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題名 為何相似性能預測吸引力：檢驗比較性模型
Why Similarity Predicts Attraction: Contrasting Models
作者 左艾俐
Zoe, Magraw Mickelson
貢獻者 李怡青
Lee, I Ching
左艾俐
Zoe, Magraw Mickelson
關鍵詞 相似性
吸引力
Similarity
Attraction
Friendship
日期 2013
上傳時間 25-Aug-2014 15:20:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 在多達幾十億人口的世界當中，究竟我們是如何挑選出朋友的? 一般人認為相似性是引導友誼的關鍵，許多研究也發現的確是如此。本篇論文近一步探討為何相似性會有此效果。目前有許多理論可用來說明為何相似性會引發吸引力；有些理論從認知面來說明，亦即人們對於那些與自己相似的特性會產生正面評價；而其他理論則從情感面來說明，即人們對於類似的特性會有正面的情感反應。然而，在跨文化的友誼情境中，不確定性減低理論(Berger & Calabrese, 1975) 卻認為人們會比較喜歡那些吻合互動常規的外國友人，而不是那些與自己相似的外國友人。本論文在美國和台灣均採用實驗法來檢驗相似性吸引論與不確定性減低理論孰較能解釋跨文化友誼的心理機制。受試者被要求評估實驗中陌生人的種族背景以及評估陌生人的溝通模式與受試者自己是否相似。依據相似性吸引理論，由於人們對自己會有較佳的評價，因此那些與自己享有相似種族背景或溝通模式的陌生人較讓人喜歡。是故，相似性感受會中介真實相似性與吸引力感受之間的關係。相反地，依據不確定性減低理論的看法，相較於在陌生人的溝通模式不吻合其種族刻版印象之情境 (即帶給受試者高不確定感) ，在陌生人的溝通模式吻合其種族刻版印象的情境下 (即帶給受試者低不確定感)，則後面情境中的陌生人會較具有吸引力。因此，不確定性感受會中介刻版印象一致性與吸引力感受的關係。本實驗結果支持相似性吸引論的假設。當受試者與實驗中的目標人物 (國際學子)都屬於採用逃避型溝通模式者時，受試者會覺得目標人物較具吸引力。真實相似性對於吸引力感受的作用會完全被相似性感受所中介。本研究將探討在多元文化互動之中能引發吸引力產生之因素所蘊藏的實務意涵。
With billions of people in the world, what determines who we select as friends? Similarity leading to friendship is not only a commonly held lay belief but also a phenomenon found in decades of research. This thesis further investigates why this is true. Many theories have been proposed to account for similarity attraction; some offer primarily cognitive explanations, that we evaluate others with similar traits positively, while others offer affective explanations, that we would have positive emotional reactions to common attributes. However, in cross-cultural friendship, uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975) predicts that we prefer those who provide us with clear interaction norms over those who are similar to us. In this thesis, experimental studies were conducted in the U.S. and in Taiwan to test similarity attraction and uncertainty reduction explanations for cross-cultural friendship. Participants were asked to evaluate strangers whose racial background and communication style are similar to or different from them. According to similarity attraction explanations, strangers who share a similar racial background or a similar communication style are expected to produce greater liking due to the favorable evaluations of ourselves. Furthermore, feelings of similarity should mediate the relationship between actual similarity and perceived attraction. Conversely, according to uncertainty explanations, a stranger who has a communication style consistent with racial stereotypes (i.e., low uncertainty) is considered more attractive than a stranger whose communication style is inconsistent with racial stereotypes (i.e., high uncertainty). Accordingly, perceived uncertainty should mediate the relationship between stereotypical consistency and perceived attraction. Supporting evidence was found for the similarity attraction hypothesis. When participants and the target international students shared avoidant communication style, they found the target students to be more attractive. The effect of actual similarity on perceived attraction was completely mediated by perceived similarity. The implications of factors leading to attraction in multi-cultural interactions were further discussed.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
99752023
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752023
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李怡青zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, I Chingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 左艾俐zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Zoe, Magraw Mickelsonen_US
dc.creator (作者) 左艾俐zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Zoe, Magraw Mickelsonen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 25-Aug-2014 15:20:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 25-Aug-2014 15:20:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 25-Aug-2014 15:20:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099752023en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/69224-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99752023zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在多達幾十億人口的世界當中，究竟我們是如何挑選出朋友的? 一般人認為相似性是引導友誼的關鍵，許多研究也發現的確是如此。本篇論文近一步探討為何相似性會有此效果。目前有許多理論可用來說明為何相似性會引發吸引力；有些理論從認知面來說明，亦即人們對於那些與自己相似的特性會產生正面評價；而其他理論則從情感面來說明，即人們對於類似的特性會有正面的情感反應。然而，在跨文化的友誼情境中，不確定性減低理論(Berger & Calabrese, 1975) 卻認為人們會比較喜歡那些吻合互動常規的外國友人，而不是那些與自己相似的外國友人。本論文在美國和台灣均採用實驗法來檢驗相似性吸引論與不確定性減低理論孰較能解釋跨文化友誼的心理機制。受試者被要求評估實驗中陌生人的種族背景以及評估陌生人的溝通模式與受試者自己是否相似。依據相似性吸引理論，由於人們對自己會有較佳的評價，因此那些與自己享有相似種族背景或溝通模式的陌生人較讓人喜歡。是故，相似性感受會中介真實相似性與吸引力感受之間的關係。相反地，依據不確定性減低理論的看法，相較於在陌生人的溝通模式不吻合其種族刻版印象之情境 (即帶給受試者高不確定感) ，在陌生人的溝通模式吻合其種族刻版印象的情境下 (即帶給受試者低不確定感)，則後面情境中的陌生人會較具有吸引力。因此，不確定性感受會中介刻版印象一致性與吸引力感受的關係。本實驗結果支持相似性吸引論的假設。當受試者與實驗中的目標人物 (國際學子)都屬於採用逃避型溝通模式者時，受試者會覺得目標人物較具吸引力。真實相似性對於吸引力感受的作用會完全被相似性感受所中介。本研究將探討在多元文化互動之中能引發吸引力產生之因素所蘊藏的實務意涵。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With billions of people in the world, what determines who we select as friends? Similarity leading to friendship is not only a commonly held lay belief but also a phenomenon found in decades of research. This thesis further investigates why this is true. Many theories have been proposed to account for similarity attraction; some offer primarily cognitive explanations, that we evaluate others with similar traits positively, while others offer affective explanations, that we would have positive emotional reactions to common attributes. However, in cross-cultural friendship, uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975) predicts that we prefer those who provide us with clear interaction norms over those who are similar to us. In this thesis, experimental studies were conducted in the U.S. and in Taiwan to test similarity attraction and uncertainty reduction explanations for cross-cultural friendship. Participants were asked to evaluate strangers whose racial background and communication style are similar to or different from them. According to similarity attraction explanations, strangers who share a similar racial background or a similar communication style are expected to produce greater liking due to the favorable evaluations of ourselves. Furthermore, feelings of similarity should mediate the relationship between actual similarity and perceived attraction. Conversely, according to uncertainty explanations, a stranger who has a communication style consistent with racial stereotypes (i.e., low uncertainty) is considered more attractive than a stranger whose communication style is inconsistent with racial stereotypes (i.e., high uncertainty). Accordingly, perceived uncertainty should mediate the relationship between stereotypical consistency and perceived attraction. Supporting evidence was found for the similarity attraction hypothesis. When participants and the target international students shared avoidant communication style, they found the target students to be more attractive. The effect of actual similarity on perceived attraction was completely mediated by perceived similarity. The implications of factors leading to attraction in multi-cultural interactions were further discussed.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..v
     List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………vi
     Why Similarity Predicts Attraction: Contrasting Models…………………………………………1
     Pilot Study………………………………………………………………………………………..15
     Formal Study……………………………………………………………………………………..23
     General Discussion………………………………………………………………………………37
     References………………………………………………………………………………………..41
     Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………47
     Appendix B………………………………………………………………………………………48
     Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………50
     Appendix D………………………………………………………………………………………52		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752023en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 相似性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 吸引力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Similarityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Attractionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Friendshipen_US
dc.title (題名) 為何相似性能預測吸引力：檢驗比較性模型zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Why Similarity Predicts Attraction: Contrasting Modelsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afifi, W., & Burgoon, J. (2000). The impact of violations on uncertainty and the consequences for attractiveness. Human Communication Research, 26, 203–233.
     Ajzen, I. (1974). Effects of information on interpersonal attraction: Similarity versus affective value. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 374–380.
     Anderson, N. H. (1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 394-400.
     Anderson, N. H. (1971). Integration theory and attitude change. Psychological Review, 78.
     Aron, A., Ketay, S., Riela, S., & Aron, E. N. (2008). How close others construct and reconstruct who we are and how we feel about ourselves. In J. V Wood, A. Tesser, & J. G. Holmes (Eds.), The self and social relationships (pp. 209–229). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
     Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–82.
     Berger, C., & Calabrese, R. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99–112.
     Berger, C. R. (1986). Uncertain outcome values in predicted relationships uncertainty reduction theory then and now. Human Communication Research, 13, 34-38.
     Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. H. (1978). Interpersonal Attraction. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
     Bobo, L., & Zubrinsky, C. L. (1996). Attitudes on residential integration: Perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice?. Social Forces, 74, 883-909.
     Burleson, B. R., Samter, W., & Lucchetti, A. E. (1992). Similarity in communication values as a predictor of friendship choices: Studies of friends and best friends. Southern Communication Journal, 57, 260–276.
     Byrne, D., (1997). An overview (and underview) of research and theory within the attraction paradigm. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 417–431.
     Byrne, D., (1971). The Attraction Paradigm. New York, NY, US: Academic Press.
     Byrne, D, Clore, G. L., & Smeaton, G. (1986). The attraction hypothesis: Do similar attitudes affect anything? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1167–1170.
     Byrne, D., London, O., & Reeves, K. (1968). The effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality, 36, 259-271.
     Cao, Jia-xue. (2009). The Analysis of Tendency of Transition from Collectivism to Individualism in China. Cross-Cultural Communication, 5, 42-50.
     
     Chiou, J. S. (2001). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 667-678.
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