1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 解密新列寧式政黨的組織化邏輯： 中國共產黨第十七屆非軍職中央委員共事網絡研究
Decoding the Organizational Logic of the Neo-Leninist Party: A Study of the Colleague Network of the Chinese Communist Party’s 17th Central Committee
作者 賈士麟
Jia Shilin
貢獻者 熊瑞梅
Ray-may Hsung
賈士麟
Jia Shilin
關鍵詞 國家集中性
菁英政治
組織
社會網絡
中國共產黨
state centralization
elite politics
organization
social networks
CCP
日期 2013
上傳時間 1-Sep-2014 13:50:34 (UTC+8)
摘要 在本研究中，我通過對中國共產黨第十七屆中央委員之間的共事網絡的蒐集和分析，探索的是胡錦濤時代的黨國權力的集中化特徵。作為一個高度組織化的列寧式政黨，中國共產黨在21世紀初期依然保持了對中國的有效的威權統治，其政權的穩定和不穩定性是外界高度關注的焦點，但長期以來也因為資訊的不透明而被視為「黑盒子」。因為任何組織或者制度都是鑲嵌在社會關係中的，而組織內的共事關係是使組織作為組織運轉的重要社會關係，對共事網絡的研究有助於釐清中共作為一個菁英式政黨的組織邏輯。研究結果顯示，傳統的恩庇侍從、派系或者官僚模型對中共權力集中化的解釋都是有限的。在胡錦濤的第二屆中共中央總書記任期內，中共政治菁英的共事網絡中出現的是高度的團體與團體之間鑲嵌的狀況，結構洞大量地存在。而在控制了政治資歷變項的影響後，開放網絡中的社會資本對十七大政治菁英在十八大後擔任黨國的重要職位的機率有顯著的正向影響。社會鑲嵌應有助於解釋中共的威權韌性。
Through collecting and analyzing the colleague network of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s 17th Central Committee, this research attempts to analyze the characteristic of the party state’s power centralization in the Hu Jintao era. As a highly organized Leninist party, the CCP still effectively maintains its authoritarian control of China at the beginning of the 21st century. The stability and instability of the regime has always been of great interest to outside observers, but its elite politics has always been seen as a “black box” because of its lack of transparency. Insofar as all organizations and institutions are embedded in social relations, and colleague relationships inside an organization are key social relationships that facilitate the organization to run as an organization, a study of the CCP’s colleague network would help to explicate the elitist party’s organizational logic. My finding suggests that classical models of patron-clientelism, factionalism, or bureaucracy provide only limited explanation of the CCP’s current form of power centralization. During Hu Jintao’s second term serving as the General Secretary of the Party, there exist a great amount of mutual embeddedness and structural holes among different groups inside the colleague network of the CCP’s political elites. After controlling the effect of political qualification variables, their amount of social capitals in open networks have significant positive correlation with their chance of occupying more advanced positions after the 18th Party Congress. Social embeddedness helps to explain the CCP’s authoritarian resilience.
參考文獻 一、中文部分
王光旭、熊瑞梅，2014，〈解嚴前後台灣都市政治的再檢視（1986-1992）：網絡觀點下的台中市都市發展〉。《都市與計劃》41(1):1-41。
中共中央組織部，2002，〈黨政領導幹部選拔任用工作條例〉。http://www.people.com.cn/ GB/shizheng/16/20020723/782504.html，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
中國共產黨，2007，〈中國共產黨章程〉。http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-11/18/content_633225.htm，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
毛澤東，1939，〈《共產黨人》發刊詞〉。http://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/ marxist.org-chinese-mao-19391004.htm，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
周雪光，2003，《組織社會學十講》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
國立政治大學中國大陸研究中心，中共政治菁英資料庫。http://cped.nccu.edu.tw/node/2，取用日期：2014年8月23日。
寇健文，2006，〈中共與蘇共高層政治的演變：軌跡、動力與影響〉。《問題與研究》45(3): 39-75。
—，2007，〈胡錦濤時代團系幹部的崛起：派系考量vs.幹部輸送的組織任務〉。《遠景基金會季刊》8(4): 49-96。
—，2010，〈邁向權力核心之路：一九八七年以後中共文人領袖的政治流動〉。《政治科學論叢》(45): 1-36。
黃信豪，2010，〈有限活化的中共菁英循環：黨政領導菁英組成的跨時考察〉。《中國大陸研究》53(4): 1-33。
—， 2011，"Elite Recruitment and Regime Dynamics in China: A Longitudinal Analysis"。《政治與政策》1(1): 85-121。
—，2013，〈制度化下的中共菁英晉升：接班人栽培的觀點〉。《中國大陸研究》56(1): 33-60。
熊瑞梅，1995，〈社會網絡的資料蒐集、測量及分析〉。頁313-356，收錄於熊瑞梅、傅仰之、瞿海源編，《社會調查與分析》。台北：中央研究院民族學研究所。
—，2001，〈都市事件行動體系的分析：以台中市為例〉。《臺大社會學刊》29: 59-110。
二、英文部分
Blau, Peter Michael, and Marshall W. Meyer, 1987, Bureaucracy in Modern Society. New York: McGraw-hill.
Block, Fred L., 1987, Revising State Theory: Essays in Politics and Postindustrialism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bo, Zhiyue, 2007, China`s Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing. Singapore; Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
Borgatti, Stephen P., Martin G. Everett, and Jeffrey C. Johnson, 2013, Analyzing Social Networks. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Breiger, Ronald L., 1974, "The Duality of Persons and Groups." Social Forces 53(2): 181-190.
Breiger, Ronald L., Scott A. Boorman, and Phipps Arabie, 1975, "An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Applications to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12(3): 328-383.
Burt, Ronald S., 1976, "Positions in Networks." Social Forces 55(1):93-122.
—, 1995, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
—, 2002, "The Social Capital of Structural Holes." Pp. 148-192 in New Directions in Economic Sociology, edited by Mauro F. Guillen, Randall Collins, Paula England, and Marshall Meyer. New York: Rusell Sage Foundation.
—, 2005, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Burt, Ronald S., and Jennifer Merluzzi, 2014, "Embedded Brokerage: Hubs Versus Locals." Pre-print chapter in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by Stephen P. Borgatti, Daniel J. Brass, Daniel S. Halgin, Giuseppe Labianca, and Ajay Mehra. Cambridge, MA: Emerald Group Publishing.
Carnoy, Martin, 1984, The State and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Coleman, James S., 1988, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94: S95-S120.
Dittmer, Lowell, 1995, "Chinese Informal Politics." The China Journal (34): 1-34.
Dittmer, Lowell, and Yu-Shan Wu, 1995, "The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics." World Politics 47(4): 467-494.
Doreian, Patrick, Vladimir Batagelj, and Anuska Fedigoj, 2005, "Positional Analyses of Sociometric Data." Pp. 77-97 in Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by Peter J. Carrington, John Scott, and Stanley Wasserman. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Easter, Gerald M., 2000, Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, Peter B., 1995, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Freeman, Linton C., 1978, "Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification." Social Networks 1(3): 215-239.
Granovetter, Mark S., 1973, "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360-1380.
—, 1985, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481-510.
Heinz, John P., Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury, 1993, The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P., 2006, Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Knoke, David, and Franz Urban Pappi, 1991, "Organizational Action Sets in the U.S. And German Labor Policy Domains." American Sociological Review 56(4):509-523.
Koger, Gregory, Seth Masket, and Hans Noel, 2009, "Partisan Webs: Information Exchange and Party Networks." British Journal of Political Science 39(3): 633-653.
—, 2010, "Cooperative Party Factions in American Politics." American Politics Research 38(1): 33-53.
Kou, Chien-wen, and Wen-Hsuan Tsai, 2014, "`Sprinting with Small Steps` Towards Promotion: Solutions for the Age Dilemma in the CCP Cadre Appointment System." The China Journal (71): 153-171.
Laumann, Edward O., and David Knoke, 1987, The Organizational State: Social Change in National Policy Domains. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Lee, Hong Yung, 1991, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lenin, Vladimir I., 1963, What Is to Be Done? Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Li, Cheng, 2012, "The End of the CCP`s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China." The China Quarterly 211: 595-623.
Lin, Nan, 2001, Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, Michael, 1984, "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results." European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie 25(2): 185-213.
McGregor, Richard, 2010, The Party: The Secret World of China`s Communist Rulers. New York: Harper.
Nathan, Andrew J., 1973, "A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics." The China Quarterly (53): 34-66.
—, 2003, "Authoritarian Resilience." Journal of Democracy 14(1): 6-17.
Nooy, Wouter de, Andrej Mrvar, and Vladimir Batagelj, 2005, Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Padgett, John F, and Christopher K Ansell, 1993, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434." American Journal of Sociology: 1259-1319.
Parigi, Paolo, and Laura Sartori, 2014, "The Political Party as a Network of Cleavages: Disclosing the Inner Structure of Italian Political Parties in the Seventies." Social Networks 36(0): 54-65.
Podolny, Joel M., 1993, "A Status-Based Model of Market Competition." American Journal of Sociology 98(4):829-872.
Porter, Mason A., Peter J. Mucha, M. E. J. Newman, and Casey M. Warmbrand, 2005, "A Network Analysis of Committees in the U.S. House of Representatives." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(20): 7057-7062.
Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Nanetti, 1993, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pye, Lucian W., 1995, "Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Administrative and Political Behaviour." The China Journal (34): 35-53.
Sauder, Michael, Freda Lynn, and Joel M. Podolny, 2012, "Status: Insights from Organizational Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 38(1):267-283.
Shih, Victor, 2004, "Factions Matter: Personal Networks and the Distribution of Bank Loans in China." Journal of Contemporary China 13(38): 3-19.
Simmel, Georg, 1955, Conflict and the Web of Group Affliations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Skocpol, Theda, 1985, "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research." Pp. 3-37 in Bringing the State Back In, edited by Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slez, Adam, and John Levi Martin, 2007, "Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention." American Sociological Review 72(1): 42-67.
Tsou, Tang, 2002, "Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power or a Game to Win All?" Pp. 98-159 in The Nature of Chinese Politics : From Mao to Jiang, edited by Jonathan Unger and Lowell Dittmer. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Tsou, Tang, and Andrew J. Nathan, 1976, "Prolegomenon to the Study of Informal Groups in CCP Politics." The China Quarterly (65): 98-117.
Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust, 1994, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Watts, Duncan J., 1999, "Networks, Dynamics, and the Small‐World Phenomenon." American Journal of Sociology 105(2):493-527.
Weber, Max, 1946, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
—, 1947, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
White, Harrison C., 2008, Identity and Control: How Social Formations Emerge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
White, Harrison C., Scott A. Boorman, and Ronald L. Breiger, 1976, "Social Structure from Multiple Networks. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions." American Journal of Sociology 81(4): 730-780.
Žižek, Slavoj, 2007, The Universal Exception. London: Continuum.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學研究所
100254020
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002540205
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 熊瑞梅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Ray-may Hsungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賈士麟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jia Shilinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 賈士麟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Jia Shilinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2014 13:50:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2014 13:50:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2014 13:50:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1002540205en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/69466-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100254020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在本研究中，我通過對中國共產黨第十七屆中央委員之間的共事網絡的蒐集和分析，探索的是胡錦濤時代的黨國權力的集中化特徵。作為一個高度組織化的列寧式政黨，中國共產黨在21世紀初期依然保持了對中國的有效的威權統治，其政權的穩定和不穩定性是外界高度關注的焦點，但長期以來也因為資訊的不透明而被視為「黑盒子」。因為任何組織或者制度都是鑲嵌在社會關係中的，而組織內的共事關係是使組織作為組織運轉的重要社會關係，對共事網絡的研究有助於釐清中共作為一個菁英式政黨的組織邏輯。研究結果顯示，傳統的恩庇侍從、派系或者官僚模型對中共權力集中化的解釋都是有限的。在胡錦濤的第二屆中共中央總書記任期內，中共政治菁英的共事網絡中出現的是高度的團體與團體之間鑲嵌的狀況，結構洞大量地存在。而在控制了政治資歷變項的影響後，開放網絡中的社會資本對十七大政治菁英在十八大後擔任黨國的重要職位的機率有顯著的正向影響。社會鑲嵌應有助於解釋中共的威權韌性。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Through collecting and analyzing the colleague network of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s 17th Central Committee, this research attempts to analyze the characteristic of the party state’s power centralization in the Hu Jintao era. As a highly organized Leninist party, the CCP still effectively maintains its authoritarian control of China at the beginning of the 21st century. The stability and instability of the regime has always been of great interest to outside observers, but its elite politics has always been seen as a “black box” because of its lack of transparency. Insofar as all organizations and institutions are embedded in social relations, and colleague relationships inside an organization are key social relationships that facilitate the organization to run as an organization, a study of the CCP’s colleague network would help to explicate the elitist party’s organizational logic. My finding suggests that classical models of patron-clientelism, factionalism, or bureaucracy provide only limited explanation of the CCP’s current form of power centralization. During Hu Jintao’s second term serving as the General Secretary of the Party, there exist a great amount of mutual embeddedness and structural holes among different groups inside the colleague network of the CCP’s political elites. After controlling the effect of political qualification variables, their amount of social capitals in open networks have significant positive correlation with their chance of occupying more advanced positions after the 18th Party Congress. Social embeddedness helps to explain the CCP’s authoritarian resilience.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 i
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
目錄 v
圖表目錄 vii
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻回顧和理論探討 4
第一節 正式政治vs.非正式政治 4
第二節 組織社會學和社會網絡的分析視角 7
1. 社會鑲嵌性和弱聯結 8
2. 既有的對國家和政黨的社會網絡研究 10
3. 中共政治菁英的共事網絡的分析視角 11
第三節 本研究中會用到的關鍵社會網絡概念 14
第四節 理論和研究假設 16
第三章、研究設計 20
第一節 資料的蒐集 20
1. 研究對象的選取 20
2. 工作簡歷的編碼 21
3. 共事關係的抓取 22
第二節 網絡測量與分析方法 23
1. 描述性分析方法 23
2. 變數測量 23
第四章、描述性分析 27
第一節 個人資料描述 27
第二節 共事網絡描述 30
第三節 塊模型和分區 36
第四節 十七大中共政治菁英的權力集中化特徵 44
第五章、迴歸分析 48
第六章、結語 56
第一節 研究發現與討論 56
第二節 研究限制和展望 58
附錄1簡歷中特殊情況的錄入原則 59
附錄2 資料架構 65
附錄3 共事關係的抓取原則 68
附錄4 共事網絡中位置與位置間密度矩陣 71
附錄5 局部兩年以上共事網絡圖 72
參考書目 75		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 8396462 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002540205en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家集中性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菁英政治zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會網絡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國共產黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) state centralizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) elite politicsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) organizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) social networksen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CCPen_US
dc.title (題名) 解密新列寧式政黨的組織化邏輯： 中國共產黨第十七屆非軍職中央委員共事網絡研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Decoding the Organizational Logic of the Neo-Leninist Party: A Study of the Colleague Network of the Chinese Communist Party’s 17th Central Committeeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分
王光旭、熊瑞梅，2014，〈解嚴前後台灣都市政治的再檢視（1986-1992）：網絡觀點下的台中市都市發展〉。《都市與計劃》41(1):1-41。
中共中央組織部，2002，〈黨政領導幹部選拔任用工作條例〉。http://www.people.com.cn/ GB/shizheng/16/20020723/782504.html，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
中國共產黨，2007，〈中國共產黨章程〉。http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-11/18/content_633225.htm，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
毛澤東，1939，〈《共產黨人》發刊詞〉。http://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/ marxist.org-chinese-mao-19391004.htm，取用日期：2014年6月3日。
周雪光，2003，《組織社會學十講》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
國立政治大學中國大陸研究中心，中共政治菁英資料庫。http://cped.nccu.edu.tw/node/2，取用日期：2014年8月23日。
寇健文，2006，〈中共與蘇共高層政治的演變：軌跡、動力與影響〉。《問題與研究》45(3): 39-75。
—，2007，〈胡錦濤時代團系幹部的崛起：派系考量vs.幹部輸送的組織任務〉。《遠景基金會季刊》8(4): 49-96。
—，2010，〈邁向權力核心之路：一九八七年以後中共文人領袖的政治流動〉。《政治科學論叢》(45): 1-36。
黃信豪，2010，〈有限活化的中共菁英循環：黨政領導菁英組成的跨時考察〉。《中國大陸研究》53(4): 1-33。
—， 2011，"Elite Recruitment and Regime Dynamics in China: A Longitudinal Analysis"。《政治與政策》1(1): 85-121。
—，2013，〈制度化下的中共菁英晉升：接班人栽培的觀點〉。《中國大陸研究》56(1): 33-60。
熊瑞梅，1995，〈社會網絡的資料蒐集、測量及分析〉。頁313-356，收錄於熊瑞梅、傅仰之、瞿海源編，《社會調查與分析》。台北：中央研究院民族學研究所。
—，2001，〈都市事件行動體系的分析：以台中市為例〉。《臺大社會學刊》29: 59-110。
二、英文部分
Blau, Peter Michael, and Marshall W. Meyer, 1987, Bureaucracy in Modern Society. New York: McGraw-hill.
Block, Fred L., 1987, Revising State Theory: Essays in Politics and Postindustrialism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bo, Zhiyue, 2007, China`s Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing. Singapore; Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
Borgatti, Stephen P., Martin G. Everett, and Jeffrey C. Johnson, 2013, Analyzing Social Networks. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Breiger, Ronald L., 1974, "The Duality of Persons and Groups." Social Forces 53(2): 181-190.
Breiger, Ronald L., Scott A. Boorman, and Phipps Arabie, 1975, "An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Applications to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12(3): 328-383.
Burt, Ronald S., 1976, "Positions in Networks." Social Forces 55(1):93-122.
—, 1995, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
—, 2002, "The Social Capital of Structural Holes." Pp. 148-192 in New Directions in Economic Sociology, edited by Mauro F. Guillen, Randall Collins, Paula England, and Marshall Meyer. New York: Rusell Sage Foundation.
—, 2005, Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Burt, Ronald S., and Jennifer Merluzzi, 2014, "Embedded Brokerage: Hubs Versus Locals." Pre-print chapter in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by Stephen P. Borgatti, Daniel J. Brass, Daniel S. Halgin, Giuseppe Labianca, and Ajay Mehra. Cambridge, MA: Emerald Group Publishing.
Carnoy, Martin, 1984, The State and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Coleman, James S., 1988, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94: S95-S120.
Dittmer, Lowell, 1995, "Chinese Informal Politics." The China Journal (34): 1-34.
Dittmer, Lowell, and Yu-Shan Wu, 1995, "The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics." World Politics 47(4): 467-494.
Doreian, Patrick, Vladimir Batagelj, and Anuska Fedigoj, 2005, "Positional Analyses of Sociometric Data." Pp. 77-97 in Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by Peter J. Carrington, John Scott, and Stanley Wasserman. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Easter, Gerald M., 2000, Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, Peter B., 1995, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Freeman, Linton C., 1978, "Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification." Social Networks 1(3): 215-239.
Granovetter, Mark S., 1973, "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360-1380.
—, 1985, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481-510.
Heinz, John P., Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury, 1993, The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P., 2006, Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Knoke, David, and Franz Urban Pappi, 1991, "Organizational Action Sets in the U.S. And German Labor Policy Domains." American Sociological Review 56(4):509-523.
Koger, Gregory, Seth Masket, and Hans Noel, 2009, "Partisan Webs: Information Exchange and Party Networks." British Journal of Political Science 39(3): 633-653.
—, 2010, "Cooperative Party Factions in American Politics." American Politics Research 38(1): 33-53.
Kou, Chien-wen, and Wen-Hsuan Tsai, 2014, "`Sprinting with Small Steps` Towards Promotion: Solutions for the Age Dilemma in the CCP Cadre Appointment System." The China Journal (71): 153-171.
Laumann, Edward O., and David Knoke, 1987, The Organizational State: Social Change in National Policy Domains. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Lee, Hong Yung, 1991, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lenin, Vladimir I., 1963, What Is to Be Done? Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Li, Cheng, 2012, "The End of the CCP`s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China." The China Quarterly 211: 595-623.
Lin, Nan, 2001, Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mann, Michael, 1984, "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results." European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie 25(2): 185-213.
McGregor, Richard, 2010, The Party: The Secret World of China`s Communist Rulers. New York: Harper.
Nathan, Andrew J., 1973, "A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics." The China Quarterly (53): 34-66.
—, 2003, "Authoritarian Resilience." Journal of Democracy 14(1): 6-17.
Nooy, Wouter de, Andrej Mrvar, and Vladimir Batagelj, 2005, Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Padgett, John F, and Christopher K Ansell, 1993, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434." American Journal of Sociology: 1259-1319.
Parigi, Paolo, and Laura Sartori, 2014, "The Political Party as a Network of Cleavages: Disclosing the Inner Structure of Italian Political Parties in the Seventies." Social Networks 36(0): 54-65.
Podolny, Joel M., 1993, "A Status-Based Model of Market Competition." American Journal of Sociology 98(4):829-872.
Porter, Mason A., Peter J. Mucha, M. E. J. Newman, and Casey M. Warmbrand, 2005, "A Network Analysis of Committees in the U.S. House of Representatives." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(20): 7057-7062.
Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Nanetti, 1993, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pye, Lucian W., 1995, "Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Administrative and Political Behaviour." The China Journal (34): 35-53.
Sauder, Michael, Freda Lynn, and Joel M. Podolny, 2012, "Status: Insights from Organizational Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 38(1):267-283.
Shih, Victor, 2004, "Factions Matter: Personal Networks and the Distribution of Bank Loans in China." Journal of Contemporary China 13(38): 3-19.
Simmel, Georg, 1955, Conflict and the Web of Group Affliations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Skocpol, Theda, 1985, "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research." Pp. 3-37 in Bringing the State Back In, edited by Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slez, Adam, and John Levi Martin, 2007, "Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention." American Sociological Review 72(1): 42-67.
Tsou, Tang, 2002, "Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power or a Game to Win All?" Pp. 98-159 in The Nature of Chinese Politics : From Mao to Jiang, edited by Jonathan Unger and Lowell Dittmer. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Tsou, Tang, and Andrew J. Nathan, 1976, "Prolegomenon to the Study of Informal Groups in CCP Politics." The China Quarterly (65): 98-117.
Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust, 1994, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Watts, Duncan J., 1999, "Networks, Dynamics, and the Small‐World Phenomenon." American Journal of Sociology 105(2):493-527.
Weber, Max, 1946, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
—, 1947, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
White, Harrison C., 2008, Identity and Control: How Social Formations Emerge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
White, Harrison C., Scott A. Boorman, and Ronald L. Breiger, 1976, "Social Structure from Multiple Networks. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions." American Journal of Sociology 81(4): 730-780.
Žižek, Slavoj, 2007, The Universal Exception. London: Continuum.		zh_TW