安全局( U.S. Department of Homeland Security)： http://www.dhs.gov/美國人口普查局(United States Census Bureau)： http://www.census.gov/ 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
100922019
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100922019 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林婉萍 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin,Wan Ping en_US dc.creator (作者) 林婉萍 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin,Wan Ping en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 14-Jul-2014 11:33:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 14-Jul-2014 11:33:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Jul-2014 11:33:42 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100922019 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67490 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100922019 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 經濟全球化以及國際分工，形成跨國的人才競爭，許多國家意識到在新經濟模式下欲維持競爭力，就必須吸納世界各國人才，對高技術人才的需求成為許多已開發國家的共同現象，並將技術性人才的跨國招募視為國家政策的重要項目，其中，美國和加拿大是最能成功吸引技術移民的國家，因此，本研究主要想要探討：美國和加拿大能夠成功吸引技術移民的原因是否與美國和加拿大的技術性移民政策有關。 本研究運用文獻研究法及比較研究法，先分析美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策的發展趨勢與變化，瞭解美國和加拿大技術性移民政策吸引世界各國高技術人才的方式，最後探討美國和加拿大技術性移民政策的成效及影響。 本研究發現美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的變化，主要受到需求驅動的影響，針對不同時期的需求，會適時調整移民政策，而在基於經濟增長的長遠考慮下，必須有一套穩定、有計劃的招募人才的選擇性移民政策。美國與加拿大招募技術性人才的方式，主要皆以招募永久移民與短期移民為主，永久性的技術移民必須是國家需要的、有利於國家的高技術人才，並能長期為國家作出貢獻者；短期移民目的是為了要解決國家短期急需，但雇主在國內卻又招不到高階人才而設置的，但有工作年限的限制，不但解決了國家對極需人才的問題，也避免了當景氣衰退時的勞工過剩現象。在技術性移民政策的成效上，美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策，無論是永久移民或是短期移民，皆呈現逐年增加趨勢，可見得美國與加拿大的技術性移民政策在吸引各國技術人才上有明顯的成效。 本研究建議台灣政府學習美國與加拿大，調整技術性移民政策或配套措施，減少嚴重的人才流失問題，有效吸引外國技術性人才。並期待國內能有更多與美國及加拿大技術性移民政策的相關研究，作為台灣制訂技術性移民政策的借鏡。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Due to economic globalization and international division of labor, contries compete for manpower cross the global. Many countries have realized the importance of recruiting labor forces over the world to maintain their competitiveness under this new economic trend. Especially the needs for high skilled professionals have become a common phenomenon in many developed countries. They regard the transnational labor recruitment is a crucial factor of their national policies. Among these countries, the United State of American and Canada are most success on recruiting skilled immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore a question - Are the policies of skilled immigrants of United State of American and Canada related to their success of skilled workers recruitment?This study utilizes literature review and comparative research method. Through analyzing the developmental trend and change of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, this study tries to understand the method of transnational skilled worker recruitment from these policies. Further, this study discusses the achievements and impacts of these policies. This study found the changes of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada majorly were influenced by the demands of labor forces. Focusing on the demands in different periods, these policies were adjusted accordingly. Based the long term consideration on the economic growth, countries need to have a stable and planned selective immigrant policies on recruitment of skilled workers. The United State of American and Canada’s methods of recruiting skilled labors primarily are in two categories - “Permanent Immigration" and “Temporary Workers”. Permanent immigration is given to immigrants who are high skilled workers. They are needed by the country and will benefit to the country. Also they will contribute to the country for a long time. On the other hand, the temporary worker is given to skilled workers who are fulfilled the short-term needs of the country when these employers could not find employees from domestic labor force. Temporary worker status has limitation on the duration of stay that solves the shortage of domestic manpower and also avoids the excessive labor force in recession. Regarding the achievements of skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada, both “Permanent Immigration” and “Temporary Workers” policies have been brining skilled workers increasingly every year. This shows their policies have significant effects on recruiting skilled workers cross the world. This study suggests Taiwan government can learn from skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. Taiwan government can adjust its skilled immigrant policies or other supporting measurements. It can reduce seriously problem of losing skilled workers and effectively recruiting skilled workers from other countries. This study expects more related researches in Taiwan on skilled immigrant policies of the United State of American and Canada. It could provide references for designing skilled immigrant policies in Taiwan. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第一章 緒論............................................1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的.............................1第二節 文獻回顧與探討....................................5 第三節 研究方法.....................................11第四節 研究範圍與研究限制................................12 第五節 研究架構與章節安排............................15第二章 美國的技術性移民政策...............................17 第一節 美國移民政策的發展歷程.............................17 第二節 美國的技術性移民政策............................23第三節 美國技術性移民政策的成效............................56第三章 加拿大的技術性移民政策..............................69第一節 加拿大移民政策的發展歷程............................69 第二節 加拿大的技術性移民政策..........................77 第三節 加拿大技術性移民的成效.........................112第四章 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的比較.....................123 第一節 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策歷史的比較..............123 第二節 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的比較.................125 第三節 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策的影響與特點............141第五章 結論............................................159第一節 研究發現.........................................159第二節 研究啟示與後續研究建議.............................165參考文獻..............................................167附錄.................................................182表目錄表2-1 1900年至1960年美國出生地百分比.....................25表2-2 1900年至1970年美國外來移民的職業百分比..............26表2-3 2001年至2012年進入美國就學的國際學生人數及比例........30表2-4 2008至2012年美國職業優先類別移民簽證數佔移民簽證總數 比例...........................................57表2-5 2012年美國已核發之第一、二、三類職業優先類別來源地區 簽證數量及比例...................................58表2-6 2012年美國已核發之第一、二、三類職業優先類別簽證數量 統計-亞洲主要核准國家.............................59表2-7 2008至2012美國已核發之非移民類簽證(短期工作簽證)數量 統計...........................................60表2-8 美國2008至2011年依請願類型批准的H-1B簽證的請願書.....62表2-9 2010年美國25歲以上人口的教育程度分布................63表2-10 2010年美國25歲以上科學和工程學位的外國出生人口出生 地百分比.......................................65表2-11 2010年美國25歲以上在外國出生的科學和工程學位的學位 領域百分比.....................................68表3-1 1967年到2005年加拿大評分制度的變化.................81表3-2 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民六大評分項目 及分數.........................................88表3-3 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民教育程度評分 標準及分數.......................................91表3-4 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民工作經驗評分 標準及分數......................................92表3-5 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民年齡評分標準 及分數.........................................93表3-6 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民就業安排評分標 準及分數.......................................94表3-7 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民適應能力評分標 準及分數.......................................96表3-8 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民安家資金規定......97表3-9 2013年8月1日公佈之魁北克技術移民評分項目及積分.......100表3-10 魁北克技術移民訓練評分項目及積分..................101表3-11 魁北克技術移民工作經驗項目積分....................103表3-12 魁北克技術移民年齡項目積分.......................104表3-13 魁北克技術移民語文能力項目積......................104表3-14 魁北克技術移民魁北克停留及魁北克親屬評分項目及 積分.........................................105表3-15 魁北克技術移民配偶的個人特質評分項目及積分..........106表3-16 魁北克技術移民有效的工作雇用證明項目積分............107表3-17 魁北克技術移民子女項目積分.......................107表3-18 2007-2012年加拿大永久居民類別人數分佈(主申請人)....113表3-19 2007-2012年加拿大永久居民類別百分比分佈(主申請人)..114表3-20 2007-2012年加拿大永久居民的職業技能等級分佈.......115表3-21 2007-2012年加拿大經濟類永久居民人數分佈...........116表3-22 2007-2012年加拿大經濟類永久居民的來源地...........117表3-23 2007-2012年加拿大短期居留人數分布統計.............118表3-24 2007-2012年加拿大外國工人成為永久居民申請類別......119表3-25 2007-2012年加拿大外國工人成為永久居民申請類別百分...119表3-26 2007-2012年加拿大外國學生成為永久居民申請類別統 計...........................................120表3-27 2007-2012年加拿大外國學生成為永久居民申請類別百分比..120表4-1 2011年加拿大從臨時外籍勞工轉換成為永久居民類別的數量...132表4-2 1992-2014年，美國H-1B簽證每年簽證限額.............135表4-3 美國申請第三優先類別(EB-3)綠卡的預計等待期..........137表4-4 加拿大2003年到2012年的移民類別百分比...............138表4-5 2007年至2012年加拿大短期外國工人成為永久居民申請類 別數量統計.....................................140表4-6 2011年美國H-1B簽證請願書批准數量及百分比............144表4-7 美國1989~2009年國外科技與工程(S&E)博士學位獲得者的 來源國或經濟體..................................147表4-8 2007-2012年加拿大外國工人成為永久居民申請技術類別....148附錄附錄一 2013年5月4日公佈之加拿大聯邦技術移民之合格行業…......182附錄二 加拿大聯邦技術移民第一官方語言能力計分方式...........183附錄三 加拿大聯邦技術移民第二官方語言能力計分方式 ..........183附錄四 加拿大聯邦技術移民第一官方語言能力計分方式－雅思......184附錄五 加拿大聯邦技術移民第二官方語言能力計分方式－雅思......184附錄六 加拿大思培-一般組別第一官方語言能力評分標準－思培.....184附錄七 加拿大思培-一般組別第二官方語言能評分標準－思培.......185附錄八 思培官方語言水平與加拿大語言基準(CLB)水平的對照表 ....185附錄九 加拿大TEF第一官方語言能力評分標準..................186附錄十 加拿大TEF第二官方語言能力評分標準..................186 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1666201 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100922019 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 技術性移民 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 加拿大 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 長期移民 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 短期移民 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Skilled Immgration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) The United States en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Canada en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Permanent Immigration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Temporary Workers en_US dc.title (題名) 美國與加拿大技術性移民政策之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Studies of Skilled Immigration Policies of the United States and Canada en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分(一)專書王玉民。《社會科學研究方法原理》。臺北：洪葉文化出版社，1994。王昺。《文化馬賽克‧加拿大移民史》。北京：民族出版社，2003年。朱紅。《轉換‧融合-中國技術移民在加拿大》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2008 年。吳學燕。《移民政策與法規》。臺北：文笙書局，2009年。彼得‧史托克(Peter Stalker)，《國際遷徙與移民》（International Migration），蔡繼光譯。台北：書林出版社，2002年。營志宏。《美國移民法》。臺北：揚智文化事業股份有限公司，2004年。鄧蜀生。《世代悲歡美國夢：美國移民歷程及種族矛盾1607-2000》。北京： 中國社會科學出版社，2000年。薛理桂主編。《比較圖書館學導論》。台北：台灣學生出版社，民83。戴超武。《美國移民政策與亞洲移民》。北京：中國社會科學出版社，1999年。謝立功、張先正。《美國移民政策的發展》。新北，人類文化事業有限公司，2013 年。嚴博文。《美加移民ALL PASS》。臺北：商訊文化，2007年。(二)期刊論文王燕、杭宇。〈美國移民對美國經濟的貢獻〉。《北方經濟》，第三期，2008年， 頁75-75。李其榮。〈發達國家技術移民政策及其影響－以美國和加拿大為例〉。《史學集 刊》，第二期，2007年，頁65-74。李巧雯。〈美國台灣移民的經濟發展析探〉。《興大人文學報》，第42期，2009年 頁95-142。吳開軍。〈淺談加拿大新移民法對華人的影響〉。《華僑華人歷史研究》，第4期， 2003年，頁29-32。姜家雄。〈加拿大移民政策之研究〉。《加拿大研究》，第二期，1998年，頁191- 220。高鑑國。〈二十年代美國移民限額制度的形成與影響〉。《美國研究》，第2期， 1991年，頁138-157。翁裏、夏虹。〈論美國新移民法的國際影響〉。《淡江大學學報》，第31卷第4期， 2001年，頁140-146。梁茂信。〈美國吸引外來人才政策的演變與效用〉。《東北師大學報》，第一期， 1997年，頁54-60。梁信茂。〈1940-1990年美國移民政策的變化與影響〉。《美國研究》，第一期， 1997年，頁82-99。曾嬿芬。〈誰可以打開國界的門？移民政策的階級主義〉。《台灣社會季刊》， 2006年，第61期，頁37-107。劉亞林。〈美國移民政策的演變〉。《蘭州大學社會學報》，21卷，第2期， 1993 年，頁101-107。劉衛東。〈愛國者法及其對美國公民權利的影響〉。《美國研究》，第1期，2006 年，頁75-88。 (三)碩博士論文吳宏仁。〈台灣專業移民政策探討〉。國立台灣大學國家發展研究所，碩士論文， 2009年。吳孟璿。〈台灣專業人力移民及投資移民政策之研究〉。逢甲大學公共政策研究所 碩士論文，2009年。胡小芬。〈羅斯福時代的美國移民政策1933-1945〉。武漢大學歷史研究所，碩士 論文，2004年。胡生璐。〈美國1924年移民法研究〉。東華師範大學歷史研究所，碩士論文， 2009年．歐陽貞誠。〈1965年以來美國的外來移民及其經濟影響〉。東北師範大學世界史 研究所，博士論文，2010年。鄭翔徽。〈外國專業人員移民我國策略之研究〉。國立中山大學公共事務管理研究 所，碩士論文，2007年。賴怡安。〈日本對東亞技術移民之探討〉。淡江大學亞洲研究所，碩士論文，2010 年。(四)政府出版品內政部。《內政部人口政策白皮書》，臺北：中華民國內政部，2008年。內政部入出國及移民署委託研究報告。《我國專技移民及投資移民之策略研究》。 臺北，中華民國內政部，2008年。行政院經濟建設委員會。《聯合國國際遷徙趨勢報告分析》，臺北：中華民國行 政院，2005年。金大勝。《美國移民國籍法簡述》。臺北：中華民國內政部，1992年。黃煌雄、李伸一。《我國移民政策與制度總體檢案調查報告》。臺北：中華民國監 察院，2005年。陳信宏。《主要國家吸引人財政策之研究》。臺北，中華民國行政院經濟建設委 員會，2007年。二、西文部分(一)專書Archdeacon Thomas. 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