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題名 有關係就是沒關係？—中國勞動市場中社會網絡 對薪資的影響分析
Does guanxi really matters? —The analysis of how job contact network affect wages in China`s labor market.
作者 彭程
貢獻者 莊奕琦
彭程
關鍵詞 社會網絡
求職管道
強聯繫
弱聯繫
日期 2013
上傳時間 12-Aug-2014 14:06:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文應用2008中國社會調查資料庫（CGSS2008）實證分析了利用求職層面社會網絡以及日常層面社會網絡對勞動者就業以及薪資水準的影響。在控制了性別、工作經驗、政治面貌、婚姻狀況和受教育年資等因素的情形下，得出結論：求職過程中運用社會網絡幫忙會提高就業表現，但在不同的求職管道中社會網絡發揮的作用並不相同。求職者使用偏人情性的「非正式」管道尋職對薪資有負面影響。但對於這類人，獲得地位高的管理者的幫助仍可以提升薪資，而強、弱聯繫人幫助的效果區別不大。對於利用偏資訊網絡的「正式」管道求職者，管理者的幫助依舊作用明顯，而幫助人為弱聯繫要優於強聯繫。日常社會網絡的維繫對兩類人都同樣重要，網絡的異質性以及同國有部門的聯繫都對薪資有明顯的增加。但「非正式」管道尋職人群的薪資更大程度上可以被社會網絡因素所解釋，「正式」管道人群的薪資表現更多的由人力資本因素決定。由此可見，中國是一個關係主導的社會，勞動者不僅要在求職中動用所有可能的關係幫忙，在日常時仍舊需要不斷保持、擴展自己的社會關係，特別是高質量的關係，以保證能在資源匱乏或受到管制時獲取便利。
In this paper，we use 2008 China general social survey date,empirically analysis how the social network affect employment performence and income of workers.After controlling for gender、working experience、political affiliation、marital status 、ducation years and other factors，we find that：In job search process，using social networks will help improve the performance，but the role of its are not the same by different job searching methods.Job seekers who use "informal"way，that due to the favor，to get a job，usually will be penalty in income.But for these people,getting the help from high-status managers can still improve wages.For the workers who use "formal"ways to get a job,the social networks mainly provide informations,and the managers` help still important,and the weak ties even better than strong ties.Maintain daily social network are equally important for two types of people.The heterogeneity of networks and the contacts with the state sector can significantly increase the payoff.But "informal"jobseekers` salary can be explained by social network factors in greater extent."Formal" jobseekers` income are more determined by human capital.Thus,we can conclude that China is a relationship driven society,works not only have to spend at all possible guanxi to find a job,but also need to maintain and extend their daily socal network.Especially high quality guanxi,in order to get more benefits。
參考文獻 一、中文部分
邊燕杰, & 張文宏. (2001). 經濟體制, 社會網絡與職業流動. 中國
社會科學,2(10), 77-89.
邊燕杰. (2004). 城市居民社會資本的來源及作用: 網路觀點與調查
發現. 中國社會科學, (3), 136-146.
邊燕杰, 張文宏, & 程誠. (2012). 求職過程的社會網絡模型: 檢驗
關係效應假設.社會, 32(3), 24-37.
于若蓉. (2009). 社會網絡與勞動市場表現：台灣資料的分析. 臺灣
社會學 18, 95-137.
趙延東. (2002). 再就業中的社會資本: 效用與局限. 社會學研究,
4, 45-52.
二、英文部分
Arrow, K. J. (2000). Observations on social capital. Social
capital: A multifaceted perspective, 3-5.
Bayer, P., Ross, S., & Topa, G. (2005). Place of work and
place of residence: Informal hiring networks and labor
market outcomes (No. w11019). National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A
theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political
Economy, 9-49.
Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital.(1986).
Bewley, T. F. (1999). Why Wages Don`t Fall During a
Recession. Harvard University Press.
Bian, Y. (1997). Bringing strong ties back in: Indirect
ties, network bridges, and job searches in China.
American Sociological Review, 366-385.
Bian, Y. (2001). Guanxi capital and social eating in Chinese
cities: Theoretical models and empirical analyses.
Social capital: Theory and research, 275-295.
Blau, D. M., & Robins, P. K. (1990). Job search outcomes for
the employed and unemployed. Journal of Political
Economy, 637-655.
Bridges, W. P., & Villemez, W. J. (1986). Informal hiring
and income in the labor market. American Sociological
Review, 574-582.
Calvó-Armengol, A. (2004). Job contact networks. Journal of
economic Theory, 115(1), 191-206.
Calvo-Armengol, A., & Jackson, M. O. (2004). The effects of
social networks on employment and inequality. American
Economic Review, 426-454.
Calvó-Armengol, A., & Jackson, M. O. (2007). Networks in
labor markets: Wage and employment dynamics and
inequality. Journal of Economic Theory,132(1), 27-46.
Castells, M. (2000). Toward a sociology of the network
society. Contemporary Sociology, 693-699.
De Graaf, N. D., & Flap, H. D. (1988). “With a little help
from my friends”: Social resources as an explanation
of occupational status and income in West Germany, The
Netherlands, and the United States. Social
Forces,67(2), 452-472.
Elliott, J. R. (1999). Social isolation and labor market
insulation. The Sociological Quarterly, 40(2), 199-
216.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties.
American Journal of Sociology, 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a job: A study of contacts
and careers. University of Chicago Press.
Grootaert, C. (1999). Social capital, household welfare, and
poverty in Indonesia. World Bank Policy Research
Working Paper, (2148).
Hering, L., & Poncet, S. (2010). Market access and
individual wages: evidence from China. The Review of
Economics and Statistics, 92(1), 145-159.
Knight, J., & Yueh, L. (2008). The role of social capital in
the labour market in China1. Economics of Transition,
16(3), 389-414.
Lai, G., Lin, N., & Leung, S. Y. (1998). Network resources,
contact resources, and status attainment. Social
Networks, 20(2), 159-178.
Li, H., Liu, P. W., Zhang, J., & Ma, N. (2007). Economic
returns to communist party membership: Evidence from
urban chinese twins*. The Economic Journal,117(523),
1504-1520.
Lin, N. (1990). Social resources and social mobility: A
structural theory of status attainment. Social
mobility and social structure, 247-271.
Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: a theory of social structure
and action (structural analysis in the social
sciences).
Lin, N., Vaughn, J. C., & Ensel, W. M. (1981). Social
resources and occupational status attainment. Social
Forces, 59(4), 1163-1181.
Manski, C. F. (1993). Identification of endogenous social
effects: The reflection problem. The Review of
Economic Studies, 60(3), 531-542.
Montgomery, J. D. (1992). Job search and network
composition: Implications of the strength-of-weak-ties
hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 586-596.
Montgomery, J. D. (1994). Weak ties, employment, and
inequality: An equilibrium analysis. American Journal
of Sociology, 1212-1236.
Munshi, K. (2003). Networks in the modern economy: Mexican
migrants in the US labor market. The Quarterly Journal
of Economics, 549-599.
Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban
labor markets.International Economic Eeview, 693-709.
Ostrom, E. (2000). Social capital: a fad or a fundamental
concept. Social capital: A multifaceted perspective,
172-214.
Pellizzari, M. (2010). Do friends and relatives really help
in getting a good job?. Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, 494-510.
Petrongolo, B., & Pissarides, C. A. (2001). Looking into the
black box: A survey of the matching function. Journal
of Economic literature, 390-431.
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1994). Making
democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton university press.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America`s declining
social capital.Jouenal of Democeacy, 6, 68.
Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: social capital
and public life.The american prospect, 13(Spring),
Vol. 4. Available online: http://www. prospect.
org/print/vol/13 (accessed 7 April 2003).
Rees, A. (1966). Information networks in labor markets. The
American Economic Review, 559-566.
Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., & Edwards, R. C. (1973). A theory
of labor market segmentation. The American Economic
Review, 359-365.
Simon, C. J., & Warner, J. T. (1992). Matchmaker,
matchmaker: The effect of old boy networks on job
match quality, earnings, and tenure. Journal of labor
economics, 306-330.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The
American Economic Review, 1-17.
Solow, R. M. (2000). Notes on social capital and economic
performance.Social capital: A multifaceted
perspective, 6(10).
Stigler, G. J. (1961). The economics of information. The
Journal of Political Economy, 213-225.
Stigler, G. J. (1962). Information in the labor market. The
Journal of Political Economy, 94-105.
Tassier, T. (2006). Labor market implications of weak ties.
Southern Economic Journal, 704-719.
Topa, G. (2001). Social interactions, local spillovers and
unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 68(2),
261-295.
Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital:
Implications for development theory, research, and
policy. The World Bank Research Observer,15(2), 225-
249.
Zhang, X., & Li, G. (2003). Does guanxi matter to nonfarm
employment?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(2),
315-331.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
101258035
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101258035
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 莊奕琦zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 彭程zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 彭程zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 12-Aug-2014 14:06:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 12-Aug-2014 14:06:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Aug-2014 14:06:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101258035en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68555-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經濟學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101258035zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文應用2008中國社會調查資料庫（CGSS2008）實證分析了利用求職層面社會網絡以及日常層面社會網絡對勞動者就業以及薪資水準的影響。在控制了性別、工作經驗、政治面貌、婚姻狀況和受教育年資等因素的情形下，得出結論：求職過程中運用社會網絡幫忙會提高就業表現，但在不同的求職管道中社會網絡發揮的作用並不相同。求職者使用偏人情性的「非正式」管道尋職對薪資有負面影響。但對於這類人，獲得地位高的管理者的幫助仍可以提升薪資，而強、弱聯繫人幫助的效果區別不大。對於利用偏資訊網絡的「正式」管道求職者，管理者的幫助依舊作用明顯，而幫助人為弱聯繫要優於強聯繫。日常社會網絡的維繫對兩類人都同樣重要，網絡的異質性以及同國有部門的聯繫都對薪資有明顯的增加。但「非正式」管道尋職人群的薪資更大程度上可以被社會網絡因素所解釋，「正式」管道人群的薪資表現更多的由人力資本因素決定。由此可見，中國是一個關係主導的社會，勞動者不僅要在求職中動用所有可能的關係幫忙，在日常時仍舊需要不斷保持、擴展自己的社會關係，特別是高質量的關係，以保證能在資源匱乏或受到管制時獲取便利。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this paper，we use 2008 China general social survey date,empirically analysis how the social network affect employment performence and income of workers.After controlling for gender、working experience、political affiliation、marital status 、ducation years and other factors，we find that：In job search process，using social networks will help improve the performance，but the role of its are not the same by different job searching methods.Job seekers who use "informal"way，that due to the favor，to get a job，usually will be penalty in income.But for these people,getting the help from high-status managers can still improve wages.For the workers who use "formal"ways to get a job,the social networks mainly provide informations,and the managers` help still important,and the weak ties even better than strong ties.Maintain daily social network are equally important for two types of people.The heterogeneity of networks and the contacts with the state sector can significantly increase the payoff.But "informal"jobseekers` salary can be explained by social network factors in greater extent."Formal" jobseekers` income are more determined by human capital.Thus,we can conclude that China is a relationship driven society,works not only have to spend at all possible guanxi to find a job,but also need to maintain and extend their daily socal network.Especially high quality guanxi,in order to get more benefits。en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要......................................................ii
目錄.....................................................iii
圖表目次..................................................iv
第一章 緒論................................................1
第二章 文獻探討............................................5
第一节 社會資本與社會網絡的定義...................5
第二節 工作搜尋理論中社會網絡的應用....................8
第三章 實證模型...........................................15
第四章 資料分析...........................................19
第一節 資料來源.......................................19
第二節 變數說明.......................................20
第三節 不同就業管道人群特徵分析.......................28
第五章 實證結果...........................................33
第一節 求職中運用的社會網絡與薪資的關係...............33
第二節 日常社會網絡對薪資的影響.......................40
第六章 結論...............................................49
參考文獻..................................................51		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1748815 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101258035en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會網絡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 求職管道zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 強聯繫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 弱聯繫zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 有關係就是沒關係？—中國勞動市場中社會網絡 對薪資的影響分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Does guanxi really matters? —The analysis of how job contact network affect wages in China`s labor market.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分
邊燕杰, & 張文宏. (2001). 經濟體制, 社會網絡與職業流動. 中國
社會科學,2(10), 77-89.
邊燕杰. (2004). 城市居民社會資本的來源及作用: 網路觀點與調查
發現. 中國社會科學, (3), 136-146.
邊燕杰, 張文宏, & 程誠. (2012). 求職過程的社會網絡模型: 檢驗
關係效應假設.社會, 32(3), 24-37.
于若蓉. (2009). 社會網絡與勞動市場表現：台灣資料的分析. 臺灣
社會學 18, 95-137.
趙延東. (2002). 再就業中的社會資本: 效用與局限. 社會學研究,
4, 45-52.
二、英文部分
Arrow, K. J. (2000). Observations on social capital. Social
capital: A multifaceted perspective, 3-5.
Bayer, P., Ross, S., & Topa, G. (2005). Place of work and
place of residence: Informal hiring networks and labor
market outcomes (No. w11019). National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A
theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political
Economy, 9-49.
Bourdieu, P. (2006). The Forms of Capital.(1986).
Bewley, T. F. (1999). Why Wages Don`t Fall During a
Recession. Harvard University Press.
Bian, Y. (1997). Bringing strong ties back in: Indirect
ties, network bridges, and job searches in China.
American Sociological Review, 366-385.
Bian, Y. (2001). Guanxi capital and social eating in Chinese
cities: Theoretical models and empirical analyses.
Social capital: Theory and research, 275-295.
Blau, D. M., & Robins, P. K. (1990). Job search outcomes for
the employed and unemployed. Journal of Political
Economy, 637-655.
Bridges, W. P., & Villemez, W. J. (1986). Informal hiring
and income in the labor market. American Sociological
Review, 574-582.
Calvó-Armengol, A. (2004). Job contact networks. Journal of
economic Theory, 115(1), 191-206.
Calvo-Armengol, A., & Jackson, M. O. (2004). The effects of
social networks on employment and inequality. American
Economic Review, 426-454.
Calvó-Armengol, A., & Jackson, M. O. (2007). Networks in
labor markets: Wage and employment dynamics and
inequality. Journal of Economic Theory,132(1), 27-46.
Castells, M. (2000). Toward a sociology of the network
society. Contemporary Sociology, 693-699.
De Graaf, N. D., & Flap, H. D. (1988). “With a little help
from my friends”: Social resources as an explanation
of occupational status and income in West Germany, The
Netherlands, and the United States. Social
Forces,67(2), 452-472.
Elliott, J. R. (1999). Social isolation and labor market
insulation. The Sociological Quarterly, 40(2), 199-
216.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties.
American Journal of Sociology, 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a job: A study of contacts
and careers. University of Chicago Press.
Grootaert, C. (1999). Social capital, household welfare, and
poverty in Indonesia. World Bank Policy Research
Working Paper, (2148).
Hering, L., & Poncet, S. (2010). Market access and
individual wages: evidence from China. The Review of
Economics and Statistics, 92(1), 145-159.
Knight, J., & Yueh, L. (2008). The role of social capital in
the labour market in China1. Economics of Transition,
16(3), 389-414.
Lai, G., Lin, N., & Leung, S. Y. (1998). Network resources,
contact resources, and status attainment. Social
Networks, 20(2), 159-178.
Li, H., Liu, P. W., Zhang, J., & Ma, N. (2007). Economic
returns to communist party membership: Evidence from
urban chinese twins*. The Economic Journal,117(523),
1504-1520.
Lin, N. (1990). Social resources and social mobility: A
structural theory of status attainment. Social
mobility and social structure, 247-271.
Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: a theory of social structure
and action (structural analysis in the social
sciences).
Lin, N., Vaughn, J. C., & Ensel, W. M. (1981). Social
resources and occupational status attainment. Social
Forces, 59(4), 1163-1181.
Manski, C. F. (1993). Identification of endogenous social
effects: The reflection problem. The Review of
Economic Studies, 60(3), 531-542.
Montgomery, J. D. (1992). Job search and network
composition: Implications of the strength-of-weak-ties
hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 586-596.
Montgomery, J. D. (1994). Weak ties, employment, and
inequality: An equilibrium analysis. American Journal
of Sociology, 1212-1236.
Munshi, K. (2003). Networks in the modern economy: Mexican
migrants in the US labor market. The Quarterly Journal
of Economics, 549-599.
Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban
labor markets.International Economic Eeview, 693-709.
Ostrom, E. (2000). Social capital: a fad or a fundamental
concept. Social capital: A multifaceted perspective,
172-214.
Pellizzari, M. (2010). Do friends and relatives really help
in getting a good job?. Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, 494-510.
Petrongolo, B., & Pissarides, C. A. (2001). Looking into the
black box: A survey of the matching function. Journal
of Economic literature, 390-431.
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1994). Making
democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton university press.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America`s declining
social capital.Jouenal of Democeacy, 6, 68.
Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: social capital
and public life.The american prospect, 13(Spring),
Vol. 4. Available online: http://www. prospect.
org/print/vol/13 (accessed 7 April 2003).
Rees, A. (1966). Information networks in labor markets. The
American Economic Review, 559-566.
Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., & Edwards, R. C. (1973). A theory
of labor market segmentation. The American Economic
Review, 359-365.
Simon, C. J., & Warner, J. T. (1992). Matchmaker,
matchmaker: The effect of old boy networks on job
match quality, earnings, and tenure. Journal of labor
economics, 306-330.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The
American Economic Review, 1-17.
Solow, R. M. (2000). Notes on social capital and economic
performance.Social capital: A multifaceted
perspective, 6(10).
Stigler, G. J. (1961). The economics of information. The
Journal of Political Economy, 213-225.
Stigler, G. J. (1962). Information in the labor market. The
Journal of Political Economy, 94-105.
Tassier, T. (2006). Labor market implications of weak ties.
Southern Economic Journal, 704-719.
Topa, G. (2001). Social interactions, local spillovers and
unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 68(2),
261-295.
Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital:
Implications for development theory, research, and
policy. The World Bank Research Observer,15(2), 225-
249.
Zhang, X., & Li, G. (2003). Does guanxi matter to nonfarm
employment?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(2),
315-331.		zh_TW