1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 交融記憶系統、資訊精緻化與團隊創新－任務衝突、賦權領導及情感氛圍的調節效果
Transactive Memory Systems, Information Elaboration and Team Innovation: The Moderating Effects of Task Conflict, Empowerment Leadership and Affective Tone
作者 林昭宏
貢獻者 黃家齊
林昭宏
關鍵詞 交融記憶系統
資訊精緻化
團隊創新
任務衝突
賦權領導
情感氛圍
日期 2013
上傳時間 21-Jul-2014 15:33:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　時下企業使用團隊以促進創新的方式非常普遍，藉由成員背景的多元性發展出更多可行的新創方案，然而在團隊的專業分工模式下，團隊成員如何快速地瞭解其他成員的專長，並相互配合、協調，高效率地完成任務要求，成為重要的探討議題。團隊成員熟悉團隊內各種技能與知識的分布，並且信任其他成員的專業，彼此溝通協調，此現象稱為交融記憶系統，本研究以真實企業中的團隊為研究對象，且以從事研發或行銷等創意發想工作的團隊為主，探討交融記憶系統與團隊創新之間的關聯。另外，團隊成員對於任務資訊的交流與整合稱為資訊精緻化，本研究也探討資訊精緻化行為是否在兩變項之間擔任中介效果的角色。在交融記憶系統、資訊精緻化與團隊創新的主效果之外，本研究也好奇任務衝突、賦權領導及正、負向情感氛圍是否於其間具有調節效果。

　　本研究共蒐集到70組研發團隊共334位團隊成員作為研究樣本，經過信、效度分析、配適度檢定、趨同性分析、相關分析及層級迴歸分析之後，得出之研究結果顯示交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間存在顯著正向關係。任務衝突、賦權領導與正向情感氛圍各自與資訊精緻化之間具有顯著正向關係，而賦權領導對於交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間之正向關係具有顯著正向調節效果。另外，任務衝突對於交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間之正向關係具有顯著負向調節效果，而賦權領導對於交融記憶系統與團隊創新之間之正向關係具有顯著負向調節效果，此兩者與原假設之調節方向相反。
參考文獻 Agrell, A., & Gustafson, R. (1996). Innovation and creativity in work groups.Handbook of Work group
Psychology, 317-343.

Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005). To empower or not to empower your sales force? An
empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction
and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 945.

Akgün, A. E., Byrne, J., Keskin, H., Lynn, G. S., & Imamoglu, S. Z. (2005). Knowledge networks in
new product development projects: a transactive memory perspective. Information &
Management, 42(8), 1105-1120.

Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357.

Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work
environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.

Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: development
and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(3), 235-258.

Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership
questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal
of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249-269.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.

Bartel, C. A., & Saavedra, R. (2000). The collective construction of work group moods. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 45(2), 197-231.

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations.

Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual review of
psychology, 53(1), 279-307.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit.Sociological Methods &
Research, 21(2), 230-258.

Caldwell, D. F., & O`Reilly, C. A. (2003). The Determinants of Team-Based Innovation in
Organizations The Role of Social Influence. Small Group Research,34(4), 497-517.

Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving
and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1300.

Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social
information processing. Handbook of Social Cognition,1, 323-417.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and
innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and
innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152.

Cole, M. S., Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: a moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 945.

Collins, A. L., Lawrence, S. A., Troth, A. C., & Jordan, P. J. (2013). Group affective tone: A review and future research directions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S43-S62.

Cronin, M. A., Bezrukova, K., Weingart, L. R., & Tinsley, C. H. (2011). Subgroups within a team: The
role of cognitive and affective integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 831-849.

Davenport, T. H. (1997). Ten principles of knowledge management and four case studies. Knowledge
and Process Management, 4(3), 187-208.

Davis, M. S. (1973). Intimate relations. Free Press.

De Dreu, C. K. (2006). When too little or too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship
between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83-107.

De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and
team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741.

De Dreu, C. K., & West, M. A. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of
participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1191.

Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management:
Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of
Management Journal, 39(4), 802-835.

de Wit, F. R., Jehn, K. A., & Scheepers, D. (2013). Task conflict, information processing, and
decision-making: The damaging effect of relationship conflict.Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 122(2), 177-189.

Drach-Zahavy, A., & Somech, A. (2001). Understanding team innovation: The role of team processes
and structures. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5(2), 111.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

Fangcheng Tang (2014). When communication quality is trustworthy? Transactive memory systems
and the mediating role of trust in software development teams

Ford, R. C., & Fottler, M. D. (1995). Empowerment: A matter of degree. The Academy of Management
Executive, 9(3), 21-29.

George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75,
107–116.

George, J. M. (1995). Leader positive mood and group performance: The case of customer
service. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(9), 778-794.

George, J. M. (1996). Group affective tone. In M. West (Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology
(pp. 77–93). New York: Wiley.

George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at
work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310.

Gibson, C. B., & Earley, P. C. (2007). Collective Cognition in Action: Accumulation, Interaction,
Examination, and Accommodation in the Development and Operation of Group Efficacy Beliefs in the
Workplace. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 438-458.


Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect: Information sharing and group
judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65(5), 959.

Gilson, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of teams’
engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470.

Gino, F., Argote, L., Miron-Spektor, E., & Todorova, G. (2010). First, get your feet wet: The effects of
learning from direct and indirect experience on team creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 111(2), 102-115.

Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls
in multilevel research. Academy of Management review, 10(3), 601-616.

Hair, J. F., Tathom, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate data analysis: with
readings.

Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Intl.
ed.).

Hirt, E. R., Melton, R. J., McDonald, H. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Processing goals, task
interest, and the mood–performance relationship: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 71(2), 245.

Hollenbeck, J. R., Colquitt, J. A., Ilgen, D. R., LePine, J. A., & Hedlund, J. (1998). Accuracy
decomposition and team decision making: Testing theoretical boundary conditions. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 83(3), 494.

Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D. J., Hedlund, J., Major, D. A., & Phillips, J. (1995). Mutlilevel
theory of team decision making: Decision performance in teams incorporating distributed
expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 292.

Hollingshead, A. B. (1998). Retrieval processes in transactive memory systems. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 74(3), 659.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary
Journal, 6(1), 1-55.

Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a
comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology,
94(5), 1128.

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem
solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122.

Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on
the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1413.

Ives, B., & Olson, M. H. (1984). User involvement and MIS success: a review of
research. Management science, 30(5), 586-603.

Jackson, M., & Moreland, R. L. (2009). Transactive memory in the classroom.Small Group
Research, 40(5), 508-534.

Jackson, S. E. (1996). The consequences of diversity in multidisciplinary work teams. In M. A. West
(Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology (pp. 53-75). London: Wiley.

James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 67(2), 219.

James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with
and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85.

Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & Veenstra, C. (1999). How task and person conflict shape the role of
positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25(2), 117-141.

Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup
conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 256-282.

Jehn, K. A. (1997). Affective and cognitive conflict in work groups: Increasing performance through
value-based intragroup conflict. Using Conflict in Organizations, 87-100.

Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing
organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership
Quarterly, 14(4), 525-544.

Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2007). The impact of knowledge coordination on virtual team
performance over time. Mis Quarterly, 783-808.

Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology.

Kanter, R. M. (2000). When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for
innovation in organization. Entrepreneurship: The Social Science View, 167-210.

Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009). When and how diversity benefits teams: the
importance of team members` need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 581-598.

Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., ... & Peterson,
D. R. Close relationships. 1983.

Kelly, J. R., & Barsade, S. G. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work
teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 99-130.

Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1997). A model of work team empowerment. Research in organizational
change and development, 10, 131-167.

Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team
empowerment. Academy of Management Journal,42(1), 58-74.

Knippenberg, D. V., & Wilke, H. (1992). Prototypicality of arguments and conformity to ingroup
norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 141-155.

Kooij-de Bode, H. J., van Knippenberg, D., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2008). Ethnic diversity and
distributed information in group decision making: The importance of information elaboration. Group
Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,12(4), 307.

Kozlowski, S. W., & Bell, B. S. (2003). Work groups and teams in organizations. Handbook of
Psychology.

Kozlowski, S. W., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations:
Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes.



Lee, C. S., Lee, W., & Kim, J. (2007). Effects of Transformational Leadership and Self-leadership on
Innovative Behaviors: Mediating Roles of Empowerment. International Area Studies Review, 10(2),
163-176.

Leenders, R. T. A., Van Engelen, J. M., & Kratzer, J. (2003). Virtuality, communication, and new
product team creativity: a social network perspective.Journal of Engineering and Technology
Management, 20(1), 69-92.

Levine, J. M., Resnick, L. B., & Higgins, E. T. (1993). Social foundations of cognition. Annual Review
of Psychology, 44(1), 585-612.

Lewis, K. (2003). Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scale development and
validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 587.

Lewis, K. (2004). Knowledge and performance in knowledge-worker teams: A longitudinal study of
transactive memory systems. Management Science,50(11), 1519-1533.

Lewis, K., Belliveau, M., Herndon, B., & Keller, J. (2007). Group cognition, membership change, and
performance: Investigating the benefits and detriments of collective knowledge. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 159-178.

Lewis, K., & Herndon, B. (2011). Transactive memory systems: Current issues and future research
directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 1254-1265.

Lewis, K., Lange, D., & Gillis, L. (2005). Transactive memory systems, learning, and learning
transfer. Organization Science, 16(6), 581-598.

Liang, A. Z., & Jin, Y. H. (2010, November). Transactive Memory Systems in Multi-teams Cooperation. In Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII), 2010
International Conference on (Vol. 4, pp. 3-7). IEEE.

Liang, D. W., Moreland, R., & Argote, L. (1995). Group versus individual training and group
performance: The mediating role of transactive memory. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 21(4), 384-393.

Lipman-Blumen, J., & Leavitt, H. J. (1999). Hot groups: Seeding them, feeding them, and using them
to ignite your organization. New York: Oxford University Press

Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. Handbook of Affective
Science, 619(642), 3.

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of
sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130.

Mackie, D. M., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1990). Processing of persuasive in-group
messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58(5), 812.

Marks, M. A., Zaccaro, S. J., & Mathieu, J. E. (2000). Performance implications of leader briefings and
team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 85(6), 971.

Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret
the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3),
317.

Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Cannon‐Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (2005). Scaling the
quality of teammates` mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 26(1), 37-56.

Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 273..

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational
trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734.

McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small
Group Research, 27(2), 248-264.

Meyer, B., Shemla, M., & Schermuly, C. C. (2011). Social category salience moderates the effect of
diversity faultlines on information elaboration. Small Group Research.

Moreland, R. L. (1999). Transactive memory: Learning who knows what in work groups and
organizations.

Moreland, R. L., Argote, L., & Krishnan, R. (1996). Socially shared cognition at work: Transactive
memory and group performance.

Mulaik, Stanley A., et al. "Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation
models." Psychological bulletin 105.3 (1989): 430.

Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and
innovation. Psychological bulletin, 103(1), 27.

Murray, N., Sujan, H., Hirt, E. R., & Sujan, M. (1990). The influence of mood on categorization: A
cognitive flexibility interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 411.

Nemeth, C. J. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological
review, 93(1), 23.

Nemeth, C. J., & Owens, P. (1996). Making work group more effective: The value of minority dissent.
In M. A. West (Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology (pp. 125-141). London: Wiley.

Nijstad, B. A., & De Dreu, C. K. (2002). Creativity and group innovation. Applied Psychology, 51(3),
400-406.

N Nijstad, B. A., Rietzschel, E. F., & Stroebe, W. (2006). Four principles of group creativity. Creativity
and innovation in organizational teams, 161-79.

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1978). Psychometric theory.

Pearsall, M. J., & Ellis, A. P. (2006). The effects of critical team member assertiveness on team
performance and satisfaction. Journal of Management,32(4), 575-594.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in
behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 88(5), 879.

Prichard, J. S., & Ashleigh, M. J. (2007). The effects of team-skills training on transactive memory and
performance. Small Group Research, 38(6), 696-726.

Rau, D. (2005). The influence of relationship conflict and trust on the transactive memory performance
relation in top management teams. Small Group Research, 36(6), 746-771.


Ren, Y., Carley, K. M., & Argote, L. (2006). The contingent effects of transactive memory: When is it
more beneficial to know what others know?.Management Science, 52(5), 671-682.

Rhee, S. Y. (2007). Group emotions and group outcomes: The role of group-member
interactions. Research on Managing groups and teams, 10, 65-95.

Riedl, B. C., Gallenkamp, J. V., Picot, A., & Welpe, I. M. (2012, January). Antecedents of Transactive
Memory Systems in Virtual Teams--The Role of Communication, Culture, and Team Size. In System
Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 465-474). IEEE.

Schwarz, N., & Bless, H. (1991). Happy and mindless, but sad and smart? The impact of affective
states on analytic reasoning. Emotion and Social Judgments, 55-71.

Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual
factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.

Sharkie, R. (2005 , July 19-22). Perceptions of trust in an organisation: The factors that influence the
sharing of tacit knowledge. In Fifth International Conference on Knowledge, Culture and Change in
Organisations. Rhodes, Greece: University of the Aegean.

Shonk, J. H. (1982). Working in teams: A practical manual for improving work groups. New York:
Amacom.

Siegel Christian, J., Pearsall, M. J., Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. (2014). Exploring the benefits and
boundaries of transactive memory systems in adapting to team member loss. Group Dynamics: Theory,
Research, and Practice, 18(1), 69.

Skilton, P. F., & Dooley, K. J. (2010). The effects of repeat collaboration on creative abrasion. Academy
of Management Review, 35(1), 118-134.

Stasser, G. (1999). The uncertain role of unshared information in collective choice. Shared cognition in
organizations: The management of knowledge, 49-69.

Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1987). Effects of information load and percentage of shared information on
the dissemination of unshared information during group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 53(1), 81.


Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: impact of the leader`s mood on the
mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 90(2), 295.

Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive”
model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681.

Tindale, R. S., Kameda, T., & Hinsz, V. B. (2003). Group decision making. Sage Handbook of Social
Psychology, 381-403.

Tindale, R. S., Smith, C. M., Thomas, L. S., Filkins, J., & Sheffey, S. (1996). Shared representations
and asymmetric social influence processes in small groups. Understanding group behaviour:
Consensual action by small groups, 81-103.

Tjosvold, D. (1990). Team organization: An enduring competitive advantage. Chichester, England:
Wiley.

Tjosvold, D. (1997). Conflict within Interdependence: Its Value for Productivity and
Individuality. Using Conflict in Organizations, 23.

Van de Vliert, E., & De Dreu, C. K. (1994). Optimizing performance by conflict
stimulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5(3), 211-222.

van Ginkel, W. P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008). Group information elaboration and group decision
making: The role of shared task representations.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 105(1), 82-97.

Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda.Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008.

Van Offenbeek, M., & Koopman, P. (1996). Interaction and decision making in project
teams. Handbook of Work Group Psychology, 159, C187.

Vesa, P. & Mervi, H. (August, 2011). The impact of transactive memory systems and transformational
leadership on team innovation. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: A dynamic model of the emergence of
positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.

Walton, R. E., & Dutton, J. M. (1969). The management of interdepartmental conflict: A model and
review. Administrative Science Quarterly, 73-84.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of
positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6),
1063.

Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. T. (1985). Cognitive interdependence in close relationships.
In Compatible and Incompatible Relationships (pp. 253-276). Springer New York.

Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the
structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work.

West, M. A. (1990). The social psychology of innovation in groups.

West, M. A. (2002). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and
innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology, 51(3), 355-387.

West, M. A., & Altink, W. M. (1996). Innovation at work: Individual, group, organizational, and socio-historical perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 3-11.

West, M. A., & Wallace, M. (1991). Innovation in health care teams. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 21(4), 303-315.

Winquist, J. R., & Larson Jr, J. R. (1998). Information pooling: When it impacts group decision
making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 371.

Wittenbaum, G. M., & Stasser, G. (1996). Management of information in small groups.

Yuan, Y. C., Carboni, I., & Ehrlich, K. (2010). The impact of awareness and accessibility on expertise
retrieval: A multilevel network perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science
and Technology, 61(4), 700-714.


Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The
influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process
engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
101355003
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1013550031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃家齊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林昭宏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林昭宏zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 21-Jul-2014 15:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 21-Jul-2014 15:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 21-Jul-2014 15:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1013550031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67568-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101355003zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　時下企業使用團隊以促進創新的方式非常普遍，藉由成員背景的多元性發展出更多可行的新創方案，然而在團隊的專業分工模式下，團隊成員如何快速地瞭解其他成員的專長，並相互配合、協調，高效率地完成任務要求，成為重要的探討議題。團隊成員熟悉團隊內各種技能與知識的分布，並且信任其他成員的專業，彼此溝通協調，此現象稱為交融記憶系統，本研究以真實企業中的團隊為研究對象，且以從事研發或行銷等創意發想工作的團隊為主，探討交融記憶系統與團隊創新之間的關聯。另外，團隊成員對於任務資訊的交流與整合稱為資訊精緻化，本研究也探討資訊精緻化行為是否在兩變項之間擔任中介效果的角色。在交融記憶系統、資訊精緻化與團隊創新的主效果之外，本研究也好奇任務衝突、賦權領導及正、負向情感氛圍是否於其間具有調節效果。

　　本研究共蒐集到70組研發團隊共334位團隊成員作為研究樣本，經過信、效度分析、配適度檢定、趨同性分析、相關分析及層級迴歸分析之後，得出之研究結果顯示交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間存在顯著正向關係。任務衝突、賦權領導與正向情感氛圍各自與資訊精緻化之間具有顯著正向關係，而賦權領導對於交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間之正向關係具有顯著正向調節效果。另外，任務衝突對於交融記憶系統與資訊精緻化之間之正向關係具有顯著負向調節效果，而賦權領導對於交融記憶系統與團隊創新之間之正向關係具有顯著負向調節效果，此兩者與原假設之調節方向相反。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 謝辭......i
摘要......ii
Abstract......iii
目錄......v
表目錄......vi
圖目錄......vii
第壹章 緒論......1
第一節 研究背景與動機......1
第二節 研究目的......4
第貳章 文獻探討與假設推演......5
第一節 交融記憶系統......5
第二節 交融記憶系統與團隊創新......9
第三節 資訊精緻化的中介效果......11
第四節 任務衝突、賦權領導與情感氛圍......13
第五節 研究架構與研究假設整理......19
第參章 研究方法......21
第一節 研究設計......21
第二節 資料分析程序......30
第三節 研究變項衡量......31
第四節 團隊資料整合......38
第肆章 資料分析與結果......40
第一節 相關分析......40
第二節 層級迴歸分析......42
第三節 研究假設驗證......47
第伍章 研究限制與未來研究建議......48
第一節 研究結果與討論......48
第二節 理論與實務意涵......51
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議......53
參考文獻......56
附錄一　問卷施測辦法與公司基本資料......69
附錄二　團隊成員調查問卷......71
附錄三　團隊主管調查問卷......75		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1106888 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1013550031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交融記憶系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊精緻化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 團隊創新zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 任務衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 賦權領導zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情感氛圍zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 交融記憶系統、資訊精緻化與團隊創新－任務衝突、賦權領導及情感氛圍的調節效果zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Transactive Memory Systems, Information Elaboration and Team Innovation: The Moderating Effects of Task Conflict, Empowerment Leadership and Affective Toneen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agrell, A., & Gustafson, R. (1996). Innovation and creativity in work groups.Handbook of Work group
Psychology, 317-343.

Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005). To empower or not to empower your sales force? An
empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction
and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 945.

Akgün, A. E., Byrne, J., Keskin, H., Lynn, G. S., & Imamoglu, S. Z. (2005). Knowledge networks in
new product development projects: a transactive memory perspective. Information &
Management, 42(8), 1105-1120.

Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357.

Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work
environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.

Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: development
and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(3), 235-258.

Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership
questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal
of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249-269.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.

Bartel, C. A., & Saavedra, R. (2000). The collective construction of work group moods. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 45(2), 197-231.

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations.

Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual review of
psychology, 53(1), 279-307.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit.Sociological Methods &
Research, 21(2), 230-258.

Caldwell, D. F., & O`Reilly, C. A. (2003). The Determinants of Team-Based Innovation in
Organizations The Role of Social Influence. Small Group Research,34(4), 497-517.

Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving
and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1300.

Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social
information processing. Handbook of Social Cognition,1, 323-417.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and
innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and
innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128-152.

Cole, M. S., Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: a moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 945.

Collins, A. L., Lawrence, S. A., Troth, A. C., & Jordan, P. J. (2013). Group affective tone: A review and future research directions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S43-S62.

Cronin, M. A., Bezrukova, K., Weingart, L. R., & Tinsley, C. H. (2011). Subgroups within a team: The
role of cognitive and affective integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 831-849.

Davenport, T. H. (1997). Ten principles of knowledge management and four case studies. Knowledge
and Process Management, 4(3), 187-208.

Davis, M. S. (1973). Intimate relations. Free Press.

De Dreu, C. K. (2006). When too little or too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship
between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83-107.

De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and
team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741.

De Dreu, C. K., & West, M. A. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of
participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1191.

Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management:
Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of
Management Journal, 39(4), 802-835.

de Wit, F. R., Jehn, K. A., & Scheepers, D. (2013). Task conflict, information processing, and
decision-making: The damaging effect of relationship conflict.Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 122(2), 177-189.

Drach-Zahavy, A., & Somech, A. (2001). Understanding team innovation: The role of team processes
and structures. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5(2), 111.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

Fangcheng Tang (2014). When communication quality is trustworthy? Transactive memory systems
and the mediating role of trust in software development teams

Ford, R. C., & Fottler, M. D. (1995). Empowerment: A matter of degree. The Academy of Management
Executive, 9(3), 21-29.

George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75,
107–116.

George, J. M. (1995). Leader positive mood and group performance: The case of customer
service. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(9), 778-794.

George, J. M. (1996). Group affective tone. In M. West (Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology
(pp. 77–93). New York: Wiley.

George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at
work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310.

Gibson, C. B., & Earley, P. C. (2007). Collective Cognition in Action: Accumulation, Interaction,
Examination, and Accommodation in the Development and Operation of Group Efficacy Beliefs in the
Workplace. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 438-458.


Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect: Information sharing and group
judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65(5), 959.

Gilson, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of teams’
engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470.

Gino, F., Argote, L., Miron-Spektor, E., & Todorova, G. (2010). First, get your feet wet: The effects of
learning from direct and indirect experience on team creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 111(2), 102-115.

Glick, W. H. (1985). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls
in multilevel research. Academy of Management review, 10(3), 601-616.

Hair, J. F., Tathom, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate data analysis: with
readings.

Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Intl.
ed.).

Hirt, E. R., Melton, R. J., McDonald, H. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Processing goals, task
interest, and the mood–performance relationship: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 71(2), 245.

Hollenbeck, J. R., Colquitt, J. A., Ilgen, D. R., LePine, J. A., & Hedlund, J. (1998). Accuracy
decomposition and team decision making: Testing theoretical boundary conditions. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 83(3), 494.

Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D. J., Hedlund, J., Major, D. A., & Phillips, J. (1995). Mutlilevel
theory of team decision making: Decision performance in teams incorporating distributed
expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 292.

Hollingshead, A. B. (1998). Retrieval processes in transactive memory systems. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 74(3), 659.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary
Journal, 6(1), 1-55.

Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a
comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology,
94(5), 1128.

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem
solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122.

Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on
the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1413.

Ives, B., & Olson, M. H. (1984). User involvement and MIS success: a review of
research. Management science, 30(5), 586-603.

Jackson, M., & Moreland, R. L. (2009). Transactive memory in the classroom.Small Group
Research, 40(5), 508-534.

Jackson, S. E. (1996). The consequences of diversity in multidisciplinary work teams. In M. A. West
(Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology (pp. 53-75). London: Wiley.

James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 67(2), 219.

James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with
and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85.

Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & Veenstra, C. (1999). How task and person conflict shape the role of
positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25(2), 117-141.

Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup
conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 256-282.

Jehn, K. A. (1997). Affective and cognitive conflict in work groups: Increasing performance through
value-based intragroup conflict. Using Conflict in Organizations, 87-100.

Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing
organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership
Quarterly, 14(4), 525-544.

Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2007). The impact of knowledge coordination on virtual team
performance over time. Mis Quarterly, 783-808.

Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology.

Kanter, R. M. (2000). When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for
innovation in organization. Entrepreneurship: The Social Science View, 167-210.

Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009). When and how diversity benefits teams: the
importance of team members` need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 581-598.

Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., ... & Peterson,
D. R. Close relationships. 1983.

Kelly, J. R., & Barsade, S. G. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work
teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 99-130.

Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1997). A model of work team empowerment. Research in organizational
change and development, 10, 131-167.

Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team
empowerment. Academy of Management Journal,42(1), 58-74.

Knippenberg, D. V., & Wilke, H. (1992). Prototypicality of arguments and conformity to ingroup
norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 141-155.

Kooij-de Bode, H. J., van Knippenberg, D., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2008). Ethnic diversity and
distributed information in group decision making: The importance of information elaboration. Group
Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,12(4), 307.

Kozlowski, S. W., & Bell, B. S. (2003). Work groups and teams in organizations. Handbook of
Psychology.

Kozlowski, S. W., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations:
Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes.



Lee, C. S., Lee, W., & Kim, J. (2007). Effects of Transformational Leadership and Self-leadership on
Innovative Behaviors: Mediating Roles of Empowerment. International Area Studies Review, 10(2),
163-176.

Leenders, R. T. A., Van Engelen, J. M., & Kratzer, J. (2003). Virtuality, communication, and new
product team creativity: a social network perspective.Journal of Engineering and Technology
Management, 20(1), 69-92.

Levine, J. M., Resnick, L. B., & Higgins, E. T. (1993). Social foundations of cognition. Annual Review
of Psychology, 44(1), 585-612.

Lewis, K. (2003). Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scale development and
validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 587.

Lewis, K. (2004). Knowledge and performance in knowledge-worker teams: A longitudinal study of
transactive memory systems. Management Science,50(11), 1519-1533.

Lewis, K., Belliveau, M., Herndon, B., & Keller, J. (2007). Group cognition, membership change, and
performance: Investigating the benefits and detriments of collective knowledge. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 159-178.

Lewis, K., & Herndon, B. (2011). Transactive memory systems: Current issues and future research
directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 1254-1265.

Lewis, K., Lange, D., & Gillis, L. (2005). Transactive memory systems, learning, and learning
transfer. Organization Science, 16(6), 581-598.

Liang, A. Z., & Jin, Y. H. (2010, November). Transactive Memory Systems in Multi-teams Cooperation. In Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII), 2010
International Conference on (Vol. 4, pp. 3-7). IEEE.

Liang, D. W., Moreland, R., & Argote, L. (1995). Group versus individual training and group
performance: The mediating role of transactive memory. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 21(4), 384-393.

Lipman-Blumen, J., & Leavitt, H. J. (1999). Hot groups: Seeding them, feeding them, and using them
to ignite your organization. New York: Oxford University Press

Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. Handbook of Affective
Science, 619(642), 3.

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of
sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130.

Mackie, D. M., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1990). Processing of persuasive in-group
messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58(5), 812.

Marks, M. A., Zaccaro, S. J., & Mathieu, J. E. (2000). Performance implications of leader briefings and
team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 85(6), 971.

Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret
the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3),
317.

Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Cannon‐Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (2005). Scaling the
quality of teammates` mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 26(1), 37-56.

Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 273..

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational
trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734.

McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small
Group Research, 27(2), 248-264.

Meyer, B., Shemla, M., & Schermuly, C. C. (2011). Social category salience moderates the effect of
diversity faultlines on information elaboration. Small Group Research.

Moreland, R. L. (1999). Transactive memory: Learning who knows what in work groups and
organizations.

Moreland, R. L., Argote, L., & Krishnan, R. (1996). Socially shared cognition at work: Transactive
memory and group performance.

Mulaik, Stanley A., et al. "Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation
models." Psychological bulletin 105.3 (1989): 430.

Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and
innovation. Psychological bulletin, 103(1), 27.

Murray, N., Sujan, H., Hirt, E. R., & Sujan, M. (1990). The influence of mood on categorization: A
cognitive flexibility interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 411.

Nemeth, C. J. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological
review, 93(1), 23.

Nemeth, C. J., & Owens, P. (1996). Making work group more effective: The value of minority dissent.
In M. A. West (Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology (pp. 125-141). London: Wiley.

Nijstad, B. A., & De Dreu, C. K. (2002). Creativity and group innovation. Applied Psychology, 51(3),
400-406.

N Nijstad, B. A., Rietzschel, E. F., & Stroebe, W. (2006). Four principles of group creativity. Creativity
and innovation in organizational teams, 161-79.

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1978). Psychometric theory.

Pearsall, M. J., & Ellis, A. P. (2006). The effects of critical team member assertiveness on team
performance and satisfaction. Journal of Management,32(4), 575-594.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in
behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 88(5), 879.

Prichard, J. S., & Ashleigh, M. J. (2007). The effects of team-skills training on transactive memory and
performance. Small Group Research, 38(6), 696-726.

Rau, D. (2005). The influence of relationship conflict and trust on the transactive memory performance
relation in top management teams. Small Group Research, 36(6), 746-771.


Ren, Y., Carley, K. M., & Argote, L. (2006). The contingent effects of transactive memory: When is it
more beneficial to know what others know?.Management Science, 52(5), 671-682.

Rhee, S. Y. (2007). Group emotions and group outcomes: The role of group-member
interactions. Research on Managing groups and teams, 10, 65-95.

Riedl, B. C., Gallenkamp, J. V., Picot, A., & Welpe, I. M. (2012, January). Antecedents of Transactive
Memory Systems in Virtual Teams--The Role of Communication, Culture, and Team Size. In System
Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 465-474). IEEE.

Schwarz, N., & Bless, H. (1991). Happy and mindless, but sad and smart? The impact of affective
states on analytic reasoning. Emotion and Social Judgments, 55-71.

Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual
factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.

Sharkie, R. (2005 , July 19-22). Perceptions of trust in an organisation: The factors that influence the
sharing of tacit knowledge. In Fifth International Conference on Knowledge, Culture and Change in
Organisations. Rhodes, Greece: University of the Aegean.

Shonk, J. H. (1982). Working in teams: A practical manual for improving work groups. New York:
Amacom.

Siegel Christian, J., Pearsall, M. J., Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. (2014). Exploring the benefits and
boundaries of transactive memory systems in adapting to team member loss. Group Dynamics: Theory,
Research, and Practice, 18(1), 69.

Skilton, P. F., & Dooley, K. J. (2010). The effects of repeat collaboration on creative abrasion. Academy
of Management Review, 35(1), 118-134.

Stasser, G. (1999). The uncertain role of unshared information in collective choice. Shared cognition in
organizations: The management of knowledge, 49-69.

Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1987). Effects of information load and percentage of shared information on
the dissemination of unshared information during group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 53(1), 81.


Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: impact of the leader`s mood on the
mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 90(2), 295.

Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive”
model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681.

Tindale, R. S., Kameda, T., & Hinsz, V. B. (2003). Group decision making. Sage Handbook of Social
Psychology, 381-403.

Tindale, R. S., Smith, C. M., Thomas, L. S., Filkins, J., & Sheffey, S. (1996). Shared representations
and asymmetric social influence processes in small groups. Understanding group behaviour:
Consensual action by small groups, 81-103.

Tjosvold, D. (1990). Team organization: An enduring competitive advantage. Chichester, England:
Wiley.

Tjosvold, D. (1997). Conflict within Interdependence: Its Value for Productivity and
Individuality. Using Conflict in Organizations, 23.

Van de Vliert, E., & De Dreu, C. K. (1994). Optimizing performance by conflict
stimulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5(3), 211-222.

van Ginkel, W. P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008). Group information elaboration and group decision
making: The role of shared task representations.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 105(1), 82-97.

Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda.Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008.

Van Offenbeek, M., & Koopman, P. (1996). Interaction and decision making in project
teams. Handbook of Work Group Psychology, 159, C187.

Vesa, P. & Mervi, H. (August, 2011). The impact of transactive memory systems and transformational
leadership on team innovation. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: A dynamic model of the emergence of
positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.

Walton, R. E., & Dutton, J. M. (1969). The management of interdepartmental conflict: A model and
review. Administrative Science Quarterly, 73-84.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of
positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6),
1063.

Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. T. (1985). Cognitive interdependence in close relationships.
In Compatible and Incompatible Relationships (pp. 253-276). Springer New York.

Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the
structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work.

West, M. A. (1990). The social psychology of innovation in groups.

West, M. A. (2002). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and
innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology, 51(3), 355-387.

West, M. A., & Altink, W. M. (1996). Innovation at work: Individual, group, organizational, and socio-historical perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 3-11.

West, M. A., & Wallace, M. (1991). Innovation in health care teams. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 21(4), 303-315.

Winquist, J. R., & Larson Jr, J. R. (1998). Information pooling: When it impacts group decision
making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 371.

Wittenbaum, G. M., & Stasser, G. (1996). Management of information in small groups.

Yuan, Y. C., Carboni, I., & Ehrlich, K. (2010). The impact of awareness and accessibility on expertise
retrieval: A multilevel network perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science
and Technology, 61(4), 700-714.


Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The
influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process
engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.		zh_TW