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題名 行動應用之商業模式分析
An Understanding of First-mover Advantages of App Development
作者 梁凱智
Jason K.C. Liang
貢獻者 尚孝純
梁凱智
Jason K.C. Liang
關鍵詞 先進者優勢
應用程式
First-mover advantage
Apps
App store
日期 2013
上傳時間 1-Oct-2014 13:31:53 (UTC+8)
摘要 近幾年來，智慧型手機靠著其方便多元的功能，已經成為大部份消費者生活中不可或缺的一部分。App Store的出現使行動應用程式開發的市場較傳統應用程式開發市場容易進入。透過App Store，開發者可以直接將軟體賣給位於世界各地的消費者。本研究想了解在一個發展如此迅速的市場中是否存在著先進者優勢，以及該如何維持其優勢。

本研究屬於一探索式研究，本研究探討了過去的先進者優勢相關文獻，以了解傳統產業中的先進者優勢。先進者優勢的來源主要有：技術領導、資源佔有、轉換成本、網路外部性與定價優勢。為了瞭解在行動應用程式市場中是否存在先進者優勢以及如何維持優勢，本研究蒐集並分析了過去幾年來的行動應用程式排行榜的相關資訊。發現在行動應用程式開發市場中存在著上述之先進者優勢，本研究也發現這些優勢可以透過持續更新、與社群平台整合等策略來維持。
The applications (apps) on Smartphones exhibit many kinds of innovation. With the powerful features of Smartphones, people can easily access the Internet, social networking, e-mail, and instant messaging. The emergence of app stores has removed the barriers of big investments in hardware and software for software development and has made software development simple and easy, with a few people or even a single person doing the work and quickly reaching users directly around the world. These unique features of app innovation create a need to explore whether first-mover advantages exist in app development and whether these first-mover advantages, if they exist, can be sustained.
This exploratory study reviewed the literature about first-mover advantages in products, services, and e-commerce innovation. First-mover advantages often arise from sources such as technological leadership, resource pre-empting, switching costs, network externalities, and pricing advantages. With the objective of understanding whether first-mover advantages exist in app innovation and how first movers can sustain these advantages, this study have collected data about top-ranked apps of different kinds and analyzed their competitiveness, and this study presented our findings about the situation of first movers in the app market. This study found that apps enjoy advantages such as those mentioned above. This study also discovered that apps may sustain their competitive advantages through strategies such as updating regularly to improve services by integrating with social networks and establishing brand recognition through Facebook fan pages, Twitter, and blogs.
參考文獻 1. 148Apps (2013). App store metrics. Retrieved from March, 3, 2013 http://148apps.biz/app-store-metrics
2. Apple (2013). App Store tops 40 billion downloads with almost half in 2012. Retrieved February, 12, 2013 from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/07App-Store-Tops-40-Billion-Downloads-with-Almost-Half-in-2012.html
3. Apple (2008). iPhone App Store downloads top 10 10 million in first weekend from
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html
4. Apple (2009). Apple’s App Store downloads top two billion. Retrieved February, 20, 2013 from
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/28Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-Two-Billion.html
5. Apple Inc. (2013). Apple Announces iPad Air—Dramatically Thinner, Lighter & More Powerful iPad. Retrieved February 22, 2014 from
https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/10/23Apple-Announces-iPad-Air-Dramatically-Thinner-Lighter-More-Powerful-iPad.html
6. Apple (2013). Apple updates iOS to 6.1. Retrieve March, 1, 2013 from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/28Apple-Updates-iOS-to-6-1.html
7. Apple (2012). Worldwide Developer Conference 2012. Retrieved March, 1, 2013 from https://developer.apple.com/wwdc/
8. App Annie (2014). Ringtone Designer Pro - Create Unlimited Ringtones, Text Tones, Email Alerts, and More! Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.appannie.com/apps/ios/app/ringtone-designer-pro-create-unlimited-ringtones-text-tones-e-mail-alerts-and-more/
9. App Annie (2014). Doodle God™. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.appannie.com/apps/ios/app/doodle-god/
10. Bharadwaj, S. G., Varadarajan, P. R., & Fahy, J. (1993). Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: A. Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 83-83.
11. Blackoutlabs (2014). Ringtone Designer Pro - Create Unlimited Ringtones, Text Tones, Email Alerts, and More! Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.blackoutlabs.com/
12. Bolt Creative (2014). The Pocket Shop. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://pocketshop.boltcreative.com/
13. Brian, Womack (2012). Google says 700,000 applications available for android. Retrieved February, 17, 2013, from
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-29/google-says-700-000-applications-available-for-android-devices
14. Burnham, T. A., Frels, J. K., & Mahajan, V. (2003). Consumer switching costs: A typology, antecedents, and consequences. Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 31(2), 109-126.
15. Bygstad, B., & Lanestedt, G. (2009). ICT based service innovation - A challenge for project management. International Journal of Project Management, 27(3), 234.
16. Camera+ (2014). Tap Tap Tap. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://taptaptap.com/
17. CasePress (2014). The Crimson Moon Entertainment Store. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.cafepress.com/crimsonmoonstore
18. Cox, J. (2006). Is there a first-mover advantage in the market for japanese video game systems? The Asia Pacific Journal of Economics & Business, 10(1), 18-33.
19. Day, G. S. and Freeman, J. S. (1990). Burnout or fadeout: the risks of early entry into high technology markets. In M. W. Lawless & L. R. Gomez Mejia (Eds.), Strategic Management in High Technology Firms. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
20. Electronic Arts (2014). Mobile Games. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.ea.com/mobile
21. Fornell, C. (1992). A national consumer satisfaction barometer: The swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-6.
22. Gartner (2012). Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Mobile Phones Declined 3 Percent in Third Quarter of 2012; Smartphone Sales Increased 47 Percent. Retrieved March 1, 2013 from
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2237315
23. Gartner (2014). Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715
24. Glazer, A. (1985). The Advantages of Being First. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 473-480. doi: 10.2307/1814812
25. Halfbrick (2014). Halfbrick. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://halfbrick.com/
26. Haines, D. W., Chandran, R., & Parkhe, A. (1989). Winning by being the first to market... or second? The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(1), 63-63.
27. Heidrun, C. H., & Ulrich, L. G. (2003). Innovation timing games: a general framework with applications. Journal of Economic Theory, 121, 30 -50.
28. Johnson, E. J., Bellman, S., & Lohse, G. L. (2003). Cognitive lock-in and the power law of practice. Journal of Marketing, 67, 62–75.
29. Johnson, Ronald N., & Parkman, Allen. (1983). Spatial Monopoly, Non-Zero Profits and Entry Deterrence: The Case of Cement. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(3), 431-439. doi: 10.2307/1924188
30. Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424-440. doi: 10.2307/1814809
31. Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 9(5), 41-41.
32. Lippman, S. A., & Mamer, J. W. (1993). Preemptive innovation. Journal of Economic Theory, 61(1), 104-104.
33. MacMillan, I. C. (1983), Preemptive Strategies. Journal of Business Strategy, 4, 16 – 26.
34. Makadok, R. (1998). Can first-mover and early-mover advantages be sustained in an industry with low barriers to Entry/imitation? Strategic Management Journal (1998), 19(7), 683-683.
35. Manchanda, P., Dubé, J. - P., Goh, K. Y., & Chintagunta, P. (2006). The effect of banner advertising on Internet purchasing. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 98–108.
36. Mellahi, K., & Johnson, M. (2000). Does it pay to be a first mover in e.commerce? the case of amazon.com. Management Decision, 38(7), 445-452.
37. Nielsen (2013). The mobile consumer: a global snapshot. Retrieved March, 1, 2013 from
http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2013/mobile-consumer-report-february-2013.html
38. Piccoli, G., & Ives, B. (2005). Review: It-dependent strategic initiatives and sustained competitive advantage: A review and synthesis of the Literature1. MIS Quarterly, 29(4), 747-776.
39. Powell, T. C., & Dent-Micallef, A. (1997). Information technology as competitive advantage: The role of human, business, and technology resources. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 18(5), 375-375.
40. Prescott, E. C., & Visscher, M. (1977). Sequential location among firms with foresight. Bell Journal of Economics, 8(2), 378.
41. Robin, Wauters (2009). Google: actually, we count only 16,000 apps in android market. Retrieved February 20, 2013 from http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/16/google-android-market/
42. Rovio (2012). 1 Billion Angry Birds downloads! Retrieved March, 1, 2013, from http://www.rovio.com/en/news/blog/162/1-billion-angry-birds-downloads
43. Rovio (2013). Angry birds. Retrieved February 20, 2013 from
http://www.rovio.com/en/our-work/games/view/1/angry-birds
44. Rovio (2014). Angry Birds – Official Online Shop – EU. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://shop.angrybirds.com/eu/
45. Schmalensee, R. (1978). Entry Deterrence in the Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry. The Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), 305-327.
46. Shazam (2014). Shazam. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.shazam.com/iphone
47. Smiley, R. H., & S. Abraham, R (1983). The importance of being first: Learning price and strategy, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 353-362.
48. Spence, M. (1984). Cost reduction, competition, and industry performance. Econometrica, 52, 101-121.
49. SoundHound (2014). SoundHound. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.soundhound.com/index.php?action=s.home
50. Statista (2013). Number of available applications in the Google Play Store from December 2009 to October 2012. Retrieved March, 10, 2013 from http://www.statista.com/statistics/74368/number-of-available-applications-in-the-google-play-store/
51. Suarez, F. F., & Lanzolla, G. (2007). The role of environmental dynamics in building a first mover advantage theory. Academy of Management.the Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 377-392.
52. Teece, D. J. (1980). The Diffusion of an Administrative Innovation. Management Science, 26(5), 464-470. doi: 10.2307/2630368
53. Thomas, J., & R, S. P. (2006). Indian cellular industry: Is there first mover advantage? South Asian Journal of Management, 13(3), 31-44.
54. TuneIn (2014). TuneIn Radio Pro. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://tunein.com/get-tunein/
55. Varadarajan, R., Yadav, M. S., & Shankar, V. (2008). First-mover advantage in an Internet-enabled market environment: Conceptual framework and propositions. Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 36(3), 293-308
56. Wernerfelt, B., & Karnani, A. (1987). Research notes and communications competitive strategy under uncertainty. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 8(2), 187-187.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理研究所
100356030
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100356030
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 尚孝純zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 梁凱智zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jason K.C. Liangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 梁凱智zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Jason K.C. Liangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Oct-2014 13:31:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Oct-2014 13:31:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Oct-2014 13:31:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100356030en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/70259-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100356030zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近幾年來，智慧型手機靠著其方便多元的功能，已經成為大部份消費者生活中不可或缺的一部分。App Store的出現使行動應用程式開發的市場較傳統應用程式開發市場容易進入。透過App Store，開發者可以直接將軟體賣給位於世界各地的消費者。本研究想了解在一個發展如此迅速的市場中是否存在著先進者優勢，以及該如何維持其優勢。

本研究屬於一探索式研究，本研究探討了過去的先進者優勢相關文獻，以了解傳統產業中的先進者優勢。先進者優勢的來源主要有：技術領導、資源佔有、轉換成本、網路外部性與定價優勢。為了瞭解在行動應用程式市場中是否存在先進者優勢以及如何維持優勢，本研究蒐集並分析了過去幾年來的行動應用程式排行榜的相關資訊。發現在行動應用程式開發市場中存在著上述之先進者優勢，本研究也發現這些優勢可以透過持續更新、與社群平台整合等策略來維持。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The applications (apps) on Smartphones exhibit many kinds of innovation. With the powerful features of Smartphones, people can easily access the Internet, social networking, e-mail, and instant messaging. The emergence of app stores has removed the barriers of big investments in hardware and software for software development and has made software development simple and easy, with a few people or even a single person doing the work and quickly reaching users directly around the world. These unique features of app innovation create a need to explore whether first-mover advantages exist in app development and whether these first-mover advantages, if they exist, can be sustained.
This exploratory study reviewed the literature about first-mover advantages in products, services, and e-commerce innovation. First-mover advantages often arise from sources such as technological leadership, resource pre-empting, switching costs, network externalities, and pricing advantages. With the objective of understanding whether first-mover advantages exist in app innovation and how first movers can sustain these advantages, this study have collected data about top-ranked apps of different kinds and analyzed their competitiveness, and this study presented our findings about the situation of first movers in the app market. This study found that apps enjoy advantages such as those mentioned above. This study also discovered that apps may sustain their competitive advantages through strategies such as updating regularly to improve services by integrating with social networks and establishing brand recognition through Facebook fan pages, Twitter, and blogs.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract 1
Chapter 1: Introduction 3
1.1 Research Background 3
1.1.1 Compendium of Smartphones 3
1.2 Research Motivation and Research Objectives 4
Chapter 2: Literature Review 6
2.1 The App Development Market 6
2.1.1 The development of app stores 6
2.1.2 App innovation and development 7
2.2 First-Mover Advantages 8
2.3 Sustaining the Competitive Advantages of Being a First Mover 11
Chapter 3: Methodology 13
3.1 The Research Process 13
3.2 Data Collection 14
3.3 Data Analysis 16
Chapter 4: Research Findings 18
4.1 First-Mover Advantages in App Development 19
4.2 Findings of Strategies to Sustain Advantages in App Development 22
Chapter 5: Conclusion 26
5.1 Summary 26
5.2 Limitations and Future Research 26
Reference 28
Appendix 1 - Lists of Apps for Case Analysis 33
Appendix 2 - Questionnaires for Survey 37
Appendix 3 - Questionnaires for Case Analysis 38		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1019499 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100356030en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 先進者優勢zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 應用程式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) First-mover advantageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Appsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) App storeen_US
dc.title (題名) 行動應用之商業模式分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Understanding of First-mover Advantages of App Developmenten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 148Apps (2013). App store metrics. Retrieved from March, 3, 2013 http://148apps.biz/app-store-metrics
2. Apple (2013). App Store tops 40 billion downloads with almost half in 2012. Retrieved February, 12, 2013 from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/07App-Store-Tops-40-Billion-Downloads-with-Almost-Half-in-2012.html
3. Apple (2008). iPhone App Store downloads top 10 10 million in first weekend from
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html
4. Apple (2009). Apple’s App Store downloads top two billion. Retrieved February, 20, 2013 from
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/09/28Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-Two-Billion.html
5. Apple Inc. (2013). Apple Announces iPad Air—Dramatically Thinner, Lighter & More Powerful iPad. Retrieved February 22, 2014 from
https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/10/23Apple-Announces-iPad-Air-Dramatically-Thinner-Lighter-More-Powerful-iPad.html
6. Apple (2013). Apple updates iOS to 6.1. Retrieve March, 1, 2013 from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/01/28Apple-Updates-iOS-to-6-1.html
7. Apple (2012). Worldwide Developer Conference 2012. Retrieved March, 1, 2013 from https://developer.apple.com/wwdc/
8. App Annie (2014). Ringtone Designer Pro - Create Unlimited Ringtones, Text Tones, Email Alerts, and More! Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.appannie.com/apps/ios/app/ringtone-designer-pro-create-unlimited-ringtones-text-tones-e-mail-alerts-and-more/
9. App Annie (2014). Doodle God™. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.appannie.com/apps/ios/app/doodle-god/
10. Bharadwaj, S. G., Varadarajan, P. R., & Fahy, J. (1993). Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: A. Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 83-83.
11. Blackoutlabs (2014). Ringtone Designer Pro - Create Unlimited Ringtones, Text Tones, Email Alerts, and More! Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.blackoutlabs.com/
12. Bolt Creative (2014). The Pocket Shop. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://pocketshop.boltcreative.com/
13. Brian, Womack (2012). Google says 700,000 applications available for android. Retrieved February, 17, 2013, from
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-29/google-says-700-000-applications-available-for-android-devices
14. Burnham, T. A., Frels, J. K., & Mahajan, V. (2003). Consumer switching costs: A typology, antecedents, and consequences. Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 31(2), 109-126.
15. Bygstad, B., & Lanestedt, G. (2009). ICT based service innovation - A challenge for project management. International Journal of Project Management, 27(3), 234.
16. Camera+ (2014). Tap Tap Tap. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://taptaptap.com/
17. CasePress (2014). The Crimson Moon Entertainment Store. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.cafepress.com/crimsonmoonstore
18. Cox, J. (2006). Is there a first-mover advantage in the market for japanese video game systems? The Asia Pacific Journal of Economics & Business, 10(1), 18-33.
19. Day, G. S. and Freeman, J. S. (1990). Burnout or fadeout: the risks of early entry into high technology markets. In M. W. Lawless & L. R. Gomez Mejia (Eds.), Strategic Management in High Technology Firms. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
20. Electronic Arts (2014). Mobile Games. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.ea.com/mobile
21. Fornell, C. (1992). A national consumer satisfaction barometer: The swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-6.
22. Gartner (2012). Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Mobile Phones Declined 3 Percent in Third Quarter of 2012; Smartphone Sales Increased 47 Percent. Retrieved March 1, 2013 from
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2237315
23. Gartner (2014). Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715
24. Glazer, A. (1985). The Advantages of Being First. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 473-480. doi: 10.2307/1814812
25. Halfbrick (2014). Halfbrick. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://halfbrick.com/
26. Haines, D. W., Chandran, R., & Parkhe, A. (1989). Winning by being the first to market... or second? The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(1), 63-63.
27. Heidrun, C. H., & Ulrich, L. G. (2003). Innovation timing games: a general framework with applications. Journal of Economic Theory, 121, 30 -50.
28. Johnson, E. J., Bellman, S., & Lohse, G. L. (2003). Cognitive lock-in and the power law of practice. Journal of Marketing, 67, 62–75.
29. Johnson, Ronald N., & Parkman, Allen. (1983). Spatial Monopoly, Non-Zero Profits and Entry Deterrence: The Case of Cement. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(3), 431-439. doi: 10.2307/1924188
30. Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424-440. doi: 10.2307/1814809
31. Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 9(5), 41-41.
32. Lippman, S. A., & Mamer, J. W. (1993). Preemptive innovation. Journal of Economic Theory, 61(1), 104-104.
33. MacMillan, I. C. (1983), Preemptive Strategies. Journal of Business Strategy, 4, 16 – 26.
34. Makadok, R. (1998). Can first-mover and early-mover advantages be sustained in an industry with low barriers to Entry/imitation? Strategic Management Journal (1998), 19(7), 683-683.
35. Manchanda, P., Dubé, J. - P., Goh, K. Y., & Chintagunta, P. (2006). The effect of banner advertising on Internet purchasing. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 98–108.
36. Mellahi, K., & Johnson, M. (2000). Does it pay to be a first mover in e.commerce? the case of amazon.com. Management Decision, 38(7), 445-452.
37. Nielsen (2013). The mobile consumer: a global snapshot. Retrieved March, 1, 2013 from
http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2013/mobile-consumer-report-february-2013.html
38. Piccoli, G., & Ives, B. (2005). Review: It-dependent strategic initiatives and sustained competitive advantage: A review and synthesis of the Literature1. MIS Quarterly, 29(4), 747-776.
39. Powell, T. C., & Dent-Micallef, A. (1997). Information technology as competitive advantage: The role of human, business, and technology resources. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 18(5), 375-375.
40. Prescott, E. C., & Visscher, M. (1977). Sequential location among firms with foresight. Bell Journal of Economics, 8(2), 378.
41. Robin, Wauters (2009). Google: actually, we count only 16,000 apps in android market. Retrieved February 20, 2013 from http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/16/google-android-market/
42. Rovio (2012). 1 Billion Angry Birds downloads! Retrieved March, 1, 2013, from http://www.rovio.com/en/news/blog/162/1-billion-angry-birds-downloads
43. Rovio (2013). Angry birds. Retrieved February 20, 2013 from
http://www.rovio.com/en/our-work/games/view/1/angry-birds
44. Rovio (2014). Angry Birds – Official Online Shop – EU. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from http://shop.angrybirds.com/eu/
45. Schmalensee, R. (1978). Entry Deterrence in the Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry. The Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), 305-327.
46. Shazam (2014). Shazam. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.shazam.com/iphone
47. Smiley, R. H., & S. Abraham, R (1983). The importance of being first: Learning price and strategy, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 353-362.
48. Spence, M. (1984). Cost reduction, competition, and industry performance. Econometrica, 52, 101-121.
49. SoundHound (2014). SoundHound. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from
http://www.soundhound.com/index.php?action=s.home
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