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題名 高學歷、低收入？ ─高教擴張前後大學學歷影響薪資及職業聲望的因果分析
Does college degree still pay? ─A Causal Analysis of College Expansion on Earning and Occupational Prestige in Taiwan作者 李昇璋
Li, Sheng Jang貢獻者 關秉寅
Kuan, Ping Yin
李昇璋
Li, Sheng Jang關鍵詞 高教擴張
教育擴張
反事實分析
職業聲望
因果分析
College Expansion
Educational Expansion
Counterfactual
Occupational Prestige
Causal analysis日期 2013 上傳時間 1-Dec-2014 14:29:24 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究利用華人家庭動態資料庫(Panel Study of Family Dynamics，PSFD)蒐集到之兩世代樣本，以反事實分析（Counterfactual Causal Analysis）的角度及方法，觀察台灣高教擴張前後，大學學歷對於收入，及其職業聲望的因果影響。本研究將高教擴張的影響視為一種處遇（treatment），並將高教擴張前後的兩個世代，分成三種族群：「always-takers」（不管是否高教擴張都會上大學者，以下簡稱「必為者」）、「compliers」（沒有高教擴張的幫助，無法上大學，但因受到高教擴張影響而上大學者，以下簡稱「順勢而為者」），以及「never-takers」（不管高教是否擴張都不會上大學者，以下簡稱「必不為者」）。本研究企圖透過比較三者在現職與初職收入及職業聲望上的差異，並探討高等教育擴張在教育與勞動力市場連結上所扮演的角色。研究結果發現（一）不管是初職，抑或是現職，高教擴張對於個人未來的薪資利益並無幫助，甚至對「必為者」還產生負面影響，但從另一角度來看，它確實也讓「必不為者」在擴張前所展現的弱勢，在擴張後與其他群體轉趨公平。（二）高教擴張的效果會隨著年資的增加而減弱甚至消失，由「必為者」在擴張後初職與現職薪資的影響由負向效果轉為無影響中可以得出此結果。其三，男性與女性勞動力市場在面對擴張時所產生的改變也有相當大的不同，如女性「順勢而為者」在擴張後上大學者，在初職薪資上產生了比男性更多的負面影響，證明女性勞動力市場對於大學文憑的敏感度是高於男性的。 薪資成長幅度方面，「必為者」與「順勢而為者」和「必不為者」在薪資收入上的差異並不明顯。而教育擴張並未替男性的「必不為者」帶來薪資成長的好處，反而是給了女性「必不為者」向上爬升的機會，但也僅限於不需學歷門檻的工作。在職業聲望方面，其一，高教擴張的同樣對「必為者」產生了負面的 影響，而這項負面影響會隨著年資的增加而慢慢消失；其二，「必不為者」雖在薪資上取得利益，但在職業聲望上卻沒有得到好處，反而受到傷害；其三，女性的職業聲望雖在初職及現職都高過於男性，但是在薪資的收入及成長上卻都不如男性。 參考文獻 王昭蓉，2000，《台灣地區民眾失業率與高教低就之研究》。台東：國立台東師院教育研究所碩士論文。朱敬一，2003，《華人家庭動態資料庫：華人家庭動態資料庫的建立：第五年計畫（RI2003）》。台北：中央研究院經濟所。吳乃德，2013，〈高等教育成就的族群差異：學費補貼、職業情境、與世代差異〉。臺灣社會學刊，52，1-30。范雲、張晉芬，2010，〈再探台灣高教育成就的省籍差異〉。台灣社會研究季刊，79， 259-290。孫清山、黃毅志，1995，〈教育、收入與社會資源和階級取得過程之關連〉。收錄於林松齡主編，《臺灣社會學研究的回顧與前瞻》，151-182。臺中：東海大學。符碧真，2000，〈教育擴張對入學機會均等影響之研究〉。教育研究集刊，44，201-223。陳建志，2001，〈台灣地區就業市場收入性別差異之探討〉。教育與社會研究，2，123-154。陳建志，2000，〈台灣地區科系、職業性別隔離與收入性別差異之變遷〉。教育與心理研究，23，285-312。陳建州，2005，教育機會的性別限制、差異與演變。發表於「台灣的教育制度、勞力市場與產業組織發展研討會」。台中：東海大學。陳伯璋，2003，〈大學整併的條件與策略〉。國政分析。陳婉琪，2005，〈族群、性別與階級：再探教育成就的省籍差異〉。台灣社會學，10，1-40。張英華、薛承泰、黃毅志，1996，〈教育分流與社會經濟地位：兼論對技職教育改革的政策意涵〉。台北：行政院教育改革審議委員會。張峯彬、關秉寅，2012，〈高教擴張、失業與主觀社會地位變遷〉。63-92，收錄於謝雨生、傅仰止編，《台灣社會變遷1985-2005：社會階層與勞動篇》。台北：中央研究院社會學研究所。張晉芬，2013，《勞動社會學》。台北︰政大出版社。黃毅志，2005，〈臺灣地區教育機會不平等性之變遷〉。中國社會學刊，18，243-273。蔡瑞明、林大森，2000，〈教育與勞力市場的連結：以台灣教育分流為例〉。143-190，收錄於劉兆佳等主編，《市場、階級與政治：變遷中的華人社會》。香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所。蔡瑞明、莊致嘉、葉秀珍，2005，〈「教育與職業不相稱」對薪資的影響：「標準差法」與「自我評量法」兩種不相稱測度方法之比較〉。人口學刊，30，65-95。蔡淑鈴，2004，〈高等教育的擴張對教育機會分配的影響〉。台灣社會學，7，47-88。蔡淑鈴、瞿海源，1989，〈主客觀職業量表之初步建構〉。477-516，收錄於伊慶春、朱瑞玲編，《台灣社會現象的分析》。台北：中央研究院三民主義研究所。駱明慶，2004，〈升學機會與家庭背景〉。經濟論文叢刊，32:4，417-445。關秉寅，2013，〈誰上研究所？ 2009年TEPS-B電訪資料之分析〉。發表於「2013年台灣社會學年會」。台北：政治大學。簡錦漢，2009，《華人家庭動態資料庫：華人家庭動態資料庫的建立：第十一年計畫（RI2009）》。台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心。顧燕翎、鄭至慧，1999，《女性主義經典》。台北：女書文化。Alon, Sigal. 2009, “The evolution of class inequality in higher education: Competition, exclusion, and adaptation. ” American Sociological Review, 72, 478-511.Arum, Richard ,Yossi Shavit, and Adam Gamoran. 2007, “More Inclusion Than Diversion: Expansion, Differentation, and Market Structure in higher Education.” Pp.1-35, in Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study, edited by Yossi Shavit, Richard Arum, and Adam Gamoran. 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國立政治大學
社會學研究所
101254016
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101254016 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 關秉寅 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Kuan, Ping Yin en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李昇璋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li, Sheng Jang en_US dc.creator (作者) 李昇璋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Li, Sheng Jang en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Dec-2014 14:29:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Dec-2014 14:29:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Dec-2014 14:29:24 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101254016 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/71768 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 社會學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101254016 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究利用華人家庭動態資料庫(Panel Study of Family Dynamics，PSFD)蒐集到之兩世代樣本，以反事實分析（Counterfactual Causal Analysis）的角度及方法，觀察台灣高教擴張前後，大學學歷對於收入，及其職業聲望的因果影響。本研究將高教擴張的影響視為一種處遇（treatment），並將高教擴張前後的兩個世代，分成三種族群：「always-takers」（不管是否高教擴張都會上大學者，以下簡稱「必為者」）、「compliers」（沒有高教擴張的幫助，無法上大學，但因受到高教擴張影響而上大學者，以下簡稱「順勢而為者」），以及「never-takers」（不管高教是否擴張都不會上大學者，以下簡稱「必不為者」）。本研究企圖透過比較三者在現職與初職收入及職業聲望上的差異，並探討高等教育擴張在教育與勞動力市場連結上所扮演的角色。研究結果發現（一）不管是初職，抑或是現職，高教擴張對於個人未來的薪資利益並無幫助，甚至對「必為者」還產生負面影響，但從另一角度來看，它確實也讓「必不為者」在擴張前所展現的弱勢，在擴張後與其他群體轉趨公平。（二）高教擴張的效果會隨著年資的增加而減弱甚至消失，由「必為者」在擴張後初職與現職薪資的影響由負向效果轉為無影響中可以得出此結果。其三，男性與女性勞動力市場在面對擴張時所產生的改變也有相當大的不同，如女性「順勢而為者」在擴張後上大學者，在初職薪資上產生了比男性更多的負面影響，證明女性勞動力市場對於大學文憑的敏感度是高於男性的。 薪資成長幅度方面，「必為者」與「順勢而為者」和「必不為者」在薪資收入上的差異並不明顯。而教育擴張並未替男性的「必不為者」帶來薪資成長的好處，反而是給了女性「必不為者」向上爬升的機會，但也僅限於不需學歷門檻的工作。在職業聲望方面，其一，高教擴張的同樣對「必為者」產生了負面的 影響，而這項負面影響會隨著年資的增加而慢慢消失；其二，「必不為者」雖在薪資上取得利益，但在職業聲望上卻沒有得到好處，反而受到傷害；其三，女性的職業聲望雖在初職及現職都高過於男性，但是在薪資的收入及成長上卻都不如男性。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、 緒論 1第一節、 研究動機與目的 1第二節、 台灣的高等教育擴張 3第二章、 文獻探討 6第一節、 家庭背景對個人教育成就的影響 6第二節、 教育成就對個人薪資收入的影響 8第三節、 小結 8第三章、 研究方法與設計 13第一節、 資料來源 14第二節、 研究方法 14第三節、 變項處理 17第四章、 研究發現 20 第一節、 是否進入大學之估計 20 第二節、 教育擴張對於職業收入之因果分析 21 第三節、 教育擴張對於職業聲望之因果分析 25第五章、 結論與討論 29 第一節、 結論 29 第二節、 討論 31附錄一、 反事實因果推論與傾向分數分析法 32附錄二、 圖例 37圖2.1、 台灣高等教育歷年學校數 37圖2.2、 大專院校學生人數統計 37圖2.3、 歷年高中升學率 38圖2.4、 歷年高職升學率 38附錄三、 表例 39表2.1、 大專院校學生人數統計 39表3.1、 是否接受高教擴張的反事實架構 40表3.2、 高教擴張前後選擇上大學的潛在分析 40表3.3、 高教擴張前後選擇之操作概念 40 表3.4、 估計傾向分數用變項描述統計分析表 41表4.1、 是否選擇上大學之雙元邏輯迴歸分析 42表4.2、 高教擴張對初職收入影響DID模型 43表4.3、 高教擴張對現職收入影響DID模型 43表4.4、 各年度學歷綜合失業率 44表4.5、 高教擴張對職業收入變化影響DID模型 45表4.6、 擴張前後初職職業聲望描述統計 45表4.7、 高教擴張對初職職業聲望影響DID模型 46表4.8、 擴張前後現職職業聲望描述統計 46表4.9、 高教擴張對現職職業聲望影響DID模型 47表5.1、 2003-2011年各大學綜合指標表現排名 47參考書目 48 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1392656 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101254016 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 高教擴張 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教育擴張 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 反事實分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 職業聲望 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 因果分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) College Expansion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Educational Expansion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Counterfactual en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Occupational Prestige en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Causal analysis en_US dc.title (題名) 高學歷、低收入？ ─高教擴張前後大學學歷影響薪資及職業聲望的因果分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Does college degree still pay? ─A Causal Analysis of College Expansion on Earning and Occupational Prestige in Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王昭蓉，2000，《台灣地區民眾失業率與高教低就之研究》。台東：國立台東師院教育研究所碩士論文。朱敬一，2003，《華人家庭動態資料庫：華人家庭動態資料庫的建立：第五年計畫（RI2003）》。台北：中央研究院經濟所。吳乃德，2013，〈高等教育成就的族群差異：學費補貼、職業情境、與世代差異〉。臺灣社會學刊，52，1-30。范雲、張晉芬，2010，〈再探台灣高教育成就的省籍差異〉。台灣社會研究季刊，79， 259-290。孫清山、黃毅志，1995，〈教育、收入與社會資源和階級取得過程之關連〉。收錄於林松齡主編，《臺灣社會學研究的回顧與前瞻》，151-182。臺中：東海大學。符碧真，2000，〈教育擴張對入學機會均等影響之研究〉。教育研究集刊，44，201-223。陳建志，2001，〈台灣地區就業市場收入性別差異之探討〉。教育與社會研究，2，123-154。陳建志，2000，〈台灣地區科系、職業性別隔離與收入性別差異之變遷〉。教育與心理研究，23，285-312。陳建州，2005，教育機會的性別限制、差異與演變。發表於「台灣的教育制度、勞力市場與產業組織發展研討會」。台中：東海大學。陳伯璋，2003，〈大學整併的條件與策略〉。國政分析。陳婉琪，2005，〈族群、性別與階級：再探教育成就的省籍差異〉。台灣社會學，10，1-40。張英華、薛承泰、黃毅志，1996，〈教育分流與社會經濟地位：兼論對技職教育改革的政策意涵〉。台北：行政院教育改革審議委員會。張峯彬、關秉寅，2012，〈高教擴張、失業與主觀社會地位變遷〉。63-92，收錄於謝雨生、傅仰止編，《台灣社會變遷1985-2005：社會階層與勞動篇》。台北：中央研究院社會學研究所。張晉芬，2013，《勞動社會學》。台北︰政大出版社。黃毅志，2005，〈臺灣地區教育機會不平等性之變遷〉。中國社會學刊，18，243-273。蔡瑞明、林大森，2000，〈教育與勞力市場的連結：以台灣教育分流為例〉。143-190，收錄於劉兆佳等主編，《市場、階級與政治：變遷中的華人社會》。香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所。蔡瑞明、莊致嘉、葉秀珍，2005，〈「教育與職業不相稱」對薪資的影響：「標準差法」與「自我評量法」兩種不相稱測度方法之比較〉。人口學刊，30，65-95。蔡淑鈴，2004，〈高等教育的擴張對教育機會分配的影響〉。台灣社會學，7，47-88。蔡淑鈴、瞿海源，1989，〈主客觀職業量表之初步建構〉。477-516，收錄於伊慶春、朱瑞玲編，《台灣社會現象的分析》。台北：中央研究院三民主義研究所。駱明慶，2004，〈升學機會與家庭背景〉。經濟論文叢刊，32:4，417-445。關秉寅，2013，〈誰上研究所？ 2009年TEPS-B電訪資料之分析〉。發表於「2013年台灣社會學年會」。台北：政治大學。簡錦漢，2009，《華人家庭動態資料庫：華人家庭動態資料庫的建立：第十一年計畫（RI2009）》。台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心。顧燕翎、鄭至慧，1999，《女性主義經典》。台北：女書文化。Alon, Sigal. 2009, “The evolution of class inequality in higher education: Competition, exclusion, and adaptation. ” American Sociological Review, 72, 478-511.Arum, Richard ,Yossi Shavit, and Adam Gamoran. 2007, “More Inclusion Than Diversion: Expansion, Differentation, and Market Structure in higher Education.” Pp.1-35, in Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study, edited by Yossi Shavit, Richard Arum, and Adam Gamoran. 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