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題名 航空影像控制實體 於近景影像光束法區域平差控制之精度探討
Accuracy Investigation on Using Control Entities of Aerial Images as Controls in Bundle Adjustment of Close Range Images作者 林汝晏
Lin, Ju Yen貢獻者 邱式鴻
Chio, Shih Hong
林汝晏
Lin, Ju Yen關鍵詞 近景攝影測量
航空影像控制實體
非量測型相機
自率光束法區域平差
Close-Range Photogrammetry
Control Entities of Aerial Images
Non-Metric Digital Camera
Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment日期 2012 上傳時間 1-Apr-2015 10:05:32 (UTC+8) 摘要 近來三維數值城市及數碼城市(Cyber City)為各界極欲發展及研究的課題,為了要增加三維數值城市的擬真性及美觀程度,通常是將建物模型敷貼真實拍攝之牆面影像,增加三維模型的細緻化程度。而欲精確的敷貼牆面紋理影像,必須嚴密地將所拍攝之近景影像定位定向,一般採用光束法區域平差解算,此時需加上適當的控制點控制資訊才能完成,因此控制點控制資訊若來自地面測量將相當耗費成本。多年來,各地方政府製作大比例尺地形圖時已拍攝相當多的航照影像,可用來做為上述的控制資訊,亦即航空影像控制實體,若能使用這些航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊,不但可有效利用資源,亦能減少控制點取得所需花費的成本。因此,本研究將使用航空影像控制實體所提供的控制資訊做為控制來源。 本研究探討以航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,使用非量測型相機以類似傳統航測拍攝方式及旋轉多基線交向拍攝方式拍攝涵蓋建物牆面的目標區影像後,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,對光束法區域平差精度之影響。因使用非量測型相機,故本研究先以iWitnessPRO近景攝影測量軟體率定相機參數,接著以PHIDIAS近景攝影測量軟體解算光束法區域平差。過程中探討使用航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,加入附加參數解算的自率光束法區域平差與與一般光束法區域平差之精度。根據實驗結果,低樓層取像的光束法區域平差之檢核點RMSE精度,其結果大多可應用於LOD 3精度等級的牆面敷貼。另,因都市地區高樓林立,狹小巷弄多,有鑒於此,本研究使用旋轉多基線交向攝影,結果顯示其將有機會運用於近景攝影測量LOD 3精度等級的牆面紋理敷貼。
Recently, the studies about the cyber city have become a popular topic. For improving the level of detail of cyber city, photo-realistic textures from images are mapped onto the surfaces of 3D building models. Before the accurate texture mapping, bundle block adjustment can be performed to recover the parameters of exterior orientation for each close-range images more accurate and more precise, where the control information is necessary. For the past years, many aerial photogrammetry projects were done by local governments for the mapping of 1/1000 topographic maps. Those historic aerial images can be used as control information to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency. Therefore, this study investigates the accuracy of bundle block adjustment about non-metric close-range images, taken from the ways similar to the traditional aerial photogrammetry and the rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry, by using control entities from historic aerial images as the minimal controls under various control distributions. Since the non-metric camera is used for collecting the close-range images, the iWitnessPRO software is utilized for camera calibration. After that, the PHIDIAS software, a close-range photogrammetry software, is employed to performed the bundle block adjustment. During performing the bundle block adjustment, the camera parameters are regarded as unknowns and determined, called as self-calibration bundle adjustment. The results of self-calibration bundle adjustment will be compared with conventional bundle adjustment. The test results show that the accuracy of most self-calibration bundle adjustment about close-range images covered with low buildings can be used for the application of LOD 3 texture mapping. Moreover, the test results of using close-range images from rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry in urban areas show the potential possibility for LOD 3 texture mapping in urban areas with high buildings and narrow alleys.參考文獻 中文參考文獻石栓虎,2009,「近景攝影測量精度影響因素分析」,交通科技,第234期。李志宏,2002,「應用線特徵物求解攝影測量方位參數與物型重建」,國立台灣大 學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。江孟璁,2009,「房屋模型面與空載影像之套合」,國立中央大學土木工程學系碩士論文:桃園。吳笛豪,2008,「應用近景攝影與地面雷射掃瞄於地物量測精度及三維建模之研究」,國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所碩士論文:高雄。何維信,2004,『測量學』五版,台北:宏泰出版社。李莉華及林耀宗,2006,「航照影像控制實體資料建置系統開發」,中華技術,70:102-112。李莉華及趙鍵哲,2003,「航攝影像控制實體資料建置與自動化量測之探討」,中華技術,59:79-90。林后駿,2005,「三維房屋模型實景紋理影像製作與敷貼之研究」,國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文:桃園。洪祥恩,2011,「以地面及空載光達點雲重建複雜物三維模型」,國立中央大學土木工程學系碩士論文:桃園。柯濤、張祖勳及張劍清,2009「旋轉多基線數字近景攝影測量」,『武漢大學學報』,34(1):49-50。康志忠、張祖勳及張劍清,2005,「基於車載序列影像的建築立面紋理的快速重建」,『武漢大學學報』,30(11):1-6。黃文利,2001,「近景攝影測量應用於三維建物模型側面影像敷貼之研究」,國立成功大學測量工程學系碩士論文:台南。彭念豪,2005,「以控制直線進行影像外方位參數求解之自動化系統」,國立台灣大學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。趙培洲及宋德聞,1990,「近景攝影測量精度的改善」,工程勘查,第三期。趙鍵哲,2002,「以特徵物為主的攝影測量物型重建(Ⅰ)」,行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告。黎驥文、甯方璽及王豐良,2010,「應用GPS與非量測型相機於行動測繪車之研究」,中正嶺學報,第三十九卷,第二期。陳正軒,2006,「以視訊影像進行三維房屋模型實景紋理敷貼之研究」,國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文:桃園。陳詹閔、李莉華、林耀宗、鄭宏逵、黃智仁及陳杰宗,2007,「航遙測自動化定位─航攝影像控制區塊建置」,中華技術,74:88-97。謝幸宜,2011,「以自率光束法提升四旋翼UAV航拍影像之定位精度」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:台北。鄒芳瑜,2010,「以非量測性相機進行近景攝影測量探討」,國立交通大學土木工程學系碩士論文:新竹。蔡富安及陳良健,2010,「三維數位城市之建置及應用」,內政部地政司補助「三維數位城市模型先期建置工作」研究計畫成果。謝瑞斌,2000,「低價位數值相機空間量測實用性之研究」,國立台灣大學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。英文參考文獻Ali, M. E. O.,Eliwa,M. A.,Mohammed A. A. and Abbas E. A. M., 2000, “Accuracy analysis for new close-range photogrammetric systems”,International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, XXXIII: Part B5.Ayache , N. and Faugeras, O., 1989,“ Maintaining representations of the environment of amobile robot”,IEEE Trans. Robotics Automation, 5(6):804-819.Brown, D. C., 1956,“The Simultaneous Determination of the Orientation and Lens Distortion of a Photogrammetric Camera”,Air Force Missile Test Center Report, No. 56-20, Patric AFB, Florida.Brown, D. C., 1976, “The bundle adjustment- progress and prospects”,International Archives of Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing, XIII: No. 3, ISPRS, Helsinki.Cronk, S. and Fraser, C. S., 2008,”Hybrid Measurement Scenarios in Automated Close-Range Photogrammetry”, International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing(ISPRS) , Beijing,July 3-11 .Ebner, H.,1976, “Self-calibration Block Adjustment”,Buildmessung und Luftbildwesen, 44: No. 4, pp.128-139.Fraser, C.S., 1997,”Digital camera self-calibration”,ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing , 52: 149-159.Fryer, J.G., 1996,“Camera Calibration” pp.156-179 inClose Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision, edited by Scotland: Whittles Publishing.Gröger, G., Kolbe, T. H., Czerwinski, A. and Nagel, C., 2008,“OpenGIS^® City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard”, OpenGIS^®Encoding Standard, Version: 1.0.0.Habib, A. F., 1998,“ Motion Parameter Estimation by Tracking StstionaryThree-Dimensional Straight Lines in Image Sequences”,ISPRS Journalof Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 53:174-182.Habib, A. F., Asmamaw, A., Kelley, D., May, M.,2000,“ Linear Features in Photogrammetry”,Geodetic Science and Surveying, Report No. 450.Kersten, T., Pardo, C. A. and Lindstaedt, M., 2004,“ 3D acquisition,modeling and visualization of north German castles by digital architecturalphotogrammetry”,The International Archives of Photogrammetry and RemoteSensing, 35(5):126-132.Matthews, N. A., 2008,“ Aerial and Close-Range Photogrammetric Technology: Providing Resource Documentation, Interpretation, and Preservation”,U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of LandManagement, National Operations Center, Denver, Colorado. Technical Note 428:42.Mikhail, E. M., Bethel, J. S., McGlone, J. C., 2001, Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, New York: John Wiley & SonsMulawa, D., and Mikhail, E., 1988,“ Photogrammetric Treatment of Linear Features”,ISPRS 16th Congress, Kyoto,July 1-10.PHOCAD Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH., 2005, “PHIDIAS Image Orientation version 2.85”, Aachen, Germany, PHOCAD Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH.Rau, J. Y., Chen, L. C., 2003,“Robust Reconstruction of Building Modelsfrom Three-Dimensional Line Segments”,PE&RS,69(2):181-188.Schenk,T.,2004,“Frompoint-basedtofeature-basedaerialtriangulation”,ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & RemoteSensing, 58:315-329.Tommaselli, A. and Tozzi, C., 1996,“ A Recursive Approach to Space Resection UsingStraight Lines”,Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 62(1):57-66.Tsai, F. and Lin, H. C., 2007,“Polygon‐based texture mapping forcyber city 3D building models”,International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21:9, 965-981.Tsai, F., Lin, H. C. and Chen C. H., 2007,“Facade Texture Generation and MappingUsing Digital Videos”,Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 12(1):83-92.Wolf, P. R. and Dewitt B. A., 2000, Elements of Photogrammetry: with Applications in GIS, 3rd edition, Taipei: The McGraw-Hill.網頁參考文獻Photometrix(2010, August). Users Manual for iWitness and iWitnessPRO. Retrieved January 9, 2012 from World Wide Web:http://www.photometrix.com.au . 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
100257028
101資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100257028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 邱式鴻 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chio, Shih Hong en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林汝晏 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Ju Yen en_US dc.creator (作者) 林汝晏 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Ju Yen en_US dc.date (日期) 2012 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2015 10:05:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Apr-2015 10:05:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2015 10:05:32 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100257028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/74262 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 地政研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100257028 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近來三維數值城市及數碼城市(Cyber City)為各界極欲發展及研究的課題,為了要增加三維數值城市的擬真性及美觀程度,通常是將建物模型敷貼真實拍攝之牆面影像,增加三維模型的細緻化程度。而欲精確的敷貼牆面紋理影像,必須嚴密地將所拍攝之近景影像定位定向,一般採用光束法區域平差解算,此時需加上適當的控制點控制資訊才能完成,因此控制點控制資訊若來自地面測量將相當耗費成本。多年來,各地方政府製作大比例尺地形圖時已拍攝相當多的航照影像,可用來做為上述的控制資訊,亦即航空影像控制實體,若能使用這些航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊,不但可有效利用資源,亦能減少控制點取得所需花費的成本。因此,本研究將使用航空影像控制實體所提供的控制資訊做為控制來源。 本研究探討以航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,使用非量測型相機以類似傳統航測拍攝方式及旋轉多基線交向拍攝方式拍攝涵蓋建物牆面的目標區影像後,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,對光束法區域平差精度之影響。因使用非量測型相機,故本研究先以iWitnessPRO近景攝影測量軟體率定相機參數,接著以PHIDIAS近景攝影測量軟體解算光束法區域平差。過程中探討使用航空影像控制實體作為控制資訊時,於最少控制且不同控制分布時,加入附加參數解算的自率光束法區域平差與與一般光束法區域平差之精度。根據實驗結果,低樓層取像的光束法區域平差之檢核點RMSE精度,其結果大多可應用於LOD 3精度等級的牆面敷貼。另,因都市地區高樓林立,狹小巷弄多,有鑒於此,本研究使用旋轉多基線交向攝影,結果顯示其將有機會運用於近景攝影測量LOD 3精度等級的牆面紋理敷貼。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Recently, the studies about the cyber city have become a popular topic. For improving the level of detail of cyber city, photo-realistic textures from images are mapped onto the surfaces of 3D building models. Before the accurate texture mapping, bundle block adjustment can be performed to recover the parameters of exterior orientation for each close-range images more accurate and more precise, where the control information is necessary. For the past years, many aerial photogrammetry projects were done by local governments for the mapping of 1/1000 topographic maps. Those historic aerial images can be used as control information to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency. Therefore, this study investigates the accuracy of bundle block adjustment about non-metric close-range images, taken from the ways similar to the traditional aerial photogrammetry and the rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry, by using control entities from historic aerial images as the minimal controls under various control distributions. Since the non-metric camera is used for collecting the close-range images, the iWitnessPRO software is utilized for camera calibration. After that, the PHIDIAS software, a close-range photogrammetry software, is employed to performed the bundle block adjustment. During performing the bundle block adjustment, the camera parameters are regarded as unknowns and determined, called as self-calibration bundle adjustment. The results of self-calibration bundle adjustment will be compared with conventional bundle adjustment. The test results show that the accuracy of most self-calibration bundle adjustment about close-range images covered with low buildings can be used for the application of LOD 3 texture mapping. Moreover, the test results of using close-range images from rotating multi-baseline photogrammetry in urban areas show the potential possibility for LOD 3 texture mapping in urban areas with high buildings and narrow alleys. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 4 第三節 研究方法與流程 6 第四節 論文架構 6第二章 文獻回顧 9 第一節 三維建物之牆面敷貼 9 第二節 航空影像控制實體 12 第三節 線特徵 14 第四節 近景攝影測量的精度 16第三章 理論基礎 19 第一節 相機率定與拍攝方式 21 一、相機 21 二、近景影像拍攝方式 23 三、影像重疊率 26 第二節 一般光束法區域平差 27 一、一般光束法區域平差 27 二、相對方位 29 三、絕對方位 30 四、空間後方交會 31 第三節 自率光束法區域平差 32 第四節 光束法區域平差中的線特徵 35 一、線特徵參數 35 二、線特徵幾何 37 第五節 控制點及控制線的分布 39 一、三控制點 39 二、兩控制點,一控制線 41第四章 實驗及成果分析 45 第一節 相機率定 45 一、相機資訊 45 二、率定場布設 46 三、率定流程 47 四、率定結果及分析 48 第二節 航空影像控制實體 50 第三節 拍攝方式 53 一、以傳統航照拍攝概念之拍攝方式 53 二、旋轉多基線交向攝影拍攝方式 53 第四節 近景影像光束法區域平差參數設定與精度評估 55 一、PHIDIAS參數設定 55 二、精度評估 56 第五節 不同控制分布之實驗 58 一、低樓層 58 二、高樓層 65 第六節 特殊控制分布之實驗 70 一、低樓層 70 二、高樓層 77 第七節 旋轉多基線交向攝影拍攝之實驗 82 一、模擬實驗 83 二、旋轉多基線交向攝影實驗 85第五章 結論與建議 91 第一節 結論 91 第二節 建議 93參考文獻 95附錄A 101附錄B 103附錄C 105 zh_TW dc.format.extent 6663405 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100257028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 近景攝影測量 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 航空影像控制實體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非量測型相機 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自率光束法區域平差 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Close-Range Photogrammetry en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Control Entities of Aerial Images en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non-Metric Digital Camera en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment en_US dc.title (題名) 航空影像控制實體 於近景影像光束法區域平差控制之精度探討 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Accuracy Investigation on Using Control Entities of Aerial Images as Controls in Bundle Adjustment of Close Range Images en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文參考文獻石栓虎,2009,「近景攝影測量精度影響因素分析」,交通科技,第234期。李志宏,2002,「應用線特徵物求解攝影測量方位參數與物型重建」,國立台灣大 學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。江孟璁,2009,「房屋模型面與空載影像之套合」,國立中央大學土木工程學系碩士論文:桃園。吳笛豪,2008,「應用近景攝影與地面雷射掃瞄於地物量測精度及三維建模之研究」,國立高雄應用科技大學土木工程與防災科技研究所碩士論文:高雄。何維信,2004,『測量學』五版,台北:宏泰出版社。李莉華及林耀宗,2006,「航照影像控制實體資料建置系統開發」,中華技術,70:102-112。李莉華及趙鍵哲,2003,「航攝影像控制實體資料建置與自動化量測之探討」,中華技術,59:79-90。林后駿,2005,「三維房屋模型實景紋理影像製作與敷貼之研究」,國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文:桃園。洪祥恩,2011,「以地面及空載光達點雲重建複雜物三維模型」,國立中央大學土木工程學系碩士論文:桃園。柯濤、張祖勳及張劍清,2009「旋轉多基線數字近景攝影測量」,『武漢大學學報』,34(1):49-50。康志忠、張祖勳及張劍清,2005,「基於車載序列影像的建築立面紋理的快速重建」,『武漢大學學報』,30(11):1-6。黃文利,2001,「近景攝影測量應用於三維建物模型側面影像敷貼之研究」,國立成功大學測量工程學系碩士論文:台南。彭念豪,2005,「以控制直線進行影像外方位參數求解之自動化系統」,國立台灣大學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。趙培洲及宋德聞,1990,「近景攝影測量精度的改善」,工程勘查,第三期。趙鍵哲,2002,「以特徵物為主的攝影測量物型重建(Ⅰ)」,行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告。黎驥文、甯方璽及王豐良,2010,「應用GPS與非量測型相機於行動測繪車之研究」,中正嶺學報,第三十九卷,第二期。陳正軒,2006,「以視訊影像進行三維房屋模型實景紋理敷貼之研究」,國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文:桃園。陳詹閔、李莉華、林耀宗、鄭宏逵、黃智仁及陳杰宗,2007,「航遙測自動化定位─航攝影像控制區塊建置」,中華技術,74:88-97。謝幸宜,2011,「以自率光束法提升四旋翼UAV航拍影像之定位精度」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:台北。鄒芳瑜,2010,「以非量測性相機進行近景攝影測量探討」,國立交通大學土木工程學系碩士論文:新竹。蔡富安及陳良健,2010,「三維數位城市之建置及應用」,內政部地政司補助「三維數位城市模型先期建置工作」研究計畫成果。謝瑞斌,2000,「低價位數值相機空間量測實用性之研究」,國立台灣大學土木工程學系碩士論文:台北。英文參考文獻Ali, M. 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