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題名 論網路匿名言論之保障－以身分揭露程序為中心
A Study on the Protection of Anonymous Online Speech: Focusing on the Procedure for Disclosing the Identity of Anonymous Speakers
作者 鍾安
Chung, An
貢獻者 劉定基
Liu, Ting Chi
鍾安
Chung, An
關鍵詞 匿名言論
資訊隱私
匿名性
網路匿名言論
網路鬆綁效應
責任
網路實名制
策略性訴訟
網路服務提供者
網路內容提供者
個人資料保護法
Anonymous Speech
Information Privacy
Anonymity
Online Anonymous Speech
Online Disinhibition Effect
Liability
Real-Name Verification System
Strategic Lawsuit
Internet Service Provider
Internet Content Provider
Personal Data Protection Act
日期 2013
上傳時間 1-Apr-2015 10:01:38 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　在網路世界中，人們以匿名表達意見遠比現實生活中更為容易，這件事已劇烈地改變了匿名言論的量與質。從好的面向看，匿名帶來自主，讓異議者可以透過網路匿名，表達可能永遠都不敢在眾人面前說出來的真正想法，讓觀念市場變得多元豐富；另一方面，匿名提高了追究責任的困難。相較於現實世界的言論，損害他人或構成犯罪的惡質網路匿名言論，將造成影響更深遠且永久的傷害。
　　目前，關於網路匿名言論的管制方式，世界各國政府都是仰賴「事後追懲模式」和「實名認證模式」的其中一種。前者是網路使用者原則上可以匿名地發表言論，但如果發表不當言論並造成傷害，受害者或國家可以揭露其身份以對其展開司法追訴；後者是網路使用者在張貼言論前，必須先向國家機關指定的網路業者交出個人真實身份資料以進行驗證後，才能匿名發言，或甚至完全禁止以匿名方式發言，讓網路使用者感受到被眾人監督的壓力，不敢發表不當內容。
　　本文主張，網路匿名言論是受到憲法所保障的權利，而「事後追懲模式」相較於「實名認證模式」，較能調和不同權利間的衝突。不過，儘管我國政府採取此模式，卻在設計民刑事訴訟制度時，漏未導入匿名言論權利的思考，導致網路匿名表意者一經策略性訴訟攻擊，真實身份就會立即暴露，使得匿名表意自由不過徒有虛幻表象。因此，本文建議，為落實對匿名言論自由的保護，立法者宜參考美國法，修改部分訴訟法來處理此問題。
　　On the internet, people can express themselves anonymously far easier than in the physical world. This fact has dramatically changed both the quantities and qualities of anonymous speech. On the bright side, anonymity brings more autonomy. Dissenters can express their real opinions, which they might never have the courage to speak out in public. It, in turn will promote the diversity and integrity of the marketplace of ideas. Yet, anonymity also makes it more difficult to hold the speakers accountable. In addition, compared to speech in the real physical world, malicious online anonymous speech will cause more serious permanent harms.
　　Today, governments around the world are either relying on the “Ex Post Compensation and Punishment” approach or the “Real-Name Verification System” to regulate online anonymous speech. Under the former approach, internet users can express their opinions anonymously, but if the content of their speech is malicious and causes damages to other people, the victim can seek disclosure of the speaker’s identity in order to take legal actions against the speaker. In contrast, under the latter system, internet users have to provide their personal information (real identities) to the ISPs or ICPs appointed by governments and complete the verification process before they can post their words. Some real name systems go even further by banning anonymous speech completely. By making users feel like they are being supervised by the public, the real name system wishes to deter indecent contents
　　This thesis argues that online anonymous speech is protected by the Constitution, and the ‘Ex Post Compensation and Punishment’ is a preferred approach because it can better balance the conflicting rights. In Taiwan, although the government has chosen the ‘Ex Post Compensation and Punishment’ approach, current civil/criminal procedural laws and practices afford little protection to online anonymous speakers. The plaintiff, who is allegedly harmed by the anonymous speech, can easily bring a “Strategic Lawsuit,” with the sole purpose of obtaining the identity of the online anonymous speaker. Consequently, this thesis suggests that, in order to better protect the freedom of anonymous speech, the legislators of Taiwan should refer to U.S. laws and practices and revise several provisions of Taiwan’s Code of Civil Procedure and Code of Criminal Procedure.
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56. Strandburg, Katherine J., Freedom of Association in a Networked World: First Amendment Regulation of Relational Surveillance, 49 B.C. L. REV. 741 (2008).
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59. SunKel, Megan M., Comments, And the I(SP)’s Have It . . . But How Does One Get It? Examining the Lack of Standards for Ruling on Subpoenas Seeking to Reveal the Identity of Anonymous Internet Users in Claims of Online Defamation, 81 N.C.L. REV. 1189 (2003).
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（四）網路資源
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
97651040
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0976510402
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉定基zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Ting Chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾安zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chung, Anen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鍾安zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chung, Anen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2015 10:01:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Apr-2015 10:01:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2015 10:01:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0976510402en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/74242-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97651040zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　在網路世界中，人們以匿名表達意見遠比現實生活中更為容易，這件事已劇烈地改變了匿名言論的量與質。從好的面向看，匿名帶來自主，讓異議者可以透過網路匿名，表達可能永遠都不敢在眾人面前說出來的真正想法，讓觀念市場變得多元豐富；另一方面，匿名提高了追究責任的困難。相較於現實世界的言論，損害他人或構成犯罪的惡質網路匿名言論，將造成影響更深遠且永久的傷害。
　　目前，關於網路匿名言論的管制方式，世界各國政府都是仰賴「事後追懲模式」和「實名認證模式」的其中一種。前者是網路使用者原則上可以匿名地發表言論，但如果發表不當言論並造成傷害，受害者或國家可以揭露其身份以對其展開司法追訴；後者是網路使用者在張貼言論前，必須先向國家機關指定的網路業者交出個人真實身份資料以進行驗證後，才能匿名發言，或甚至完全禁止以匿名方式發言，讓網路使用者感受到被眾人監督的壓力，不敢發表不當內容。
　　本文主張，網路匿名言論是受到憲法所保障的權利，而「事後追懲模式」相較於「實名認證模式」，較能調和不同權利間的衝突。不過，儘管我國政府採取此模式，卻在設計民刑事訴訟制度時，漏未導入匿名言論權利的思考，導致網路匿名表意者一經策略性訴訟攻擊，真實身份就會立即暴露，使得匿名表意自由不過徒有虛幻表象。因此，本文建議，為落實對匿名言論自由的保護，立法者宜參考美國法，修改部分訴訟法來處理此問題。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　On the internet, people can express themselves anonymously far easier than in the physical world. This fact has dramatically changed both the quantities and qualities of anonymous speech. On the bright side, anonymity brings more autonomy. Dissenters can express their real opinions, which they might never have the courage to speak out in public. It, in turn will promote the diversity and integrity of the marketplace of ideas. Yet, anonymity also makes it more difficult to hold the speakers accountable. In addition, compared to speech in the real physical world, malicious online anonymous speech will cause more serious permanent harms.
　　Today, governments around the world are either relying on the “Ex Post Compensation and Punishment” approach or the “Real-Name Verification System” to regulate online anonymous speech. Under the former approach, internet users can express their opinions anonymously, but if the content of their speech is malicious and causes damages to other people, the victim can seek disclosure of the speaker’s identity in order to take legal actions against the speaker. In contrast, under the latter system, internet users have to provide their personal information (real identities) to the ISPs or ICPs appointed by governments and complete the verification process before they can post their words. Some real name systems go even further by banning anonymous speech completely. By making users feel like they are being supervised by the public, the real name system wishes to deter indecent contents
　　This thesis argues that online anonymous speech is protected by the Constitution, and the ‘Ex Post Compensation and Punishment’ is a preferred approach because it can better balance the conflicting rights. In Taiwan, although the government has chosen the ‘Ex Post Compensation and Punishment’ approach, current civil/criminal procedural laws and practices afford little protection to online anonymous speakers. The plaintiff, who is allegedly harmed by the anonymous speech, can easily bring a “Strategic Lawsuit,” with the sole purpose of obtaining the identity of the online anonymous speaker. Consequently, this thesis suggests that, in order to better protect the freedom of anonymous speech, the legislators of Taiwan should refer to U.S. laws and practices and revise several provisions of Taiwan’s Code of Civil Procedure and Code of Criminal Procedure.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1 緒論 1
1.1 問題提出 1
1.1.1 楔子：網路「刺馬」事件 1
1.1.2 問題：匿名言論是否受憲法保護？如何保護匿名言論？ 2
1.2 名詞定義 4
1.3 研究方法與範圍 7
1.4 本文架構 8

2 匿名言論的價值、憲法基礎與界限 11
2.1 匿名言論的價值 11
2.1.1 肯定論 11
2.1.2 小結 20
2.2 匿名言論自由的憲法基礎與界限 22
2.2.1 美國重要案例介紹 22
2.2.2 案例分析 34
2.2.3 匿名言論自由的憲法基礎 39
2.2.4 匿名言論的界限 45

3 網路匿名言論 47
3.1總論：網路匿名言論的原理、特性與衝擊 47
3.1.1 JuicyCampus.com的升起與殞落 47
3.1.2 網路匿名的原理與型態 49
3.1.3 網路匿名相較傳統匿名的優勢與脆弱 52
3.1.4 網路匿名的特性與問題 54
3.2 國家對網路匿名言論的管制模式 60
3.2.1 概說 61
3.2.2 模式一：事後揭露身分制度 63
3.2.3 模式二：網路實名制度 65
3.2.4 比較與小結 72
3.3 網路匿名言論自由是否受憲法保障？ 73
3.3.1 概說 73
3.3.2 重要案例介紹 74
3.3.3 分析與小結 92

4 美國法對網路匿名言論的保護 99
4.1聯邦法中取得用戶資訊的程序規範 99
4.1.1 有線電視隱私法 99
4.1.2 電子通訊隱私法 101
4.1.3 愛國者法 105
4.2 揭露命令與法院審查判準 108
4.2.1 權衡判準 110
4.2.2 其他可能因素與問題 125
4.2.3 小結 127
4.3 其他相關法律 128
4.3.1 盾牌法（記者特權） 129
4.3.2 反妨礙公眾參與策略性訴訟法（加州） 132
4.4 檢討與總結 137
4.4.1 關於取得用戶資訊應遵守程序的立法 137
4.4.2 關於法院核發揭露命令 140
4.4.3 關於其他相關法律 142

5 我國「訴訟制度」對網路匿名表意保護現況與建議 145
5.1 我國法律規定與實務現況 145
5.1.1 刑事訴訟事件 145
5.1.2 民事訴訟事件 157
5.1.3 對目前實務作法的檢討 159
5.1.4 附論：個人資料保護法可否用於保障網路匿名表意？ 166
5.2 操作與修法建議（結論） 174
5.2.1 刑事訴訟事件 175
5.2.2 民事訴訟事件 182
5.3 結語 188
參考文獻 191
重要判決索引 203		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2301408 bytes-
dc.format.extent 2412321 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0976510402en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匿名言論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊隱私zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匿名性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路匿名言論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路鬆綁效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 責任zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路實名制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 策略性訴訟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路服務提供者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路內容提供者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個人資料保護法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anonymous Speechen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Information Privacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anonymityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Online Anonymous Speechen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Online Disinhibition Effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Liabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Real-Name Verification Systemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Strategic Lawsuiten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Internet Service Provideren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Internet Content Provideren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Personal Data Protection Acten_US
dc.title (題名) 論網路匿名言論之保障－以身分揭露程序為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on the Protection of Anonymous Online Speech: Focusing on the Procedure for Disclosing the Identity of Anonymous Speakersen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分：
（一）專書
1. 池泰毅（編），個資法百問，2013年1月。
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（二）期刊、專書論文
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7. 李榮耕，論偵察機關對通信記錄的調取，政大法學評論第115期，頁115-147，2010年6月。
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19. 劉定基，個人資料的定義、保護原則與個人資料保護法適用的例外（上），月旦法學教室，第115期，頁42-54，2012年5月。
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（三）學位論文、學生論文
1. 張建博，推行網路實名制相關法律問題研究，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2012年6月。
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3. 韓寧，微博實名制之合法性探究—以言論自由為視角，《法学》，2012年第4期，2012年5月。

（四）翻譯著作
1. KUROSE, JAMES F., & ROSS, KEITH W., 電腦網際網路（COMPUTER NETWORKING: A TOP-DOWN APPROACH FEATURING THE INTERNET），吳佳榮、黃彩嵐譯，2006年。

二、英文部分：
（一）書籍
1. ARENDT, HANNAH, THE HUMAN CONDITION (1998).
2. BAILEY, DENNIS, THE OPEN SOCIETY PARADOX (2004).
3. BARRY, BRUCE, SPEECHLESS: THE EROSION OF FREE EXPRESSION IN THE AMERICAN WORKPLACE (2007).
4. DELFINO, MICHEL A., & DAY, MARY E., BE CAREFUL WHO YOU SLAPP (2002).
5. GOLDSMITH, JACK, & WU, TIM, WHO CONTROLS THE INTERNET (2006).
6. KUHN, MARTIN, FEDERAL DATAVEILLANCE: IMPLICATION FOR CONSTITUTIONAL PRIVACY PROTECTIONS (2007).
7. LESSIG, LAWRENCE, CODE 2.0 (2006).
8. LINSKY, MARTIN, IMPACT: HOW THE PRESS AFFECTS FEDERAL POLICYMAKING (1986).
9. PRING, GEORGE W., & CANAN, PENELOPE, SLAPPS: GETTING SUED FOR SPEAKING OUT (1996).
10. PUTNAM, ROBERT D., BOWLING ALONE: THE COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY (2000).
11. SKUPIN, MICHAEL, ANONYMITY IN WESTERN LITERATURE (2009).
12. SOLOVE, DANIEL, THE FUTURE OF REPUTATION: GOSSIP, RUMOR, AND PRIVACY ON THE INTERNET (2007).
13. SOLOVE, DANIEL, & SWARTZ, PAUL, INFORMATION PRIVACY LAW (4th Edition, 2011).
14. STRYKER, COLE, HACKING THE FUTURE: PRIVACY, IDENTITY, AND ANONYMITY ON THE WEB (2012).
15. SUNSTEIN, CASS R., ON RUMORS (2009).

（二）專書論文
1. Barendt, Eric, Privacy and Freedom of Speech, in NEW DIMENSIONS IN PRIVACY LAW: INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES 11 (Andrew T. Kenyon & Megan Richardson eds., 2006).
2. Blau, I. & Caspi, A., Studying Invisibly: Media naturalness and Learning, in EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH: A NEW APPROACH TO STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 193 (Ned Kock ed., 2010).
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（三）期刊論文
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28. Leitner, John M., Identifying the Problem: Korea’s Initial Experience with Mandatory Real Name Verification on Internet Portals, 9 KOREAN L. 83 (2009).
29. Leitner, John M., To Post Or Not To Post: Korean Criminal Sanctions For Online Expression, 25 TEMP. INT`L & COMP. L.J. 43 (2011).
30. Levi, Lili, Dangerous Liaisons: Seduction and Betrayal in Confidential Press-Source Relations, 43 RUTGERS L. REV. 609 (1991).
31. Levine, Noah, Establishing Legal Accountability for Anonymous Communication in Cyberspace, 96 COLUM. L. REV. 1526 (1996).
32. Lidsky, Lyrissa, & Cotter, Thomas, Authorship, Audiences, and Anonymous Speech, 82 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1537 (2007).
33. Lidsky, Lyrissa, Public Forum 2.0, 91 B.U. L. REV. 1975 (2011).
34. Lidsky, Lyrissa, Silencing John Doe: Defamation & Discourse in Cyberspace, 49 DUKE L.J. 855 (2000).
35. Lynch, Matthew, Closing the Orwellian Loophole: The Present Constitutionality of Big Brother and the Potential for a First Amendment Cure, 5 FIRST AMEND. L. REV. 234 (2007).
36. Marsh, Tanya D., In Defense Of Anonymity On The Internet, 50-APR RESG 24 (2007).
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（四）網路資源
1. O`Reilly, Tim, What Is Web 2.0, Web2.0 (2005), available at http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html.
2. Portal, Broadband, OECD Broadband Statistics (Dec., 2011), available at http://www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/broadbandportal-pressrelease-dec2011.htm
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