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題名 論服務分類W/120分類議題之解決途徑
Effective Solution to GATS W/120 Classification Issues作者 李亞璇
Lee, Ya Shiuan貢獻者 楊光華
Yang, Guang Hwa
李亞璇
Lee, Ya Shiuan關鍵詞 服務分類
特定承諾
服務貿易
世界貿易組織
GATS
W/120
sectoral classification日期 2013 上傳時間 25-Aug-2014 15:14:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 烏拉圭回合談判時期，GATT締約成員首次將服務貿易談判納入GATT體系下，為讓談判代表效率地針對服務項目進行服務貿易市場開放之談判，秘書處參考聯合國CPC暫行版的服務分類，提出了W／120。儘管秘書處於「承諾表填寫準則」中明確地指出，成員得以使用W／120以外的方式填寫承諾表，然而，W／120仍成為多數成員填寫承諾表之主要依據。而自WTO成立至今，多數會員仍係依W／120之分類填寫其承諾表。 然而，在這二十年間服務貿易之蓬勃發展下，有些服務已逐漸轉型，亦有些新興的服務項目產生，致使會員開始討論W／120服務分類不足的問題。從會員討論之過程中，得以發現W／120各服務部門幾乎皆存在著不同的分類問題，而亦有不少會員提案建議如何改善之。 相較於目前有些會員選擇以爭端解決的方式處理服務分類之問題，本文更為支持會員主動改善W／120，並且讓一種新分類被會員接受與使用之程度達到目前W／120被使用之程度。本文認為，由於改善W／120此解決方式得以處理的分類問題較個案解釋方式更為廣泛與全面，又得以兼顧會員之需求，設計出最適合會員使用的新分類，以及使新分類維持得更為持久，是故，將分類改善得更為清楚以及更具彈性，不僅得以避免爭端發生，亦得以確保未來談判時會員承諾之穩定性，實為較案例解釋方式更佳之解決途徑。 參考文獻 一、中文專書1. 張新平，世界貿易組織下之服務貿易，1996年。2. 彭心儀，WTO服務貿易與通訊科技法律，2005年。3. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。二、中文論文1. 彭心儀，科技匯流與條約解釋：探討「服務業特定承諾」的時代性兼評WTO視聽服務案，載：第十屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集（2010）。三、英文專書1. CROOME, JOHN, RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM: A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND (1999).2. MUNIN, NELLIE, LEGAL GUIDE TO GATS (2010).3. STEWART, TERRANCE P., THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND: A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1993).四、WTO案例1. Panel Report, China－Certain Measures Affecting Electronic Payment Services, WT/DS413/R (adopted Aug. 31, 2012).2. Panel Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/R (adopted Jan. 20, 2010).3. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R (adopted Apr. 20, 2005).4. Appellate Body Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (adopted Jan. 20, 2010).6. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R (adopted Apr. 20, 2005).五、GATT／WTO文件1. GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiation, Group of Negotiations on Services, Services Sectoral Classification List, MTN.GNS/W/120 (July 10, 1991).2. GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiations the Uruguay Round, Group of Negotiations on Services, Scheduling of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services: Explanatory Notes, MTN.GNS/W/164 (Sept. 3, 1993).3. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Communication from Albania, Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, the European Communities, Hong Kong China, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Peru, the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Turkey and the United States: Understanding on the scope of coverage of CPC 84 - Computer and Related Services, S/CSC/W/51 (Jan. 26, 2007).4. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Classification Issues in the Environmental Sector, S/CSC/W/25 (Sept. 28, 1999).5. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Compilation of the Discussion on Classification Issues, JOB/SERV/180 (Mar. 14, 2014).6. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/CSC/W/2 (Sep. 13, 1996).7. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Detailed Analysis of the Modifications Brought about by the Revision of the Central Product Classification, S/CSC/W/6 (June 4, 1997).8. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Potential Impact of the Revision 1 of the CPC on the Sectoral Definition Used in the Schedules, S/CSC/W/16 (Mar. 12, 1998).9. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Qualitative Assessment of the Relevance of the Changes Resulting from CPC Rev.1 for Trade Negotiating Purposes, S/CSC/W/9 (Oct. 9, 1997).10. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 24 May 1996, S/CSC/M/1 (June 18, 1996).11. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 10 October 1996, S/CSC/M/2 (Nov. 13, 1996).12. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 2 April 1998, S/CSC/M/5 (May 6, 1998).13. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 16 October 1998, S/CSC/M/6 (Nov. 12, 1998).14. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Committee on Specific Commitment to the Council for Trade in Services, S/CSC/3 (Dec. 2, 1998).15. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 4 October 2012, S/CSC/M/64 (Oct. 22, 2012).16. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 20 June 2013, S/CSC/M/67 (July 2, 2013).17. WTO, Committee on Specifics Commitments, Services Classification in WTO Jurisprudence, S/CSC/W/61 (Mar.12, 2013).18. WTO, Committee on Trade in Financial Services, Financial Services Overview of Classification Issues, JOB/SERV/79 (June 17, 2011).19. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Australia, Canada, Chile, the European Communities, Hong Kong China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, the Separate Customs Territories of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu and United States: Joint Statement on the Negotiations on Computer and Related Services, TN/S/W/38 (Feb. 25, 2005).20. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Australia: Negotiating Proposal for Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/112 (Oct. 1, 2001).21. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Brazil: Construction and Related Services, S/CSS/W/113 (Oct. 5, 2001).22. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Canada: Initial Negotiating Proposal on Financial Services, S/CSS/W/50 (Mar. 14, 2001).23. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama: The Cluster of Tourism Industries, S/CSS/W/19 (Dec. 5, 2000).24. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Classification in the Telecom Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/27, S/CSC/W/44 (Feb. 10, 2005).25. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Coverage of CPC 84 – Computer and Related Services, TN/S/W/6 (Oct. 24, 2002).26. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European and Their Member States: GATS 2000 Energy Services, S/CSS/W/60 (Mar. 23, 2001).27. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European and Their Member States: GATS 2000 Telecommunications, S/CSS/W/35 (Dec. 22, 2000).28. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Hong Kong, China: Logistics and Related Services, S/CSC/68 (Mar. 28, 2001).29. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Switzerland: GATS 2000: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/76 (May 4, 2001).30. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Audiovisual and Related Services, S/CSS/W/21 (Dec. 18, 2000).31. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Classification in the Telecommunications Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/35, S/CSC/W/45 (Feb. 22, 2005).32. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Classification of Energy Services, S/CSC/W/27 (May, 18, 2000).33. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/25 (Dec. 18, 2000).34. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Financial Services, S/CSS/W/27 (Dec. 18, 2000).35. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Venezuela: Negotiating Proposal on Energy Services, S/CSS/W/69 (Mar. 29, 2001).36. WTO, Trade in Services, Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/L/92 (Mar. 28, 2001).六、網頁資料1. Hiroyuki Nishida, Progress of WTO Service Negotiations on Maritime Transportation, presentation at Meeting the Challenge for Global Shipping: Policies and Strategies (10 June 2010), available at http://www.dma.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Nyheder/2010/PresentationsConference/Presentation_on_WTO.pptx.2. UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, REPORT OF THE REGIONAL SEMINAR ON LIBERALIZATION OF MARITIME TRANSPORT SERVICES UNDER WTO GATS, 11-13 FEBRUARY 2002, BANGKOK, p. 167 (Mar. 1, 2002), available at http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/pub_2217_fulltext.pdf.3. UNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION, available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/default.asp?Lg=1.4. WTO, available at http://www.wto.org/. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
100351019
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1003510191 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊光華 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Guang Hwa en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李亞璇 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Ya Shiuan en_US dc.creator (作者) 李亞璇 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Ya Shiuan en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 25-Aug-2014 15:14:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 25-Aug-2014 15:14:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 25-Aug-2014 15:14:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1003510191 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/69182 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100351019 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 烏拉圭回合談判時期，GATT締約成員首次將服務貿易談判納入GATT體系下，為讓談判代表效率地針對服務項目進行服務貿易市場開放之談判，秘書處參考聯合國CPC暫行版的服務分類，提出了W／120。儘管秘書處於「承諾表填寫準則」中明確地指出，成員得以使用W／120以外的方式填寫承諾表，然而，W／120仍成為多數成員填寫承諾表之主要依據。而自WTO成立至今，多數會員仍係依W／120之分類填寫其承諾表。 然而，在這二十年間服務貿易之蓬勃發展下，有些服務已逐漸轉型，亦有些新興的服務項目產生，致使會員開始討論W／120服務分類不足的問題。從會員討論之過程中，得以發現W／120各服務部門幾乎皆存在著不同的分類問題，而亦有不少會員提案建議如何改善之。 相較於目前有些會員選擇以爭端解決的方式處理服務分類之問題，本文更為支持會員主動改善W／120，並且讓一種新分類被會員接受與使用之程度達到目前W／120被使用之程度。本文認為，由於改善W／120此解決方式得以處理的分類問題較個案解釋方式更為廣泛與全面，又得以兼顧會員之需求，設計出最適合會員使用的新分類，以及使新分類維持得更為持久，是故，將分類改善得更為清楚以及更具彈性，不僅得以避免爭端發生，亦得以確保未來談判時會員承諾之穩定性，實為較案例解釋方式更佳之解決途徑。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論...........................................1 第一節 研究動機與目的............................1 第二節 研究架構..................................3 第三節 研究方法..................................4 第四節 研究限制..................................4第二章 GATS／WTO服務分類之發展............................5 第一節 GATS／WTO服務部門分類之緣起..................5 第二節 服務分類對於會員履行義務之重要性..............8 第三節 WTO成立後有關W／120修正之討論..............10 第四節 新談判回合之分類討論.....................14第三章 利用爭端解決處理服務分類問題.....................19 第一節 簡述案由與分類爭議.......................20 第二節 爭端解決機構處理分類爭議之解釋方法..........23第一項 文義解釋.....................................23第二項 上下文／脈絡..................................25第三項 宗旨與目的....................................27第四項 補充工具.....................................28 第三節 爭端解決之效果與限制.......................30第四章 改善W／120分類做為分類議題之解決途徑................32 第一節 「改善W／120」之意涵......................32 第二節 「改善W／120」之益處......................38第一項 符合會員需求..................................39第二項 有助於維持分類的持久性及穩定性...................40第三項 體系性的解決較個案性解決有效率...................41 第三節 改善W／120途徑所不可能處理的分類爭議.........42 第四節 小結....................................43第五章 結論...........................................44附錄：「改善W／120」之例示..............................46參考文獻............................................49 zh_TW dc.format.extent 873390 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1003510191 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務分類 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 特定承諾 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 世界貿易組織 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) GATS en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) W/120 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) sectoral classification en_US dc.title (題名) 論服務分類W/120分類議題之解決途徑 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Effective Solution to GATS W/120 Classification Issues en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文專書1. 張新平，世界貿易組織下之服務貿易，1996年。2. 彭心儀，WTO服務貿易與通訊科技法律，2005年。3. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。二、中文論文1. 彭心儀，科技匯流與條約解釋：探討「服務業特定承諾」的時代性兼評WTO視聽服務案，載：第十屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集（2010）。三、英文專書1. CROOME, JOHN, RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM: A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND (1999).2. MUNIN, NELLIE, LEGAL GUIDE TO GATS (2010).3. STEWART, TERRANCE P., THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND: A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1993).四、WTO案例1. Panel Report, China－Certain Measures Affecting Electronic Payment Services, WT/DS413/R (adopted Aug. 31, 2012).2. Panel Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/R (adopted Jan. 20, 2010).3. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R (adopted Apr. 20, 2005).4. Appellate Body Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (adopted Jan. 20, 2010).6. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R (adopted Apr. 20, 2005).五、GATT／WTO文件1. GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiation, Group of Negotiations on Services, Services Sectoral Classification List, MTN.GNS/W/120 (July 10, 1991).2. GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiations the Uruguay Round, Group of Negotiations on Services, Scheduling of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services: Explanatory Notes, MTN.GNS/W/164 (Sept. 3, 1993).3. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Communication from Albania, Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, the European Communities, Hong Kong China, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Peru, the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Turkey and the United States: Understanding on the scope of coverage of CPC 84 - Computer and Related Services, S/CSC/W/51 (Jan. 26, 2007).4. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Classification Issues in the Environmental Sector, S/CSC/W/25 (Sept. 28, 1999).5. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Compilation of the Discussion on Classification Issues, JOB/SERV/180 (Mar. 14, 2014).6. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/CSC/W/2 (Sep. 13, 1996).7. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Detailed Analysis of the Modifications Brought about by the Revision of the Central Product Classification, S/CSC/W/6 (June 4, 1997).8. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Potential Impact of the Revision 1 of the CPC on the Sectoral Definition Used in the Schedules, S/CSC/W/16 (Mar. 12, 1998).9. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Qualitative Assessment of the Relevance of the Changes Resulting from CPC Rev.1 for Trade Negotiating Purposes, S/CSC/W/9 (Oct. 9, 1997).10. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 24 May 1996, S/CSC/M/1 (June 18, 1996).11. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 10 October 1996, S/CSC/M/2 (Nov. 13, 1996).12. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 2 April 1998, S/CSC/M/5 (May 6, 1998).13. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 16 October 1998, S/CSC/M/6 (Nov. 12, 1998).14. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Committee on Specific Commitment to the Council for Trade in Services, S/CSC/3 (Dec. 2, 1998).15. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 4 October 2012, S/CSC/M/64 (Oct. 22, 2012).16. WTO, Committee on Specific Commitments, Report of the Meeting Held on 20 June 2013, S/CSC/M/67 (July 2, 2013).17. WTO, Committee on Specifics Commitments, Services Classification in WTO Jurisprudence, S/CSC/W/61 (Mar.12, 2013).18. WTO, Committee on Trade in Financial Services, Financial Services Overview of Classification Issues, JOB/SERV/79 (June 17, 2011).19. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Australia, Canada, Chile, the European Communities, Hong Kong China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, the Separate Customs Territories of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu and United States: Joint Statement on the Negotiations on Computer and Related Services, TN/S/W/38 (Feb. 25, 2005).20. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Australia: Negotiating Proposal for Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/112 (Oct. 1, 2001).21. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Brazil: Construction and Related Services, S/CSS/W/113 (Oct. 5, 2001).22. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Canada: Initial Negotiating Proposal on Financial Services, S/CSS/W/50 (Mar. 14, 2001).23. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama: The Cluster of Tourism Industries, S/CSS/W/19 (Dec. 5, 2000).24. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Classification in the Telecom Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/27, S/CSC/W/44 (Feb. 10, 2005).25. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Coverage of CPC 84 – Computer and Related Services, TN/S/W/6 (Oct. 24, 2002).26. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European and Their Member States: GATS 2000 Energy Services, S/CSS/W/60 (Mar. 23, 2001).27. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the European and Their Member States: GATS 2000 Telecommunications, S/CSS/W/35 (Dec. 22, 2000).28. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Hong Kong, China: Logistics and Related Services, S/CSC/68 (Mar. 28, 2001).29. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Switzerland: GATS 2000: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/76 (May 4, 2001).30. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Audiovisual and Related Services, S/CSS/W/21 (Dec. 18, 2000).31. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Classification in the Telecommunications Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/35, S/CSC/W/45 (Feb. 22, 2005).32. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Classification of Energy Services, S/CSC/W/27 (May, 18, 2000).33. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/25 (Dec. 18, 2000).34. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from the United States: Financial Services, S/CSS/W/27 (Dec. 18, 2000).35. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Communication from Venezuela: Negotiating Proposal on Energy Services, S/CSS/W/69 (Mar. 29, 2001).36. WTO, Trade in Services, Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/L/92 (Mar. 28, 2001).六、網頁資料1. Hiroyuki Nishida, Progress of WTO Service Negotiations on Maritime Transportation, presentation at Meeting the Challenge for Global Shipping: Policies and Strategies (10 June 2010), available at http://www.dma.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Nyheder/2010/PresentationsConference/Presentation_on_WTO.pptx.2. UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, REPORT OF THE REGIONAL SEMINAR ON LIBERALIZATION OF MARITIME TRANSPORT SERVICES UNDER WTO GATS, 11-13 FEBRUARY 2002, BANGKOK, p. 167 (Mar. 1, 2002), available at http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/pub_2217_fulltext.pdf.3. UNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION, available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/default.asp?Lg=1.4. WTO, available at http://www.wto.org/. zh_TW
