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題名 動物福利措施於WTO規範之合致性─以歐盟化妝品規則為個案研究
The Consistency of Animal Welfare Measures under WTO Regime: The Case of EU Cosmetics Regulation
作者 莊涵因
貢獻者 施文真
莊涵因
關鍵詞 世界貿易組織
動物福利
動物實驗
歐盟化妝品指令
TBT協定
GATT 1994協定
日期 2013
上傳時間 25-Aug-2014 15:13:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著社會與經濟文化進步，人類逐漸體認周圍自古以來用作為工具、實驗、陪伴等各種目的之動物福利問題，其中，實驗動物對於人類健康有著巨大貢獻，使我們得以在生命科學、醫學、藥學獲得快速發展，也因此，實驗動物使用數量激增，致使動物痛苦情形及其權利漸受到社會大眾之關注。
歐盟於2003年通過第2003/15/EC號針對化妝品指令之第七次修正案，確立化妝品動物實驗禁令生效時程，將依據不同種類實驗方法，分階段自2009年，及最遲於2013年3月11日達成全面禁令，亦即，屆時將不許歐盟境內成員國自外國進口及銷售經由動物實驗所生產製造之化妝品，此等規定將可能衝擊國內外化妝品製造商及代理商，而可能成為世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, WTO）下關於動物福利之案件。
動物福利管制措施是否受到WTO相關協定規範，並是否有違WTO之規定，鑒於過往涉及動物福利案件並不多，本文認為實有加以討論之必要，且歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令是否得成為繼EC－Asbestos案例後，再次體現WTO相關規範與保護環境、安全、健康與得兼容並蓄之案例，係頗值得探討的問題。本論文研究範圍將主要聚焦於歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令，及可能涉及到的技術性貿易障礙協定（Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT協定），以及1994年關稅暨貿易總協定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, GATT 1994）之合致性分析。
With the development of the society, economy and culture, people gradually realize and recognize the welfare of animals kept for companion, farming, testing and many other purposes down the ages. Among them all, animals use in research and testing make great contribution to human health, making the rapid progress in life science, medical, and pharmacy. In the meantime, there has been increasing total amount of laboratory animals. The issues of animal pain and animal rights have been brought to the attention of the public.

On the 11th March 2003, Directive 2003/15/EC was published for the 7th time amending the European Union’s cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC. Directive 2003/15/EC lays down detail rules and schedules for the implementation of the testing and marketing ban and has great significance for the Cosmetics Industry. The Directive sets different phase-out time according to experiment methods. With the last phase of the ban coming into force on 11th March 2013, any cosmetics products using banned animal testing method will be prohibited throughout the whole EU territory, affecting the importation and sales of the product at issue. This may raise concerns and may further escalate this animal welfare dispute at the World Trade Organization.

Owing to the fact that animal welfare cases under WTO are rare and still developed by case law, it is hard to say whether animal welfare control measures fall within the scope of the WTO and further violates WTO obligation. This thesis brought up interpretation and analysis in TBT agreement and GATT.
參考文獻 壹、 中文資料
一、 專書／專書論文
1. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。
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律學研究所博士論文，2007年。
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四、 網路資料
1. 費昌勇，動物福利倫理介紹，動物保護資訊網，網址：
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識，行政院農業委員會農業藥物毒物試驗所技術專刊第140
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貳、 英文資料

一、 專書
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二、 期刊
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三、 網路資料
1. MARTIN, RICHARD (1754-1834), OF DANGAN AND BALLYNAHINCH, CO. GALWAY AND 16 MANCHESTER BUILDINGS, MDX., available at http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/martin-richard-1754-1834.
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3. The OIE`s Achievements in Animal Welfare, OIE, available at http://www.oie.int/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-key-themes.
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四、 WTO相關文件暨爭端解決案件
1. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 17 October 2002, G/TBT/M/28, 19 November 2012, ¶¶ 61 & 62.
2. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 20-21 March 2012, G/TBT/M/56, 16 May 2012, ¶¶ 32 & 33.
3. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 13-15 June 2012, G/TBT/M/57, 18 September 2012, ¶¶ 55-57.
4. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
5. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/R (Sept. 18, 2000).
6. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/R & WT/DS48/R (Aug. 18, 1997).
7. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Trade Description of Sardines,WT/DS231/AB/R (Sept. 26, 2002).
8. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/AB/R (May 16, 2012).
9. Panel Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/R (Sept. 15, 2011).
10. Appellate Body Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/AB/R &WT/DS386/AB/R (June 29, 2012).
11. Panel Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/R &WT/DS386/R (Nov. 18, 2011).
12. Request for Panel, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
13. First Written Submission of Canada, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
14. First & Second Written Submission by the European Union, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
15. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R, 3 September 1991, unadopted, B.I.S.D. 39S/155.
16. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS29/R, 16 June 1994, unadopted.
17. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Automobiles, DS31/R, 11 October 1994, unadopted.
18. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
19. Panel Report, Indonesia－Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS54/R (July 2, 1998).
20. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R (Feb. 11, 2000)。
21. GATT Secretariat, Negotiating History of the Coverage of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade with Regard to Labelling Requirements, Voluntary Standards, and Processes and Production Methods Unrelated to Product Characteristics, WT/CTE/W/10, G/TBT/W/11 (Aug. 29, 1995).
22. WTO, Report of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment 1 (1996).
23. GATT Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, DS23/R, adopted 19 June 1992, B.I.S.D. 39S/206.
24. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R (Apr. 4, 2012).
25. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/R (Sept. 2, 2011).
26. Panel Report, European Communities－Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs (Australia), WT/DS290/R (Mar. 15, 2005).
27. Appellate Body Report, Korea－Measures Affection Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R (Dec. 11, 2000).
28. Panel Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/R & WT/DS403/R (Aug. 15, 2011).
29. Appellate Body Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/AB/R & WT/DS403/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2011).
30. Working Party Report, Border Tax Adjustments, B.I.S.D. L/3464 (adopted December 2, 1970).
31. Working Party Report, The Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, GATT/CP.4/39, adopted 3 April 1950, B.I.S.D. II/188.
32. GATT Panel Report, Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, G/26, adopted 31 October 1952, B.I.S.D. 1S/53.
33. GATT Panel Report, EEC－Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, L/4599, adopted 14 March 1978, B.I.S.D. 25S/49.
34. GATT Panel Report, Canada/Japan－Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber, L/6470, adopted 19 July 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/167.
35. Appellate Body Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R (Apr. 29, 1996).
36. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
37. Appellate Body Report, Japan－Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R & WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, 97.
38. GATT Panel Report, United States Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, L/6439, adopted 7 November 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/345.
39. Panel Report, European Communities－Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, Complaint by Ecuador, WT/DS27/R/ECU (May 22, 1997), as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:III, 1085
40. Panel Report, Japan－Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WT/DS44/R (Mar. 31, 1998), DSR 1998:IV, 1179.
41. Appellate Body Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (Dec. 3, 2007), DSR 2007:IV, 1527.
42. Panel Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R (June 12, 2007).
43. Panel Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/R (Dec. 1, 2003).
44. Appellate Body Report, Australia－Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (Oct. 20, 1998).
45. GATT Panel Report, Thailand－Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R, adopted 7 November 1990, B.I.S.D. 37S/200.
46. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/AB/R (Apr. 7, 2004).
47. Appellate Body Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2009).
48. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, L/5504, adopted 7 February 1984, B.I.S.D. 30S/140.
49. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances, L/6175, adopted 17 June 1987, B.I.S.D. 34S/136.
50. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Import, Distribution and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies, L/6304, adopted 22 March 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/37.
51. Panel Report, Turkey－Measures Affecting the Importation of Rice, WT/DS334/R (Sept. 21, 2007).
52. Panel Report, Canada－Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000).
53. GATT Panel Report, Japan－Trade in Semi-Conductors, L/6309, adopted 4 May 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/116.
54. Panel Report, India－Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/R (Apr. 6, 1999).
55. Panel Report, Argentina－Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R (Dec. 19, 2000).
56. Panel Report, India－Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector, WT/DS146/R (Dec. 21, 2001).
57. Appellate Body Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R (Oct. 2, 1998).
58. Panel Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R (May 15, 1998).
59. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R (Mar. 14, 1997).
60. Panel Report, China－Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R (July 5, 2011).
61. Panel Report, Colombia－Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry, WT/DS366/R (Apr. 27, 2009).
62. Panel Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/R (Nov. 26, 2004).
63. Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/AB/R (Apr. 25, 2005).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
100351043
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100351043
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 施文真zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 莊涵因zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 莊涵因zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 25-Aug-2014 15:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 25-Aug-2014 15:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 25-Aug-2014 15:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100351043en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/69180-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100351043zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著社會與經濟文化進步，人類逐漸體認周圍自古以來用作為工具、實驗、陪伴等各種目的之動物福利問題，其中，實驗動物對於人類健康有著巨大貢獻，使我們得以在生命科學、醫學、藥學獲得快速發展，也因此，實驗動物使用數量激增，致使動物痛苦情形及其權利漸受到社會大眾之關注。
歐盟於2003年通過第2003/15/EC號針對化妝品指令之第七次修正案，確立化妝品動物實驗禁令生效時程，將依據不同種類實驗方法，分階段自2009年，及最遲於2013年3月11日達成全面禁令，亦即，屆時將不許歐盟境內成員國自外國進口及銷售經由動物實驗所生產製造之化妝品，此等規定將可能衝擊國內外化妝品製造商及代理商，而可能成為世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, WTO）下關於動物福利之案件。
動物福利管制措施是否受到WTO相關協定規範，並是否有違WTO之規定，鑒於過往涉及動物福利案件並不多，本文認為實有加以討論之必要，且歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令是否得成為繼EC－Asbestos案例後，再次體現WTO相關規範與保護環境、安全、健康與得兼容並蓄之案例，係頗值得探討的問題。本論文研究範圍將主要聚焦於歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令，及可能涉及到的技術性貿易障礙協定（Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT協定），以及1994年關稅暨貿易總協定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, GATT 1994）之合致性分析。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the development of the society, economy and culture, people gradually realize and recognize the welfare of animals kept for companion, farming, testing and many other purposes down the ages. Among them all, animals use in research and testing make great contribution to human health, making the rapid progress in life science, medical, and pharmacy. In the meantime, there has been increasing total amount of laboratory animals. The issues of animal pain and animal rights have been brought to the attention of the public.

On the 11th March 2003, Directive 2003/15/EC was published for the 7th time amending the European Union’s cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC. Directive 2003/15/EC lays down detail rules and schedules for the implementation of the testing and marketing ban and has great significance for the Cosmetics Industry. The Directive sets different phase-out time according to experiment methods. With the last phase of the ban coming into force on 11th March 2013, any cosmetics products using banned animal testing method will be prohibited throughout the whole EU territory, affecting the importation and sales of the product at issue. This may raise concerns and may further escalate this animal welfare dispute at the World Trade Organization.

Owing to the fact that animal welfare cases under WTO are rare and still developed by case law, it is hard to say whether animal welfare control measures fall within the scope of the WTO and further violates WTO obligation. This thesis brought up interpretation and analysis in TBT agreement and GATT.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 謝辭--------------------------------------------------I
目錄-------------------------------------------------II
摘要------------------------------------------------III
ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------IV
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與限制 3
第三節 研究內容與架構 4
第二章 動物福利之介紹──以歐盟動物福利政策及管制架構為中心 5
第一節 動物福利之定義 5
第一項 動物福利、動物權利與動物保護概念之區隔 6
第二項 動物福利之倫理、科學與法律政策 8
第二節 動物福利政策與基本原則 10
第一項 政策源起 10
第二項 五項自由 11
第三項 3R原則 12
第三節 與動物福利相關之國際規範 14
第四節 歐盟動物福利政策及管制架構 16
第一項 歐盟成員國之區域性公約 16
第二項 歐盟內部法令規範 16
第一款 依動物使用用途區分 17
第二款 依生產過程區分 19
小結 21
第三章 歐盟化妝品動物實驗管制架構 22
第一節 歐盟關於化妝品之動物實驗法規體系概述 23
第一項 歐盟化妝品之動物實驗禁令背景 25
第二項 歐盟化妝品之動物實驗禁令之制定過程 26
第三項 歐盟化妝品之動物實驗禁令之措施 27
第二節 歐盟動物實驗替代方法 31
第三節 WTO之TBT委員會各會員國之意見 35
小結 37
第四章 歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令於WTO之合致性──TBT協定 38
第一節 是否為技術性法規 40
第一項 技術性法規必須適用於可識別的一種或一類產品 40
第二項 是否規定前述產品之一種或多種特性 42
第一款 文字解釋 46
第二款 上下文解釋 47
第三款 談判歷史解釋 47
第四款 政策目的解釋 49
第五款 爭端解決機構報告 50
第三項 技術性法規具強制性 52
第二節 是否違反TBT協定第2.1條國民待遇規定 54
第一項 系爭進口產品與國內產品是否屬同類產品 54
第一款 產品特性 57
第二款 最終用途 59
第三款 消費者偏好與習慣 60
第四款 稅則分類 62
第二項 是否給予進口產品之待遇低於國內同類產品之待遇 62
第三節 是否違反TBT協定第2.2條 65
第一項 合法目的 66
第一款 公共道德 68
第二款 人類、動植物之生命健康 72
第三款 消費者資訊保護？ 73
第二項 手段必要性 74
第一款 系爭禁令是否對目的之達成無重大貢獻 76
第二款 措施之貿易限制效果 78
第三款 是否有比系爭禁令之貿易限制程度較小之其他替代措施 78
第一目 對於目標達成之貢獻比較 79
第二目 貿易限制性比較 80
第三目 未達成目的所可能生之風險 80
小結 82
第五章 歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令於WTO之合致性──GATT 1994協定 84
第一節 GATT 1994協定第3.4條與第11.1條之關係 86
第二節 是否違反GATT 1994協定第3.4條國民待遇義務 90
第三節 是否違反GATT 1994協定第11.1條數量限制規範 92
第四節 是否得以依GATT 1994協定第20條正當化 95
小結 100
第六章 結論 101
參考文獻 103		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 7854047 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100351043en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 世界貿易組織zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動物福利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動物實驗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐盟化妝品指令zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TBT協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) GATT 1994協定zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 動物福利措施於WTO規範之合致性─以歐盟化妝品規則為個案研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Consistency of Animal Welfare Measures under WTO Regime: The Case of EU Cosmetics Regulationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、 中文資料
一、 專書／專書論文
1. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。
2. 楊培侃，從公共健康觀點論WTO技術性貿易障礙協定之解
釋與適用，第十三屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，
2013年。
3. 何婉君，TBT協定下環保標示之適用問題：評析2011年美國
進口鮪魚案，第十二屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文
集，2012年。
4. 程樹軍、焦紅，實驗動物替代方法原理與應用，2010年。
5. 賀爭鳴、李根平、李冠民、陳振文、王祿增，部分國家和地
區實驗動物福利法律法規，實驗動物福利與動物實驗科學，
2011年。
二、 期刊
1. WTO技術性貿易障礙(TBT)協定就安全貿易之適用與限制環
保標示、GMO標示之評析，牛惠之，政大法學評論，95期，
2007年2月。
2. 陳亮吟，歐盟化妝品指令可能引發之WTO貿易爭端，經貿
法訊，146期，網址：
http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no146/2.pdf。
3. 田起安，檢視菲律賓酒稅案之上訴機構報告對於同類產品之
判斷準則及其適用──以GATT 1994第3.2條第1句為中心，經貿法訊，128期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no128/2.pdf。
4. 林于仙、戴心梅、莊雅涵、田起安，探究美國丁香香菸案之
小組如何檢視TBT協定第2.2條「more trade-restrictive than
necessary」要件，經貿法訊，121期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no121/3.pdf。
三、 論文
1. 盧懋萍，動物的道德地位──論辛格的動物倫理，國立政治
大學哲學研究所碩士論文，2001年。
2. 劉璧美，論湯姆．雷根的強動物權立場，國立中央大學哲學
研究所碩士論文，2007年7月。
3. 張南薰，WTO協定間法律適用關係之研究，國立政治大學法
律學研究所博士論文，2007年。
4. 蘇諾，NPR-PPMs措施在WTO框架下的可調整性及合法性研
究，中國政法大學碩士論文，2008年。
5. 溫佩如，女性購買環保保養品意向之影響因素探討，國立中
山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文，2007年。
6. 楊孟娟，大學女學生的化妝品消費態度與行為之研究──以
中部地區某大學女學生為例，臺中師範學院環境教育研究所碩士論文，2004年。

四、 網路資料
1. 費昌勇，動物福利倫理介紹，動物保護資訊網，網址：
http://animal.coa.gov.tw/html/download/resources/b01/module10.pdf。
2. 游碧堉，優良實驗室操作原則-國際間相互採認檢驗數據的共
識，行政院農業委員會農業藥物毒物試驗所技術專刊第140
號，網址：http://www.tactri.gov.tw/htdocs/project/proj81.pdf。
貳、 英文資料

一、 專書
1. Michael Allen Fox, Anthropocentrism, in Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare 66-68 (Marc Bekoff & Carron A. Meaney eds., 1998).
2. PETER SINGER, ANIMAL LIBERATION 21-43 (1975).
3. PETER SINGER, PRACTICAL ETHICS 50-1 (1979).
4. TOM REGAN, THE CASE FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS (2004).
5. Tom Regan, In Defense of Animals, in The Case for Animal Rights (1985).
6. GARY FRANCIONE, INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL RIGHTS: YOUR CHILD OR THE DOG (2000).
7. JEREMY BENTHAM, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION 310 (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1823) (1780).
8. Richard P. Haynes, ANIMAL WELFARE: COMPETING CONCEPTIONS AND THEIR ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 7 (2008).
9. EDWARD N. EADIE, UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL WELFARE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH, 22 (2012).
10. WILLIAM RUSSELL & REX BURCH, THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMANE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 64 (1959).
11. NATHALIE BERNASCONI-OSTERWALDER, Chapter 4 Processes and Production Methods, in ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE : A GUIDE TO WTO JURISPRUDENCE 203, 203-233 (2006).
12. CHRISTINANE R. CONRAD, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTION METHODS (PPMS) IN WTO LAW: INTERFACING TRADE AND SOCIAL GOALS 20-23 (2011).
13. THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND: A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1986-1992) 1087 (Terence P. Stewart ed., 1994).
14. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION PUBLIC SYMPOSIUM-CHALLENGES AHEAD ON THE ROAD TO CANCUN, Ecolabelling: Trade Opportunities & Challenges, in TRADE AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY TOOL? GEN, ECOLABELLING AND TRADE (June 16-18, 2003).
15. LAURA NIELSEN, GATT, SPS and TBT, in THE WTO, ANIMALS AND PPMS (2007).
16. BERNARD M. HOEKMAN AND PETROS C. MAVROIDIS, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO): LAW, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS 35 (2007).
二、 期刊
1. Richard A. Epstein, Animals as Objects, or Subjects, of Rights, Chicago John M. Olin Law & Economics Woking Paper No. 171, 2 (2002).
2. Bernard E. Rollin, The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History, 27(4) Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 285-304 (2006).
3. Mark J. Parmenter, Does Iowa`s Anti-Cruelty to Animals Statute Have Enough Bite?, 51 Drake L. Rev. 817, 821 (2003).
4. Stephen Iannacone, Felony Animal Cruelty Laws in New York, 31 PACELR 748, 750-751 (2011).
5. Luis E. Chiesa, Why Is It a Crime to Stomp on a Goldfish? Harm, Victimhood and the Structure of Anti-Cruelty Offenses, 78 Miss. L.J. 1, 4, 8-9 (2008).
6. Jerry L. Anderson, The Origins and Efficacy of Private Enforcement of Animal Cruelty Law in Britain, 17 Drake J. Agric. L. 263 (2012).
7. Scott Vaughan, Trade and Environment: Some North-South Considerations, 27 Cornell Int`l L.J. 591 (1994).
8. Richard Bonsi et al., Eco-labels and International Trade: Problems and Solutions, 42 J. of World Trade 3, 407 (2008).
9. Elliot B. Staffin, Trade Barrier or Trade Boon? A Critical Evaluation of Environmental Labeling and Its Role in the “Greening” of World Trade, 21 COLUM. J. ENVTL. L. 205, 238 (1996).
10. Erik P. Bartenhagen, The Intersection of Trade and Environment: An Examination of the Impact of the TBT Agreement on Ecolabeling Programs, 17 VA. ENVTL. L. J. 51, 116 (1997)
11. Steve Charnovitz, The WTO’s Environmental Progress, 10 J. OF INT’L ECON. LAW 685 (2007).
12. Manoj Joshi, Are Eco-labels Consistent with World Trade Organization Agreement?, 38(1) J. WORLD TRADE 81 (2004).
13. Jennifer Klein, EU Cosmetics Directive and the Ban on Animal Testing: Compliance, Challenges, and the GATT as a Potential Barrier to Animal Welfare, 21(1) TRANSNATIONAL LAW & CONTEMPORY PROBLEMS 253, 267 (2012).
14. Steve Charnovitz, The Moral Exception in Trade Policy, 38 VA. J. INT’L L. 689, 729-730 (1998).
15. Robert Howse, The World Trade Organization and the Protection of Workers’ Rights, 3 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 131 (1999).
16. Peter Stevenson, The World Trade Organization Rules: A Legal Analysis of Their Adverse Impact on Animal Welfare, 8 ANIMAL L. 107, 121-122, 138 (2002).
17. Gabrielle Marceau, The New TBT Jurisprudence in US - Clove Cigarettes, WTO US - Tuna II, and US - COOL, 8 ASIAN J. WTO & INT`L HEALTH L. & POL`Y 1, 19 (2013).
三、 網路資料
1. MARTIN, RICHARD (1754-1834), OF DANGAN AND BALLYNAHINCH, CO. GALWAY AND 16 MANCHESTER BUILDINGS, MDX., available at http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/martin-richard-1754-1834.
2. SHEVAWN LYNAM, HUMANITY DICK: A BIOGRAPHY OF RICHARD MARTIN, M.P. 1754-1834, 231-32 (1975), available at http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/picrender.cgi?artid=24695&blobtype=pdf.
3. The OIE`s Achievements in Animal Welfare, OIE, available at http://www.oie.int/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-key-themes.
4. OECD Considers Animal Welfare in the Development of Test Guidelines, OECD, available at http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testingofchemicals/animalwelfare.htm.
5. Gateway to Farm Animal Welfare, FAO, available at http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/animal-welfare/en/.
6. Animal Welfare Main Community Legislative References, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/index_en.htm.
7. Animals Used for Scientific Purposes, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR ENVIRONMENT, available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm.
8. Animal Welfare during Transport, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMRS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/transport/index_en.htm.
9. EU Action Plan, Evaluation and the Second Strategy on Animal Welfare, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS (Mar. 7, 2012), available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/actionplan_en.htm.
10. Legislation in Force Animal Welfare at Slaughter, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/slaughter/legislation_en.htm.
11. Animal Welfare at the Time of Slaughter or Killing, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DIRECTORATES-GENERAL HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/slaughter/index_en.htm.
12. Andrew Osborn & Amelia Gentleman, Secret French Move to Block Animal-Testing Ban, GUARDIAN (Aug. 19, 2003), available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/19/eu.businessofresearch.
13. Alternatives to Animal Testing & Safety Assessment of Chemicals, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE-INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMER PROTECTION , available at http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_activities/alt-animal-testing.
14. EURL ECVAM PROGRESS REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION AND REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS (2010-2013), EUROPEAN COMMISSION-JRC SCIENTIFIC AND POLICY REPORTS, available at http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_labs/eurl-ecvam/eurl-ecvam-releases-2013-progress-report-development-validation-regulatory-acceptance-alternative-methods/at_multi_download/file?name=EURL_ECVAM_progress_report_cosmetics_2013.pdf
15. The Official Journal of the European Communities, C137 (May 6, 2011), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2011:137:FULL:EN:PDF.
16. Global Insight, A Study of the European Cosmetics Industry, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR ENTERPRISE AND INDUSTRY, Nov. 2007, available at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/_getdocument.cfm?doc_id=4561.
四、 WTO相關文件暨爭端解決案件
1. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 17 October 2002, G/TBT/M/28, 19 November 2012, ¶¶ 61 & 62.
2. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 20-21 March 2012, G/TBT/M/56, 16 May 2012, ¶¶ 32 & 33.
3. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 13-15 June 2012, G/TBT/M/57, 18 September 2012, ¶¶ 55-57.
4. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
5. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/R (Sept. 18, 2000).
6. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/R & WT/DS48/R (Aug. 18, 1997).
7. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Trade Description of Sardines,WT/DS231/AB/R (Sept. 26, 2002).
8. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/AB/R (May 16, 2012).
9. Panel Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/R (Sept. 15, 2011).
10. Appellate Body Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/AB/R &WT/DS386/AB/R (June 29, 2012).
11. Panel Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/R &WT/DS386/R (Nov. 18, 2011).
12. Request for Panel, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
13. First Written Submission of Canada, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
14. First & Second Written Submission by the European Union, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
15. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R, 3 September 1991, unadopted, B.I.S.D. 39S/155.
16. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS29/R, 16 June 1994, unadopted.
17. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Automobiles, DS31/R, 11 October 1994, unadopted.
18. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
19. Panel Report, Indonesia－Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS54/R (July 2, 1998).
20. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R (Feb. 11, 2000)。
21. GATT Secretariat, Negotiating History of the Coverage of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade with Regard to Labelling Requirements, Voluntary Standards, and Processes and Production Methods Unrelated to Product Characteristics, WT/CTE/W/10, G/TBT/W/11 (Aug. 29, 1995).
22. WTO, Report of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment 1 (1996).
23. GATT Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, DS23/R, adopted 19 June 1992, B.I.S.D. 39S/206.
24. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R (Apr. 4, 2012).
25. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/R (Sept. 2, 2011).
26. Panel Report, European Communities－Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs (Australia), WT/DS290/R (Mar. 15, 2005).
27. Appellate Body Report, Korea－Measures Affection Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R (Dec. 11, 2000).
28. Panel Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/R & WT/DS403/R (Aug. 15, 2011).
29. Appellate Body Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/AB/R & WT/DS403/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2011).
30. Working Party Report, Border Tax Adjustments, B.I.S.D. L/3464 (adopted December 2, 1970).
31. Working Party Report, The Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, GATT/CP.4/39, adopted 3 April 1950, B.I.S.D. II/188.
32. GATT Panel Report, Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, G/26, adopted 31 October 1952, B.I.S.D. 1S/53.
33. GATT Panel Report, EEC－Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, L/4599, adopted 14 March 1978, B.I.S.D. 25S/49.
34. GATT Panel Report, Canada/Japan－Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber, L/6470, adopted 19 July 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/167.
35. Appellate Body Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R (Apr. 29, 1996).
36. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
37. Appellate Body Report, Japan－Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R & WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, 97.
38. GATT Panel Report, United States Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, L/6439, adopted 7 November 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/345.
39. Panel Report, European Communities－Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, Complaint by Ecuador, WT/DS27/R/ECU (May 22, 1997), as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:III, 1085
40. Panel Report, Japan－Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WT/DS44/R (Mar. 31, 1998), DSR 1998:IV, 1179.
41. Appellate Body Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (Dec. 3, 2007), DSR 2007:IV, 1527.
42. Panel Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R (June 12, 2007).
43. Panel Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/R (Dec. 1, 2003).
44. Appellate Body Report, Australia－Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (Oct. 20, 1998).
45. GATT Panel Report, Thailand－Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R, adopted 7 November 1990, B.I.S.D. 37S/200.
46. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/AB/R (Apr. 7, 2004).
47. Appellate Body Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2009).
48. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, L/5504, adopted 7 February 1984, B.I.S.D. 30S/140.
49. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances, L/6175, adopted 17 June 1987, B.I.S.D. 34S/136.
50. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Import, Distribution and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies, L/6304, adopted 22 March 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/37.
51. Panel Report, Turkey－Measures Affecting the Importation of Rice, WT/DS334/R (Sept. 21, 2007).
52. Panel Report, Canada－Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000).
53. GATT Panel Report, Japan－Trade in Semi-Conductors, L/6309, adopted 4 May 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/116.
54. Panel Report, India－Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/R (Apr. 6, 1999).
55. Panel Report, Argentina－Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R (Dec. 19, 2000).
56. Panel Report, India－Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector, WT/DS146/R (Dec. 21, 2001).
57. Appellate Body Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R (Oct. 2, 1998).
58. Panel Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R (May 15, 1998).
59. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R (Mar. 14, 1997).
60. Panel Report, China－Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R (July 5, 2011).
61. Panel Report, Colombia－Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry, WT/DS366/R (Apr. 27, 2009).
62. Panel Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/R (Nov. 26, 2004).
63. Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/AB/R (Apr. 25, 2005).		zh_TW