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題名 靈與心的救贖：從靈思心理學解讀al-Ghazzali的蘇非之道
The Salvation of Soul and Heart: A Contemplative Psychological Interpretation on al-Ghazzali’s Sufi Path作者 楊美芬 貢獻者 蔡怡佳<br>林長寬
楊美芬關鍵詞 al-Ghazzali
靈與心的救贖
蘇非之道
精神危機
外顯與內隱
Han F. de Wit
靈思心理學
懷疑之心
靈性
思想與經驗
轉化
改變與捨離
al-Ghazzali
salvation of soul and heart
Sufism
spiritual crisis
exoteric & esoteric
Han F. de Wit
contemplative psychology
heart with doubt
spirituality
thought and experience
transformation
change and renunciation日期 2013 上傳時間 6-Aug-2014 11:45:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文以11、12世紀伊斯蘭蘇非大師Ghazzali的靈與心之救贖作為宗教心理學理論探討的典範，主要著眼於他個人在宗教心理的意義中，以虔誠和謙卑體現信仰實踐的重大轉變，除了其本身擁有豐富的知識和深刻的思想，更重要的是，他履行蘇非之道，徹底改變信仰態度，真正捨離世俗，最終獲得靈與心的救贖。在分析和詮釋的理論依據上，本文採用荷蘭宗教心理學家Han F.de Wit結合自己的心理學素養與靈修經驗，在20世紀晚期發展出的一套理論，稱為「靈思心理學」（Contemplative Psychology）。在這套理論中，de Wit呈現宗教的冥思傳統(contemplative tradition)與個人的心理洞見、信念之間的連結，經驗和思想可以相互為用。在他所提出的觀點之中，本文透過如下幾個主張，包括皈依、關鍵時刻、斷裂、危機、懷疑、改變、與捨離，說明Ghazzali如何成就伊斯蘭密契傳統的最高典範，同時也突顯靈思心理學試圖闡釋人類靈與心互相超越，同獲救贖的理想。
The thesis regarded Ghazzali, the outstanding thinker and great Sufi of Islamic world in the 11th and 12th centuries, as a perfect example, who embodied an inward transformation of religious action with piety and humility. Other than his profound knowledge and thoughts, Ghazzali is also an authority on theology and law of Islam, and furthermore he performed a Muslim’s devotion by proceeding on the path of Sufi. He gave up all his possessions, followed the instructions of Sufism to survive a serious crisis of spirit, and obtained the ultimate salvation of his soul and heart in the end.The theory used in this thesis to analyze and interpret Ghazzali’s spiritual experience is the “contemplative psychology” of Han F.de Wit, who is a religious psychologist of the Netherlands. De Wit spent more than ten years combining his psychological training and spiritual experience to develop the theory in late twentieth century. In this theory he presented the connection between contemplative traditions of many religions and the insights & beliefs within individual mind. Among those concepts stated by de Wit in his theory, the thesis used mainly several of them, such as conversion, moments, break, crisis, doubt, change, and renunciation, etc. Accordingly, Ghazzali could be the most perfect example of the contemplative psychology, when we refer to salvation of both human Soul and Heart.參考文獻 有關伊斯蘭思想及蘇非主義 Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (1979), The Doctrine of the Sufis, Translated by A.J.Arberry. London: Cambridge University Press. Armstrong, Amatullah (1995), Sufi Terminology(Al-Qamus Al-Sufi)-The Mystical Language of Islam, Kuala Lumpur: A.S.Noordeen. Armstrong, Karen (2000),Islam-A Short History, London: Weidenfeld& Nicolson. Avery, Kenneth S. (2004), A Psychology of Early Sufi Sama-Listening and altered states, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Burckhardt, Titus (2008), Introduction to Sufi Doctrine, Bloomington: World Wisdom, Inc. Fakhry, Majid (1997), A Short Introduction to Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism, Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Hayakal al-Nur (1998), Suhrawardi-The Shape of Light, Louisville: Fons Vitae. Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2007), Sufism-The Formative Period, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Knysh, Alexander (2000),Islamic Mysticism-A Short History, Leiden‧Boston‧Koln: Brill. Landau, Rom (2008), The Philosophy of IbnArabi, London: George Allen &Unwin Ltd. Lapidus, Ira M. (1985), A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Marmura, Michael E. ed. (1984), Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani, Albany: State University of New York Press. Nasir Al-Din Tusi (1999), Contemplation and Action-The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar , Edited and translated by S.J.Badakhchani. London and New York: I.B.Tauris. Netton, Ian Richard ed. (2007),Islamic Philosophy and Theology-Critical Concepts in Islamic Thought, London and New York: Routledge. Newby, Gordon D. (2002), A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Raudvere, Catharina and Stenberg, Leif ed. (2009), Sufism Today, New York: I.B.Tauris& Co Ltd. Knowledge of God in classical Sufism: foundations of Islamic mystical theology(2004) Translated and introduced by John Renard; preface by Ahmet T. Karamustafa. Mahwah: Paulist Press. Schimmel, Annemarie (2011), Mystical Dimensions of Islam, with a new foreword by Carl W. Ernst. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Trimingham,J.Spencer (1998), The Sufi Orders in Islam,with a new foreword by John O. Voll. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Watt, W. Montgomery (1962), Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 金宜久著，(2004)，《簡明伊斯蘭史》，台北：東大圖書公司。 金宜久主編，(2006)，《伊斯蘭教史》，南京：江蘇人民出版社。 金宜久著 (1994)，《伊斯蘭教的蘇非神秘主義》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。 金宜久著 (2013)，《蘇非主義在中國》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。 沙宗平著 (1994)，《伊斯蘭哲學》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。 有關Imam Abu Hamid Ghazzali的著作 Al-Ghazzali (1977), The Religious Psychology of Al-Ghazzali: A Translation of his Book of the Ihya on the Explanation of the Wonders of the Heart with Introduction and Notes, Translated, introduced, and annotated by Walter James Skellie. University Microfilms International. Al-Ghazzali (1980),The Niche for Lights in the Four Sufi Classics,Translated by W.H.T.Gairdner. London: The Octagon Press. Al-Ghazzali (1991), The Alchemy of Happiness,Translated by Claud Field. Revised and annotated by Elton L. Daniel. New York: M.E.Sharpe Inc. Al-Ghazzali (1995), The Book of Disciplining the Soul, Refining the Character & Curing the Sicknesses of the Heart, Book XXII of The Revival of the Religious Sciences , Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society. Al-Ghazzali (2001), Deliverance from Error and Mystical Union with the Almighty, Translated and introduced by Muhammad Abulaylah, with an editor`s introduction by George F. Mclean. WashingtonD.C.: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. Al-Ghazzali, Rescuer from Error: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Great Teacher, Translated by Charles F. Horne.Kessinger Publishing. Al-Ghazzali (2001), The Mysteries of the Human Soul, Translated by Abdul Qayyum. Lahore-Pakistan: SH.Muhammad Ashraf. Al-Ghazzali (2002), On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam, Translated and introduced by Sherman A. Jackson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Algar, Hamid (2001),Imam Abu Hamid Ghazzli-An Exponent of Islam in its Totality, New York: Oneonta. Gianotti, Timothy J. (2001), Al-Ghazzali`s Unspeakable Doctrine of the Soul-Unveiling the Esoteric Psychology and Eschatology of the Ihya,Leiden,Boston,Koln: Brill. Ormsby, Eric L. (1984), Theodicy in Islamic Thought-The Dispute over Al-Ghazzali`s "Best of All Possible Worlds" ,Princeton: Princeton University Press. Treiger, Alexander (2012), Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought-Al-Ghazzali`s theory of mystical cognition and its Avicennianfoundation, London and New York: Routledge. Watt, W. Montgomery (1963), Muslim Intellectual-A Study of Al-Ghazzali, Edinburgh: The Edinburgh University Press. 林長寬著 (2006)，〈阿逋哈彌德 噶札里之蘇非觀初探〉，台北：《輔仁宗教研究》第13期, 65-83頁。 有關宗教心理學 Epstein, Mark (1998), Beyond the Oceanic Feeling: Psychoanalytic Study of Buddhist Meditation, in The Couch and the Tree: Dialogues in Psychoanalysis and Buddhism, edited by Molino, Anthony. New York: North Point Press. Ferrer, Jorge N. (2002), Revisioning Transpersonal Theory-A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality, Foreword by Richard Tarnas. Albany: State University of New York Press. Hood, Ralph W. &Spilka (2009), The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. James, William (2002), The Varieties of Religious Experience-A Study in Human Nature, New York: The Modern Library. Johnson, Paul E. Psychology of Religion, New York: Abingdon Press. Sharf, Robert H. Experience in Critical Terms for Religious Studies. Edited by Mark C. Taylor. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp.94-116 Sharpe, Eric J. (2009), Comparative Religion - A History, London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. Starbuck, Edwin Diller (1901), The Psychology of Religion.With a preface by William James. London: BiblioLife. Taves, Ann (2009), Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tobin Hart, Peter L. Nelson, and KaisaPuhakka ed. (2000), Transpersonal Knowing-Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness, Albany: State University of New York Press. De Wit, Han F. (1991), Contemplative Psychology, Translated by Marie Louise Baird. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. De Wit, Han F. (1999), The Spiritual Path-An Introduction to the Psychology of the Spiritual Traditions,Translated by Henry Jansen & Lucia Hofland-Jansen. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. Wulff, David M. (1991),Psychology of Religion-Classic and Contemporary Views, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Wulff, David M. (2010), The Psychology of Religion - An Overview in the Psychology of Religion - Critical Concepts in Religious Studies IV, edited by Justin L. Barrett , New York: Routledge. 大衛‧艾爾金斯(David N. Elkins)著，顧肅、楊曉明、王文娟譯 (2007)，《超越宗教─在傳統宗教之外構建個人精神生活》。上海：上海人民出版社。 李安德著，若水譯 (1992)，《超個人心理學─心理學的新典範》。台北: 桂冠圖書公司。 布蘭特‧寇特萊特(Brant Cortright)著，易之新譯 (2005)，《超個人心理治療─心理治療與靈性轉化的整合》。台北：心靈工坊文化事業公司。 佛洛伊德著，楊庸一譯 (2007)，《圖騰與禁忌》。台北：志文出版社。 肯恩‧威爾伯著，廖世德譯 (2013)，《萬法簡史》。台北：心靈工坊文化事業公司。 約翰‧威爾伍德(John Welwood)著，鄧伯宸譯 (2009)，《覺醒風─東方與西方的心靈交會》。台北：心靈工坊文化事業公司。 威廉‧詹姆斯(William James)著，蔡怡佳、劉宏信譯 (2001)，《宗教經驗之種種─人性的探究》。台北：立緒文化事業公司。 斯塔伯克(E.D.Starbuck)著，楊宜音譯 (1997)，《宗教心理學》。台北：桂冠圖書公司。 奧古斯丁(S.AureliAugustini)著，周士良譯 (1998)，《懺悔錄》。台北：台灣商務印書館。 榮格(C.G.Jung)著，劉國彬、楊德友譯 (1997)，《榮格自傳─回憶、夢、省思》。台北：張老師文化事業公司 Stein, Murray著, 蔡昌雄譯文校訂, 朱侃如譯, (1999)《榮格心靈地圖》。台北：立緒文化事業公司。 蔡怡佳著，(2010)，〈宗教經驗與其可理解性之追求〉，《臺灣宗教研究》第9卷第2期，52-74頁。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
101156002
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101156002 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蔡怡佳<br>林長寬 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊美芬 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 楊美芬 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 6-Aug-2014 11:45:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 6-Aug-2014 11:45:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Aug-2014 11:45:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101156002 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68258 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101156002 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以11、12世紀伊斯蘭蘇非大師Ghazzali的靈與心之救贖作為宗教心理學理論探討的典範，主要著眼於他個人在宗教心理的意義中，以虔誠和謙卑體現信仰實踐的重大轉變，除了其本身擁有豐富的知識和深刻的思想，更重要的是，他履行蘇非之道，徹底改變信仰態度，真正捨離世俗，最終獲得靈與心的救贖。在分析和詮釋的理論依據上，本文採用荷蘭宗教心理學家Han F.de Wit結合自己的心理學素養與靈修經驗，在20世紀晚期發展出的一套理論，稱為「靈思心理學」（Contemplative Psychology）。在這套理論中，de Wit呈現宗教的冥思傳統(contemplative tradition)與個人的心理洞見、信念之間的連結，經驗和思想可以相互為用。在他所提出的觀點之中，本文透過如下幾個主張，包括皈依、關鍵時刻、斷裂、危機、懷疑、改變、與捨離，說明Ghazzali如何成就伊斯蘭密契傳統的最高典範，同時也突顯靈思心理學試圖闡釋人類靈與心互相超越，同獲救贖的理想。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The thesis regarded Ghazzali, the outstanding thinker and great Sufi of Islamic world in the 11th and 12th centuries, as a perfect example, who embodied an inward transformation of religious action with piety and humility. Other than his profound knowledge and thoughts, Ghazzali is also an authority on theology and law of Islam, and furthermore he performed a Muslim’s devotion by proceeding on the path of Sufi. He gave up all his possessions, followed the instructions of Sufism to survive a serious crisis of spirit, and obtained the ultimate salvation of his soul and heart in the end.The theory used in this thesis to analyze and interpret Ghazzali’s spiritual experience is the “contemplative psychology” of Han F.de Wit, who is a religious psychologist of the Netherlands. De Wit spent more than ten years combining his psychological training and spiritual experience to develop the theory in late twentieth century. In this theory he presented the connection between contemplative traditions of many religions and the insights & beliefs within individual mind. Among those concepts stated by de Wit in his theory, the thesis used mainly several of them, such as conversion, moments, break, crisis, doubt, change, and renunciation, etc. Accordingly, Ghazzali could be the most perfect example of the contemplative psychology, when we refer to salvation of both human Soul and Heart. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 選題思考 1一、 從「宗教們」到「宗教」─比較研究的意義 3二、 從外顯到內隱─心領神會的途徑 6三、 為什麼是伊斯蘭的蘇非主義？ 8四、 以Ghazzali作為蘇非典範的理由 10第二節 研究的理論架構與分析問題的方法 12第三節 文獻回顧與資料來源 15第四節 本文章節結構 17第二章 Ghazzali與蘇非之道 19第一節 Ghazzali的內在與外在世界 19一、11、12世紀東伊斯蘭世界的政治與宗教 19二、1095年之前Ghazzali的生平 21（一）早期生活及教育（1058─1077） 22（二）從Nishapur到巴格達（1077─1091） 24（三）巴格達時期（1091─1095） 26三、 Ghazzali的第一場危機與脫困之道 28四、 Ghazzali的第二場精神危機 33第二節 Ghazzali的救贖與蘇非主義 38一、 Ghazzali對當時伊斯蘭宗教思想的批判 38二、 蘇非密契主義的傳統 41三、 Ghazzali的靈與心 44四、 Ghazzali的蘇非實踐與最後的救贖 47第三章 靈思心理學的靈性經驗與宗教心理 51第一節 宗教心理學中的靈思心理學 51一、 西方宗教心理學的發展 51二、 回到靈性的宗教心理學 57三、 靈思心理學（contemplative psychology） 63第二節 靈思心理學中有關靈性經驗的幾個觀點 67一、 皈依conversion 67二、 短暫而關鍵的片刻moments 71三、 斷裂與危機break & crisis 74第四章 靈思心理學意義中的蘇非行者Ghazzali 77第一節 Ghazzali遭遇精神危機的意義 78一、 懷疑之心 78二、 思想與經驗 82三、 小結 85第二節 Ghazzali的信仰深度轉化 87一、 改變 87二、 捨離 90三、 小結 92第五章 結論 93【參考書目】 97【附錄】 107 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2731373 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101156002 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) al-Ghazzali zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 靈與心的救贖 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇非之道 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 精神危機 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外顯與內隱 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Han F. de Wit zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 靈思心理學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 懷疑之心 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 靈性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 思想與經驗 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 轉化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 改變與捨離 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) al-Ghazzali en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) salvation of soul and heart en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sufism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) spiritual crisis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) exoteric & esoteric en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Han F. de Wit en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) contemplative psychology en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) heart with doubt en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) spirituality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) thought and experience en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) transformation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) change and renunciation en_US dc.title (題名) 靈與心的救贖：從靈思心理學解讀al-Ghazzali的蘇非之道 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Salvation of Soul and Heart: A Contemplative Psychological Interpretation on al-Ghazzali’s Sufi Path en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 有關伊斯蘭思想及蘇非主義 Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (1979), The Doctrine of the Sufis, Translated by A.J.Arberry. London: Cambridge University Press. Armstrong, Amatullah (1995), Sufi Terminology(Al-Qamus Al-Sufi)-The Mystical Language of Islam, Kuala Lumpur: A.S.Noordeen. Armstrong, Karen (2000),Islam-A Short History, London: Weidenfeld& Nicolson. Avery, Kenneth S. (2004), A Psychology of Early Sufi Sama-Listening and altered states, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Burckhardt, Titus (2008), Introduction to Sufi Doctrine, Bloomington: World Wisdom, Inc. Fakhry, Majid (1997), A Short Introduction to Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism, Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Hayakal al-Nur (1998), Suhrawardi-The Shape of Light, Louisville: Fons Vitae. Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2007), Sufism-The Formative Period, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Knysh, Alexander (2000),Islamic Mysticism-A Short History, Leiden‧Boston‧Koln: Brill. Landau, Rom (2008), The Philosophy of IbnArabi, London: George Allen &Unwin Ltd. Lapidus, Ira M. (1985), A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Marmura, Michael E. ed. (1984), Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani, Albany: State University of New York Press. Nasir Al-Din Tusi (1999), Contemplation and Action-The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar , Edited and translated by S.J.Badakhchani. London and New York: I.B.Tauris. Netton, Ian Richard ed. (2007),Islamic Philosophy and Theology-Critical Concepts in Islamic Thought, London and New York: Routledge. Newby, Gordon D. (2002), A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Raudvere, Catharina and Stenberg, Leif ed. (2009), Sufism Today, New York: I.B.Tauris& Co Ltd. Knowledge of God in classical Sufism: foundations of Islamic mystical theology(2004) Translated and introduced by John Renard; preface by Ahmet T. Karamustafa. Mahwah: Paulist Press. Schimmel, Annemarie (2011), Mystical Dimensions of Islam, with a new foreword by Carl W. Ernst. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Trimingham,J.Spencer (1998), The Sufi Orders in Islam,with a new foreword by John O. Voll. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Watt, W. Montgomery (1962), Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 金宜久著，(2004)，《簡明伊斯蘭史》，台北：東大圖書公司。 金宜久主編，(2006)，《伊斯蘭教史》，南京：江蘇人民出版社。 金宜久著 (1994)，《伊斯蘭教的蘇非神秘主義》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。 金宜久著 (2013)，《蘇非主義在中國》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。 沙宗平著 (1994)，《伊斯蘭哲學》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。 有關Imam Abu Hamid Ghazzali的著作 Al-Ghazzali (1977), The Religious Psychology of Al-Ghazzali: A Translation of his Book of the Ihya on the Explanation of the Wonders of the Heart with Introduction and Notes, Translated, introduced, and annotated by Walter James Skellie. University Microfilms International. Al-Ghazzali (1980),The Niche for Lights in the Four Sufi Classics,Translated by W.H.T.Gairdner. London: The Octagon Press. Al-Ghazzali (1991), The Alchemy of Happiness,Translated by Claud Field. Revised and annotated by Elton L. 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