1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 睡前不同之生氣表達方式對於入睡歷程的影響：以適配假說進行檢驗
Effects of pre-sleep anger expression style on sleep onset period : A test of Matching Hypothesis
作者 周芳嫻
Zhou, Fang Hsien
貢獻者 楊建銘
Yang, Chien Ming
周芳嫻
Zhou, Fang Hsien
關鍵詞 生氣
敵意特質
情緒因應
入睡歷程
生理激發
anger
trait hostility
emotional coping
sleep onset period
physical arousal
日期 2013
上傳時間 1-May-2015 11:36:50 (UTC+8)
摘要 研究目的：過去的心理生理學研究顯示，個體在壓抑生氣與表達生氣情緒時，分別對於情緒調節和生理反應上有著不同的作用機制。本研究試圖以Engebretson等人（1989）提出的「適配假說」（Matching Hypothesis），進一步延伸探討其對於後續睡眠的影響，並預期在引起受試者的生氣情緒後，若其當下所採用的生氣表達方式與自身所慣用的方式是一致的，則能有效地降低個體睡前的生理激發狀態，促使其恢復到先前的水準，因此對於個體後續睡眠的負面影響也會較小。

方法：本研究共收案35人(男12人，女23人)，對象為年齡介於20到35歲之間，身心健康的正常睡眠者。研究者先透過短式華人敵意量表，將受試者分類為高壓抑敵意特質組(HS)18人、高表達敵意特質組(HE)17人，之後再將其隨機分派到壓抑生氣(AI)或表達生氣(AO)其中一種實驗情境。實驗中，係透過高難度的認知作業來引發受試者的壓力和挫敗感，再於過程中不停地打斷其作答狀態來造成其煩擾，以達到生氣情緒的誘發；隨後再經由有/無給予機會讓受試者表達心情並對主試者(激怒者)進行評價，來達到表達/壓抑生氣的實驗操弄，之後即請其入睡。期間持續以Biopac MP150生理儀器來測量受試者的心跳速率(HR)、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)和膚電反應(SCR)，以了解其於入睡前的生理激發與恢復狀態；後續以多頻道睡眠記錄儀（polysomnography, PSG）來進行夜間睡眠之記錄，並以受試者的自評睡眠狀況作為主觀睡眠品質的分析指標。

研究結果：在誘發生氣情緒後，不論是在表達生氣或壓抑生氣的情境下，HE都比HS有顯著更高的DBP上升反應。在恢復期期間，HE的DBP則有低於HS的傾向；AO比AI有更多的DBP恢復程度，以及較短的SCR恢復時間。而在適配情境下，受試者後續的HR恢復時間較短，且DBP的下降程度較多，此也支持了適配假說的觀點；然而，不論適配與否，對於後續的睡眠相關參數並無顯著的影響，此未支持本研究假設。再以2(特質)x 2(情境)之二因子獨立樣本變異數分析比較各組在睡眠結構上的差異，結果顯示階段二睡眠以及慢波睡眠的比例，皆有來自特質的主要效果；其中HS的階段二睡眠時間比例高於HE，HE的慢波睡眠時間比例則高於HS。另外，AO的慢波睡眠時間比例高於AI──顯示比起壓抑生氣，表達生氣的因應方式對於深睡期的增加可能較具正向的影響。最後，研究發現睡前SBP、DBP的上升皆和主觀入睡耗時的增加呈顯著正相關；PSG的檢查結果亦顯示，入睡期HR、SCR、SBP的上升和階段二睡眠潛時的增加呈顯著正相關；此外，當SCR的恢復時間越長，階段二睡眠潛時越長，顯示個體睡前較高的生理激發狀態和較慢的恢復速率，對於主客觀睡眠品質皆具有負面的影響。

結論：在經驗生氣情緒時，表達生氣相對而言是對於生理恢復狀態較為有利的因應方式；然而，「特質」不僅可能影響著生氣情緒當下的生理激起狀態，且對於後續的生理恢復亦具有一定之影響力。本研究支持了適配假說的觀點：當採用的生氣表達方式與自身所慣用的方式一致時，最能有效地降低心血管反應；然而，再去檢驗適配假說和後續睡眠品質之間的關係，並未發現符合預期的結果，故若欲以適配假說來預測後續較佳的睡眠品質，仍須更多相關的研究加以支持和驗證，且可能尚須納入其他重要變項加以探討，例如個人的認知風格、內在情緒調節策略等。最後，本研究結果再度彰顯了睡前的生理激發和恢復狀態對於後續睡眠歷程的影響力；而生理激發狀態在情緒、因應行為和睡眠間之關係所扮演的角色，也為急性失眠的病因機制提供了一種可能的註解。
Introduction：From past studies it is known that anger suppression and anger expression may play different roles in emotion regulation and in psychophysiological response. Engebretson and his colleagues (1989) had proposed ‘Matching Hypothesis’-- that is, if one used his/her preferred mode of anger expression style in response to the instigation, then his/her cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) would be less elevated and would have a faster recovery rate of CVR than those who were engage in a manner of anger expression that was inconsistent with their preferred mode. To do a further study, we intend to know what would bring on in the following sleep if we used the two different anger expression style during the pre-sleep period. Besides, in according to Matching Hypothesis, we predict that if one expressed his/her anger in a preferred way, then this ‘matching’ state would make one’s physiological arousal effectively declined and would help it back to the baseline level more quickly; therefore, it would have less negative effect on the following sleep, and vice versa.

Method：35 healthy individuals who has psychometric characteristic of high hostility were examined. All subjects’ preferred style of anger expression-- highly suppressive (HS) or highly expressive (HE), had been assessed by a self-report questionnaire. After the anger instigation, subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: anger in (AI) or anger out (AO), and then went to sleep. Biopac instrument and software were used to measure heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and skin conductance response (SCR). Besides, polysomnography (PSG) was used to record the nocturnal sleep. In addition, the subjects were asked to fill out the self-report questionnaires next morning, as a measurement of subjective sleep quality. Finally, statistic analyzed the influence of two variables (trait and condition) on the physical arousal level, recovery rate and sleep quality.

Results：HE showed higher DBP elevation than HS, both in the two conditions. During the recovery phase, there was an inclination that HE showed lower DBP than HS; AO showed a higher DBP recovery level, and a shorter SCR recovery time, comparing to AI. Subjects in the matching state showed a shorter HR recovery time, and much DBP decline; however, no matter in the matching state or not, there was no difference in the nocturnal sleep quality. To view the sleep architecture, HS showed higher percentage of stage 2 sleep than HE, and HE showed higher slow-wave sleep percentage than HS. On the other hand, AO showed higher slow-wave sleep percentage than AI, suggesting that expressing anger seems to be much helpful for the promotion of slow-wave sleep. Finally, the findings demonstrated that before sleep, the elevation of SBP and DBP showed positive correlations with longer subjective sleep onset latency. Besides, the elevation of HR, SCR and SBP was positively correlated with the longer onset latency of stage 2 sleep. Furthermore, longer SCR recovery time accompanied longer onset latency of stage 2, indicating that both high arousal state and low recovery rate brought negative effects on the following sleep.

Conclusions：The CVR results generally were consistent with Matching Hypothesis. However, the findings indicated that the matching/non-matching state couldn’t be merely used to predict the sleep quality. Therefore, there is still a need to do more research to figure it out. In addition, variables such as personal cognitive style and emotional regulation strategy, should be bring into the future studies. In conclusion, the findings pointed out that the physical arousal state during the pre-sleep period will impact on the following sleep process significantly, and it plays a important role in the relationships between emotion, coping behavior and sleep.
參考文獻 一、中文部分：

林宜美（2009）。多向度敵意在冠狀動脈心臟病「心理生理反應模式」之驗證。未 出版博士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。
李瑞玲（1993）。以生物–心理–社會模式探討生氣歷程對血壓心理生理機制之影響。未出版博士論文，國立台灣大學，臺北市。
黃春偉（2001）。生氣表達方式與心血管反應的關連性。未出版碩士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。
翁嘉英、林宜美、呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉、吳英璋、鄭逸如（2008）。「短式華人敵意量表」之發展與信效度考驗。測驗年刊，55（3），463-487。(TSSCI)
張嘉真、李美枝（2000）。親子間情感行為的溯源與文化塑形。中華心理衛生學刊，13（2），1-35。
胡鈞凱（2004）。敵意特質與生氣表達方式對心血管自主神經反應的影響。未出版碩士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。

二、英文部分：

Do not sleep with anger. (2008). Sleep and Health, 69. ISSN: 1547-1586.
al’Absi, M., Bongard, S., & Lovallo, W. R. (2000). Adrenocorticotropin responses to interpersonal stress: effects of overt anger expression style and defensiveness. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 37, 257–265.
Awad, A. A., Ghobashy, M. A., Stout, R. G., Silverman, D. G., & Shelley, K. H. (2001). How does the plethysmogram derived from the pulse oximeter relate to arterial blood pressure in coronary artery bypass graft patients? Anesthesia & Analgesia journal., 93, 1446-1471.
Adam, K., Tomeny, M., & Oswald, I. (1986). Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20 (4), 301–316.
Ax, A.F. (1953). The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 15, 433–442.
Baker, J., & Schaie, K. (1969). Effects of aggressing "alone" or "with another" on physiological and psychological arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 80-86.
Bastien, C. H., LeBlanc, M., Carrier, J., & Morin, C. M. (2003). Sleep EEG power spectra, insomnia, and chronic use of benzodiazepines. Sleep, 26 (3), 313-317.
Bardwell, W., & Berry, C. C. (1999). Ancoli-Israel. S., Dimsdale, J. E. Psychological correlates of sleep apnea. Journal of psychosomatic research, 47, 583-596.
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews,14 (4), 227-238.
Biaggio, M. K., & Maiuro, R. D. (1985). Recent advances in anger assessment. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, 5, 71-111. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1992). Caffe use as a model of acute and chronic insomnia. Sleep, 15 (6), 526-536.
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L.(1997). Hyperarousal and insomnia. Sleep Medcine Reviews, 1 (2), 97-108.Borbely, A. A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1, 195–204.
Breslau, N., Roth, T., & Burduvali, E. (2004). Sleep in lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder: a community-based polysomnographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 508–516
Brissette, I., & Cohen, S. (2002). The contribution of individual differences in hostility to the associations between daily interpersonal conflict, affect, and sleep. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1265-1274.
Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (1998). Anger inhibition, cardiovascular recovery, and vagal function: a model of the link between hostility and cardiovascular disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20 (4), 326-332.
Brosschot, J. F, Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113–124.
Burns, J. W., Quartana, P. J., & Bruehl, S. (2007). Anger management style moderates effects of emotion suppression during initial stress on pain and cardiovascular responses during subsequent pain-induction. Annals of behavioral medicine: 34 (2), 154-165.
Cajochen, C., Brunner, D. P., Krauchi, K., Graw, P., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1995). Power density in theta/alpha frequencies of the waking EEG progressively increases during sustained wakefulness. Sleep, 18(10), 890-894.
Caska, C. M., Hendrickson, B. E., Wong, M. H., Ali, S., Neylan, T., & Whooley, M. A. (2009). Anger expression and sleep quality in patients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychosomatic Medicine,71, 280-285.
Chang, F. C., & Opp, M. R. (2001). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) as a regulator of waking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 445–453.
Chen, W., Kobayashi, T., Ichikawa, S., & Takeuchi, Y. (2000). Continuous estimation of systolic blood pressure using the pulse arrival time and intermittent calibration. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 38, 569-574.
Chida Y., & Hamer, M. (2008). Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: A quantitative review of 30 years of investigations. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 829-884.
Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). Rumination, negative cognition, and their interactive effects on depressed mood: Two laboratory studies. Emotion, 7, 555-565.
Davidson, L. M., Fleming, R., & Baum, A. (1987). Chronic stress, catecholamines, and sleep disturbance at Three Mile Island. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 75-83.
Dijk, D. J, & Beersma, D. G. (1989). Effects of SWS deprivation on subsequent EEG power density and spontaneous sleep duration. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 72, 312–320.
Dorr, N., Brosschot, J. F., Sollers, J. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Damned if you do, damned if you don’t: the differential effect of expression and inhibition of anger on cardiovascular recovery in black and white males. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 125–134.
Engebretson, T. O., Matthews, K. A., & Scheier, M. F. (1989). Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 513-521.
Ehlers, C. L., Reed, T. K., & Henriksen, S. J. (1986). Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and growth hormone-releasing factor on sleep and activity in rats. Neuroendocrinology, 42, 467–474.
Espie, C. A. (2002). Insomnia:conceptual issues in the development, persistence,and treatment of sleep disorder in adult. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 215-243.
Freedman, R. R., & Sattler, H. L. (1982). Physiological and psychological factors in sleeponset insomnia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 380–389.
Freedman, R. R. (1986). EEG power spectra in sleep-onset insomnia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 63, 408–413.
Funkenstein, D. H., King, S. H., & Drolette, M. (1954). The direction of anger during a laboratory stress-inducing situation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 16, 404–413.
Gambaro, S., & Rabin, A. (1969). Diastolic blood pressure responses following direct and displaced aggression after anger arousal in high- and low-guilt subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,12, 87-94.
Gerin, W., Davidson, K. W., Christenfeld, N. J., Goyal, T., & Schwartz, J. E. (2006). The role of angry rumination and distraction in blood pressure recovery from emotional arousal. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 64–72.
Geddes, L. A., Voelz, M. H., Babbs, C. F., Bourland, J. D., & Tacker, W. A. (1981). Pulse transit times as an indicator of arterial blood pressure, Psychophysiology, 20, 71-74.
Geddes, L. A., Voelz, M. H., James, S., & Reiner, D. (1981). Pulse arrival time as a method of obtaining systolic and diastolic blood pressure indirectly. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 19, 671-672.
Glynn, L. M., Christenfeld, N., & Gerin, W. (2002). The role of rumination in recovery from reactivity: cardiovascular consequences of emotional states. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 714–726.
Grano, N., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Keltikangas-Ja rvinen, L., & Kivimaki, M. (2008). Association of hostility with sleep duration and sleep disturbances in an employee population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,15, 73–80.
Harburg, E., Erfurt, J. C., Chape, C., Hauenstein, L. S., Schull, W. J., & Schork, M. A. (1973). Socioecological stressor areas and black-white blood pressure. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86 (9), 595–611.
Harburg, E., Gleiberman, L., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1991). Anger-coping styles and blood pressure in black and white males. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 153–164.
Haynes, S. N., Follingstad, D. R., & McGowen, W. T. (1974). Insomnia: sleep patterns and anxiety level. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 18, 69–74.
Haynes, S. N., Adams, A., & Franzen, M. (1981). The effects of presleep stress on sleep-onset insomnia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90 (6), 601–606.
Hokanson, J., & Shelter, S. (1961). The effects of overt aggression on physiological arousal level. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 446-448.
Hokanson, J., & Burgess, M. (1962). The effects of three types of aggression on vascular processes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 446-449.
Hokanson, J., & Burgess, M. (1962). The effect of status, type of frustration, and aggression on vascular processes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 232-237.
Hokanson, J., Burgess, M., & Cohen M. (1963). The effects of displaced aggression of systolic blood pressure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 214-218.
Hokanson, J. E., & Edelman, R. (1966). Effects of three social responses on vascular processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 442– 447.
Hokanson, J. E., Willers, K. R., & Koropsak, E. (1968). The modification of autonomic responses during aggressive interchange. Journal of Personality, 36, 386–404.
Huber, H. P., Hauke, D., & Gramer, M. (1988). Frustrationsbedingter blutdruckanstieg und dessen abbau durch aggressive reaktionen. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 35, 427-440
Ireland, J. L., & Culpin, V. (2006). The relationship between sleeping problems and aggression, anger, and impulsivity in a population of juvenile and young offenders. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 649–655.
Johns, M. W., Gay, T. J. A., Masterton, J. P., & Bruce, D. W. (1971). Relationship between sleep habits, adrenocortical activity and personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 33, 499–508.
Kaiser, J., Hertrich, I., Ackermann, H., Mathiak, K., & Lutzenberger, W. (2005). Hearing lips: gamma-band activity during audiovisual speech perception. Cereb Cortex, 15, 646-653.
Koh, K. B., Cho, S. Y., Kim, J. W., Rho, K. S., Lee, S. H., & Park, I. H. (2004). The relationship of anger expression and alexithymia with coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery diseases. Yonsei Medical Journal, 45, 181–186.
Krantz, D. S., Olson, M. B., Francis J. L., Phankao C., Bairey Merz C. N., et al. (2006). Anger, hostility, and cardiac symptoms in women with suspected coronary artery disease: the Women`s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. Journal of Women`s Health, 15 (10), 1214-1223.
Khalfa, S., Isabelle, P., Jean-Pierre, B., & Manon, R. (2002). Event-related skin conductance responses to musical emotions in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 328 (2), 145-149.
Lane, J. D., Greenstadt, L., & Shapiro, D. (1983). Pulse transit time and blood pressure – an intensive analysis. Psychophysiology, 20, 45-49.
Lai, J. Y., & Linden, W. (1992). Gender, anger expression style, and opportunity for anger release determine cardiovascular reaction to and recovery from anger provocation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 297-310.
Lamarche, C. H., & Ogilvie, R. D. (1997). Electrophysiological changes during the sleep onset period of psychophysiological insomniacs, psychiatric insomniacs, and normal sleepers. Sleep, 20, 724-733.
Lin, T. K., Weng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Lin, I. M., & Lin, C. L. (2008). Hostility trait and vascular dilatory functions in healthy Taiwanese. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 31 (6), 517-524.
Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
Marie, G. V., Lo, C. R., Van Jones, J., & Johnston, D. W. (1984). The relationship between arterial blood pressure and pulse transit time during dynamic and static exercise. Psychophysiology, 21, 512-527.
Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Kuller, L. H., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Jansen- McWilliams, L. (1998). Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women? Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 633–638.
Madigan, M. F., Jr, Dale, J. A., & Cross, J. D. (1997). No respite during sleep: heart-rate hyperreactivity to rapid eye movement sleep in angry men classified as type A. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 1451–1454.
Mendelson, W. B., Garnett, D., Gillin, C. G., & Weingartner, H. (1984). The experience of insomnia and daytime and nighttime functioning. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 235–250.
Merica, H., Blois, R., & Gaillard, J. M. (1998). Spectral characteristics of sleep EEG in chronic insomnia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1826–1834.
Michael, H. B., & Donna, L. A. (2010). Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 9-15.
Monroe, L. J. (1967). Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. Journal of abnormal psychology, 72, 255–264.
Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M. A., Maglione, M. L., Rosenlicht, N. Z., & Metzler, T. J. (2003). Delta Sleep Response to Metyrapone in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1666-1676.
Neylan, T. C., Otte, C., Yehuda, R., & Marmar, C. R. (2006): Neuroendocrine regulation of sleep disturbances in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 203-215.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.
Norlander, T., Johansson, Å., & Bood, S. Å. (2005). The affective personality: its relation to quality of sleep, well-being and stress. Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 709–722.
Ochiai, R., Takeda, J., Hosaka, H., Sugo, Y., Tanaka, R., & Soma, T. (1999). The relationship between modified pulse wave transit time and cardiovascular changes in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 14, 493-501.
Parry Fung, G., Dumont, C., Ries, C., & Mott, M. Ansermino. (2004). “Continuous noninvasive blood pressure measurement by pulse transit time”. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1, 738-741.
Perlis, M. L., Giles, D. E., Mendelson, W. B., Bootzin, R. R., & Wyatt, J. K. (1997). Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Journal of Sleep Research, 6 (3), 179-188.
Perlis, M. L., Merica, H., Smith, M. T., & Giles, D. E. (2001) Beta EEG Activity and Insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 5, 365-376.
Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42, 583–596.
Pollak, M. H., & Obrist, P. A. (1983). Aortic-radial pulse transit time and ECG Q-wave to radial pulse wave interval as indices of beat-by-beat blood pressure change. Psychophysiology, 20, 21-28.
Ritsner, M., Maayan, R., Gibel, A., Strous, R. D., Modai, I., & Weizman, A. (2004). Elevation of the cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio in schizophrenia patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14 (4), 267-273.
Schachter, J . (1957). Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives: A psychophysiological study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 17-29.
Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., & Van der Linden, M. (2008). Facets of impulsivity are differentially linked to insomnia: Evidence from an exploratory study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 6, 178–192.
Scott, B. A., & Timothy, A. J. (2006). Insomnia, Emotions, and Job Satisfaction: A Multilevel Study. Journal of Management, 32 (5), 622-645.
Smith, T. W., & Gallo, L. C. (1999). Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 436–445.
Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russell, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. I. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders. New York: Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill.
Staner L., Cornette F., Mauriced., Viardot G., Le Bon O., Haba J., Staner C., Luthringer R., Muzet A., & Macher J.P. (2003). Sleep microstructure around sleep onset differentiates major depressive insomnia from primary insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 319-330.
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., Griffith, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000). Job strain and anger expression predict early morning elevations in salivary cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 286–292.
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Lin, H. M., Prolo, P., Mastorakos, G.,& Vela-Bueno, A. (2001). Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 3787–3794.
Vincent, N., Cox, B., & Clara I. (2009). Are Personality dimensions associated with sleep length in a large nationally representative sample? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 158–163.
Weng, C. Y., Lin, T. K., Shen, S. C., & Lin C. L. (submitted). The effects of hostility manifestation traits and anger-coping behaviors on the endothelial function. Psychosomatic Medicine.
Williams, J. E., Nieto, F. J., Sanford, C. P., Couper, D. J., & Tyroler, H. A. (2002). The association between trait anger and incident stroke risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Stroke, 33, 13–19.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
99752007
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊建銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Chien Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周芳嫻zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Zhou, Fang Hsienen_US
dc.creator (作者) 周芳嫻zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Zhou, Fang Hsienen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-May-2015 11:36:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-May-2015 11:36:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-May-2015 11:36:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099752007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/74926-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99752007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 研究目的：過去的心理生理學研究顯示，個體在壓抑生氣與表達生氣情緒時，分別對於情緒調節和生理反應上有著不同的作用機制。本研究試圖以Engebretson等人（1989）提出的「適配假說」（Matching Hypothesis），進一步延伸探討其對於後續睡眠的影響，並預期在引起受試者的生氣情緒後，若其當下所採用的生氣表達方式與自身所慣用的方式是一致的，則能有效地降低個體睡前的生理激發狀態，促使其恢復到先前的水準，因此對於個體後續睡眠的負面影響也會較小。

方法：本研究共收案35人(男12人，女23人)，對象為年齡介於20到35歲之間，身心健康的正常睡眠者。研究者先透過短式華人敵意量表，將受試者分類為高壓抑敵意特質組(HS)18人、高表達敵意特質組(HE)17人，之後再將其隨機分派到壓抑生氣(AI)或表達生氣(AO)其中一種實驗情境。實驗中，係透過高難度的認知作業來引發受試者的壓力和挫敗感，再於過程中不停地打斷其作答狀態來造成其煩擾，以達到生氣情緒的誘發；隨後再經由有/無給予機會讓受試者表達心情並對主試者(激怒者)進行評價，來達到表達/壓抑生氣的實驗操弄，之後即請其入睡。期間持續以Biopac MP150生理儀器來測量受試者的心跳速率(HR)、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)和膚電反應(SCR)，以了解其於入睡前的生理激發與恢復狀態；後續以多頻道睡眠記錄儀（polysomnography, PSG）來進行夜間睡眠之記錄，並以受試者的自評睡眠狀況作為主觀睡眠品質的分析指標。

研究結果：在誘發生氣情緒後，不論是在表達生氣或壓抑生氣的情境下，HE都比HS有顯著更高的DBP上升反應。在恢復期期間，HE的DBP則有低於HS的傾向；AO比AI有更多的DBP恢復程度，以及較短的SCR恢復時間。而在適配情境下，受試者後續的HR恢復時間較短，且DBP的下降程度較多，此也支持了適配假說的觀點；然而，不論適配與否，對於後續的睡眠相關參數並無顯著的影響，此未支持本研究假設。再以2(特質)x 2(情境)之二因子獨立樣本變異數分析比較各組在睡眠結構上的差異，結果顯示階段二睡眠以及慢波睡眠的比例，皆有來自特質的主要效果；其中HS的階段二睡眠時間比例高於HE，HE的慢波睡眠時間比例則高於HS。另外，AO的慢波睡眠時間比例高於AI──顯示比起壓抑生氣，表達生氣的因應方式對於深睡期的增加可能較具正向的影響。最後，研究發現睡前SBP、DBP的上升皆和主觀入睡耗時的增加呈顯著正相關；PSG的檢查結果亦顯示，入睡期HR、SCR、SBP的上升和階段二睡眠潛時的增加呈顯著正相關；此外，當SCR的恢復時間越長，階段二睡眠潛時越長，顯示個體睡前較高的生理激發狀態和較慢的恢復速率，對於主客觀睡眠品質皆具有負面的影響。

結論：在經驗生氣情緒時，表達生氣相對而言是對於生理恢復狀態較為有利的因應方式；然而，「特質」不僅可能影響著生氣情緒當下的生理激起狀態，且對於後續的生理恢復亦具有一定之影響力。本研究支持了適配假說的觀點：當採用的生氣表達方式與自身所慣用的方式一致時，最能有效地降低心血管反應；然而，再去檢驗適配假說和後續睡眠品質之間的關係，並未發現符合預期的結果，故若欲以適配假說來預測後續較佳的睡眠品質，仍須更多相關的研究加以支持和驗證，且可能尚須納入其他重要變項加以探討，例如個人的認知風格、內在情緒調節策略等。最後，本研究結果再度彰顯了睡前的生理激發和恢復狀態對於後續睡眠歷程的影響力；而生理激發狀態在情緒、因應行為和睡眠間之關係所扮演的角色，也為急性失眠的病因機制提供了一種可能的註解。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Introduction：From past studies it is known that anger suppression and anger expression may play different roles in emotion regulation and in psychophysiological response. Engebretson and his colleagues (1989) had proposed ‘Matching Hypothesis’-- that is, if one used his/her preferred mode of anger expression style in response to the instigation, then his/her cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) would be less elevated and would have a faster recovery rate of CVR than those who were engage in a manner of anger expression that was inconsistent with their preferred mode. To do a further study, we intend to know what would bring on in the following sleep if we used the two different anger expression style during the pre-sleep period. Besides, in according to Matching Hypothesis, we predict that if one expressed his/her anger in a preferred way, then this ‘matching’ state would make one’s physiological arousal effectively declined and would help it back to the baseline level more quickly; therefore, it would have less negative effect on the following sleep, and vice versa.

Method：35 healthy individuals who has psychometric characteristic of high hostility were examined. All subjects’ preferred style of anger expression-- highly suppressive (HS) or highly expressive (HE), had been assessed by a self-report questionnaire. After the anger instigation, subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: anger in (AI) or anger out (AO), and then went to sleep. Biopac instrument and software were used to measure heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and skin conductance response (SCR). Besides, polysomnography (PSG) was used to record the nocturnal sleep. In addition, the subjects were asked to fill out the self-report questionnaires next morning, as a measurement of subjective sleep quality. Finally, statistic analyzed the influence of two variables (trait and condition) on the physical arousal level, recovery rate and sleep quality.

Results：HE showed higher DBP elevation than HS, both in the two conditions. During the recovery phase, there was an inclination that HE showed lower DBP than HS; AO showed a higher DBP recovery level, and a shorter SCR recovery time, comparing to AI. Subjects in the matching state showed a shorter HR recovery time, and much DBP decline; however, no matter in the matching state or not, there was no difference in the nocturnal sleep quality. To view the sleep architecture, HS showed higher percentage of stage 2 sleep than HE, and HE showed higher slow-wave sleep percentage than HS. On the other hand, AO showed higher slow-wave sleep percentage than AI, suggesting that expressing anger seems to be much helpful for the promotion of slow-wave sleep. Finally, the findings demonstrated that before sleep, the elevation of SBP and DBP showed positive correlations with longer subjective sleep onset latency. Besides, the elevation of HR, SCR and SBP was positively correlated with the longer onset latency of stage 2 sleep. Furthermore, longer SCR recovery time accompanied longer onset latency of stage 2, indicating that both high arousal state and low recovery rate brought negative effects on the following sleep.

Conclusions：The CVR results generally were consistent with Matching Hypothesis. However, the findings indicated that the matching/non-matching state couldn’t be merely used to predict the sleep quality. Therefore, there is still a need to do more research to figure it out. In addition, variables such as personal cognitive style and emotional regulation strategy, should be bring into the future studies. In conclusion, the findings pointed out that the physical arousal state during the pre-sleep period will impact on the following sleep process significantly, and it plays a important role in the relationships between emotion, coping behavior and sleep.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii
目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………viii
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ix

第一章、緒論
第一節、研究動機與目的………………………………………………………………………………………………1

第二章、文獻探討
第一節、生氣情緒和生氣表達方式與生理激發之間的關係…………………………………4
(一)生氣與生氣的表達方式……………………………………………………………………………………4
(二)生氣情緒下的生理激發狀態……………………………………………………………………………5
(三)不同之生氣表達方式對於生理激發狀態的影響：壓抑與表達………………6
(四)適配假說：為過去不一致的研究結果提出另一種可能性………………………8
第二節、生理激發與睡眠之間的關係…………………………………………………………………………9
第三節、生氣與睡眠………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
(一)敵意相關特質與睡眠的關係…………………………………………………………………………11
(二)生氣表達方式與睡眠的關係…………………………………………………………………………12
第四節、研究目的與假設……………………………………………………………………………………………13

第三章、研究方法
第一節、研究對象…………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
第二節、研究工具…………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
(一)主觀測量工具……………………………………………………………………………………………………16
(二)客觀生理測量……………………………………………………………………………………………………20
第三節、研究程序…………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
第四節、資料分析…………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
(一)生理反應的測量與分析…………………………………………………………………………………29
(二)睡眠相關參數的分析………………………………………………………………………………………30
(三)統計分析……………………………………………………………………………………………………………31

第四章、研究結果
第一節、受試者人口統計學資料………………………………………………………………………………33
第二節、受試者控制以及實驗操弄檢核…………………………………………………………………33
第三節、不同敵意特質者在生氣激發狀態上的差異……………………………………………38
第四節、敵意特質、生氣表達方式對於個體生理恢復狀態的影響…………………39
第五節、生氣表達之操弄控制情境對於個體的主客觀睡眠影響之分析…………42
第六節、生氣表達之操弄情境對於入睡歷程的腦波影響之分析………………………47
第七節、生理激發之恢復時間長短與入睡時間的相關性分析…………………………49

第五章、討論
第一節、敵意特質和生氣表達行為對於生氣情緒下之生理激發狀態與恢復力
的影響………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
第二節、適配假說的檢驗……………………………………………………………………………………………53
第三節、睡前之生理激發狀態與和睡眠品質之間的關係……………………………………54
第四節、適配假說與睡眠……………………………………………………………………………………………54
第五節、不同敵意特質者的睡眠型態………………………………………………………………………57
第六節、研究限制與對未來研究的建議…………………………………………………………………58
第七節、結論…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………59

參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………61

附錄
附錄一、短式華人敵意量表…………………………………………………………………………………………72
附錄二、健康與生活習慣量表……………………………………………………………………………………73
附錄三、匹茲堡睡眠品質量表……………………………………………………………………………………75
附錄四、評價問卷…………………………………………………………………………………………………………77
附錄五、生氣程度評量表……………………………………………………………………………………………79
附錄六、生氣情緒操弄檢核表……………………………………………………………………………………80
附錄七、睡眠問卷…………………………………………………………………………………………………………81
附錄八、早晨問卷…………………………………………………………………………………………………………82
附錄九、使用PPG信號推算人體血壓的改變之簡介………………………………………………84		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2159218 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生氣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 敵意特質zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒因應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 入睡歷程zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生理激發zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) angeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) trait hostilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) emotional copingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sleep onset perioden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) physical arousalen_US
dc.title (題名) 睡前不同之生氣表達方式對於入睡歷程的影響：以適配假說進行檢驗zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Effects of pre-sleep anger expression style on sleep onset period : A test of Matching Hypothesisen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分：

林宜美（2009）。多向度敵意在冠狀動脈心臟病「心理生理反應模式」之驗證。未 出版博士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。
李瑞玲（1993）。以生物–心理–社會模式探討生氣歷程對血壓心理生理機制之影響。未出版博士論文，國立台灣大學，臺北市。
黃春偉（2001）。生氣表達方式與心血管反應的關連性。未出版碩士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。
翁嘉英、林宜美、呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉、吳英璋、鄭逸如（2008）。「短式華人敵意量表」之發展與信效度考驗。測驗年刊，55（3），463-487。(TSSCI)
張嘉真、李美枝（2000）。親子間情感行為的溯源與文化塑形。中華心理衛生學刊，13（2），1-35。
胡鈞凱（2004）。敵意特質與生氣表達方式對心血管自主神經反應的影響。未出版碩士論文，國立中正大學，嘉義市。

二、英文部分：

Do not sleep with anger. (2008). Sleep and Health, 69. ISSN: 1547-1586.
al’Absi, M., Bongard, S., & Lovallo, W. R. (2000). Adrenocorticotropin responses to interpersonal stress: effects of overt anger expression style and defensiveness. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 37, 257–265.
Awad, A. A., Ghobashy, M. A., Stout, R. G., Silverman, D. G., & Shelley, K. H. (2001). How does the plethysmogram derived from the pulse oximeter relate to arterial blood pressure in coronary artery bypass graft patients? Anesthesia & Analgesia journal., 93, 1446-1471.
Adam, K., Tomeny, M., & Oswald, I. (1986). Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20 (4), 301–316.
Ax, A.F. (1953). The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 15, 433–442.
Baker, J., & Schaie, K. (1969). Effects of aggressing "alone" or "with another" on physiological and psychological arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 80-86.
Bastien, C. H., LeBlanc, M., Carrier, J., & Morin, C. M. (2003). Sleep EEG power spectra, insomnia, and chronic use of benzodiazepines. Sleep, 26 (3), 313-317.
Bardwell, W., & Berry, C. C. (1999). Ancoli-Israel. S., Dimsdale, J. E. Psychological correlates of sleep apnea. Journal of psychosomatic research, 47, 583-596.
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews,14 (4), 227-238.
Biaggio, M. K., & Maiuro, R. D. (1985). Recent advances in anger assessment. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, 5, 71-111. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1992). Caffe use as a model of acute and chronic insomnia. Sleep, 15 (6), 526-536.
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L.(1997). Hyperarousal and insomnia. Sleep Medcine Reviews, 1 (2), 97-108.Borbely, A. A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1, 195–204.
Breslau, N., Roth, T., & Burduvali, E. (2004). Sleep in lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder: a community-based polysomnographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 508–516
Brissette, I., & Cohen, S. (2002). The contribution of individual differences in hostility to the associations between daily interpersonal conflict, affect, and sleep. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1265-1274.
Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (1998). Anger inhibition, cardiovascular recovery, and vagal function: a model of the link between hostility and cardiovascular disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20 (4), 326-332.
Brosschot, J. F, Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113–124.
Burns, J. W., Quartana, P. J., & Bruehl, S. (2007). Anger management style moderates effects of emotion suppression during initial stress on pain and cardiovascular responses during subsequent pain-induction. Annals of behavioral medicine: 34 (2), 154-165.
Cajochen, C., Brunner, D. P., Krauchi, K., Graw, P., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1995). Power density in theta/alpha frequencies of the waking EEG progressively increases during sustained wakefulness. Sleep, 18(10), 890-894.
Caska, C. M., Hendrickson, B. E., Wong, M. H., Ali, S., Neylan, T., & Whooley, M. A. (2009). Anger expression and sleep quality in patients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychosomatic Medicine,71, 280-285.
Chang, F. C., & Opp, M. R. (2001). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) as a regulator of waking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 445–453.
Chen, W., Kobayashi, T., Ichikawa, S., & Takeuchi, Y. (2000). Continuous estimation of systolic blood pressure using the pulse arrival time and intermittent calibration. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 38, 569-574.
Chida Y., & Hamer, M. (2008). Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: A quantitative review of 30 years of investigations. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 829-884.
Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). Rumination, negative cognition, and their interactive effects on depressed mood: Two laboratory studies. Emotion, 7, 555-565.
Davidson, L. M., Fleming, R., & Baum, A. (1987). Chronic stress, catecholamines, and sleep disturbance at Three Mile Island. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 75-83.
Dijk, D. J, & Beersma, D. G. (1989). Effects of SWS deprivation on subsequent EEG power density and spontaneous sleep duration. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 72, 312–320.
Dorr, N., Brosschot, J. F., Sollers, J. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Damned if you do, damned if you don’t: the differential effect of expression and inhibition of anger on cardiovascular recovery in black and white males. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 125–134.
Engebretson, T. O., Matthews, K. A., & Scheier, M. F. (1989). Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 513-521.
Ehlers, C. L., Reed, T. K., & Henriksen, S. J. (1986). Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and growth hormone-releasing factor on sleep and activity in rats. Neuroendocrinology, 42, 467–474.
Espie, C. A. (2002). Insomnia:conceptual issues in the development, persistence,and treatment of sleep disorder in adult. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 215-243.
Freedman, R. R., & Sattler, H. L. (1982). Physiological and psychological factors in sleeponset insomnia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 380–389.
Freedman, R. R. (1986). EEG power spectra in sleep-onset insomnia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 63, 408–413.
Funkenstein, D. H., King, S. H., & Drolette, M. (1954). The direction of anger during a laboratory stress-inducing situation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 16, 404–413.
Gambaro, S., & Rabin, A. (1969). Diastolic blood pressure responses following direct and displaced aggression after anger arousal in high- and low-guilt subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,12, 87-94.
Gerin, W., Davidson, K. W., Christenfeld, N. J., Goyal, T., & Schwartz, J. E. (2006). The role of angry rumination and distraction in blood pressure recovery from emotional arousal. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 64–72.
Geddes, L. A., Voelz, M. H., Babbs, C. F., Bourland, J. D., & Tacker, W. A. (1981). Pulse transit times as an indicator of arterial blood pressure, Psychophysiology, 20, 71-74.
Geddes, L. A., Voelz, M. H., James, S., & Reiner, D. (1981). Pulse arrival time as a method of obtaining systolic and diastolic blood pressure indirectly. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 19, 671-672.
Glynn, L. M., Christenfeld, N., & Gerin, W. (2002). The role of rumination in recovery from reactivity: cardiovascular consequences of emotional states. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 714–726.
Grano, N., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Keltikangas-Ja rvinen, L., & Kivimaki, M. (2008). Association of hostility with sleep duration and sleep disturbances in an employee population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,15, 73–80.
Harburg, E., Erfurt, J. C., Chape, C., Hauenstein, L. S., Schull, W. J., & Schork, M. A. (1973). Socioecological stressor areas and black-white blood pressure. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86 (9), 595–611.
Harburg, E., Gleiberman, L., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1991). Anger-coping styles and blood pressure in black and white males. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 153–164.
Haynes, S. N., Follingstad, D. R., & McGowen, W. T. (1974). Insomnia: sleep patterns and anxiety level. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 18, 69–74.
Haynes, S. N., Adams, A., & Franzen, M. (1981). The effects of presleep stress on sleep-onset insomnia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90 (6), 601–606.
Hokanson, J., & Shelter, S. (1961). The effects of overt aggression on physiological arousal level. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 446-448.
Hokanson, J., & Burgess, M. (1962). The effects of three types of aggression on vascular processes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 446-449.
Hokanson, J., & Burgess, M. (1962). The effect of status, type of frustration, and aggression on vascular processes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 232-237.
Hokanson, J., Burgess, M., & Cohen M. (1963). The effects of displaced aggression of systolic blood pressure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 214-218.
Hokanson, J. E., & Edelman, R. (1966). Effects of three social responses on vascular processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 442– 447.
Hokanson, J. E., Willers, K. R., & Koropsak, E. (1968). The modification of autonomic responses during aggressive interchange. Journal of Personality, 36, 386–404.
Huber, H. P., Hauke, D., & Gramer, M. (1988). Frustrationsbedingter blutdruckanstieg und dessen abbau durch aggressive reaktionen. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 35, 427-440
Ireland, J. L., & Culpin, V. (2006). The relationship between sleeping problems and aggression, anger, and impulsivity in a population of juvenile and young offenders. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 649–655.
Johns, M. W., Gay, T. J. A., Masterton, J. P., & Bruce, D. W. (1971). Relationship between sleep habits, adrenocortical activity and personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 33, 499–508.
Kaiser, J., Hertrich, I., Ackermann, H., Mathiak, K., & Lutzenberger, W. (2005). Hearing lips: gamma-band activity during audiovisual speech perception. Cereb Cortex, 15, 646-653.
Koh, K. B., Cho, S. Y., Kim, J. W., Rho, K. S., Lee, S. H., & Park, I. H. (2004). The relationship of anger expression and alexithymia with coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery diseases. Yonsei Medical Journal, 45, 181–186.
Krantz, D. S., Olson, M. B., Francis J. L., Phankao C., Bairey Merz C. N., et al. (2006). Anger, hostility, and cardiac symptoms in women with suspected coronary artery disease: the Women`s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. Journal of Women`s Health, 15 (10), 1214-1223.
Khalfa, S., Isabelle, P., Jean-Pierre, B., & Manon, R. (2002). Event-related skin conductance responses to musical emotions in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 328 (2), 145-149.
Lane, J. D., Greenstadt, L., & Shapiro, D. (1983). Pulse transit time and blood pressure – an intensive analysis. Psychophysiology, 20, 45-49.
Lai, J. Y., & Linden, W. (1992). Gender, anger expression style, and opportunity for anger release determine cardiovascular reaction to and recovery from anger provocation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 297-310.
Lamarche, C. H., & Ogilvie, R. D. (1997). Electrophysiological changes during the sleep onset period of psychophysiological insomniacs, psychiatric insomniacs, and normal sleepers. Sleep, 20, 724-733.
Lin, T. K., Weng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Lin, I. M., & Lin, C. L. (2008). Hostility trait and vascular dilatory functions in healthy Taiwanese. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 31 (6), 517-524.
Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
Marie, G. V., Lo, C. R., Van Jones, J., & Johnston, D. W. (1984). The relationship between arterial blood pressure and pulse transit time during dynamic and static exercise. Psychophysiology, 21, 512-527.
Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Kuller, L. H., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Jansen- McWilliams, L. (1998). Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women? Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 633–638.
Madigan, M. F., Jr, Dale, J. A., & Cross, J. D. (1997). No respite during sleep: heart-rate hyperreactivity to rapid eye movement sleep in angry men classified as type A. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 1451–1454.
Mendelson, W. B., Garnett, D., Gillin, C. G., & Weingartner, H. (1984). The experience of insomnia and daytime and nighttime functioning. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 235–250.
Merica, H., Blois, R., & Gaillard, J. M. (1998). Spectral characteristics of sleep EEG in chronic insomnia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1826–1834.
Michael, H. B., & Donna, L. A. (2010). Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 9-15.
Monroe, L. J. (1967). Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. Journal of abnormal psychology, 72, 255–264.
Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M. A., Maglione, M. L., Rosenlicht, N. Z., & Metzler, T. J. (2003). Delta Sleep Response to Metyrapone in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1666-1676.
Neylan, T. C., Otte, C., Yehuda, R., & Marmar, C. R. (2006): Neuroendocrine regulation of sleep disturbances in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 203-215.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.
Norlander, T., Johansson, Å., & Bood, S. Å. (2005). The affective personality: its relation to quality of sleep, well-being and stress. Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 709–722.
Ochiai, R., Takeda, J., Hosaka, H., Sugo, Y., Tanaka, R., & Soma, T. (1999). The relationship between modified pulse wave transit time and cardiovascular changes in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 14, 493-501.
Parry Fung, G., Dumont, C., Ries, C., & Mott, M. Ansermino. (2004). “Continuous noninvasive blood pressure measurement by pulse transit time”. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1, 738-741.
Perlis, M. L., Giles, D. E., Mendelson, W. B., Bootzin, R. R., & Wyatt, J. K. (1997). Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Journal of Sleep Research, 6 (3), 179-188.
Perlis, M. L., Merica, H., Smith, M. T., & Giles, D. E. (2001) Beta EEG Activity and Insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 5, 365-376.
Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42, 583–596.
Pollak, M. H., & Obrist, P. A. (1983). Aortic-radial pulse transit time and ECG Q-wave to radial pulse wave interval as indices of beat-by-beat blood pressure change. Psychophysiology, 20, 21-28.
Ritsner, M., Maayan, R., Gibel, A., Strous, R. D., Modai, I., & Weizman, A. (2004). Elevation of the cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio in schizophrenia patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14 (4), 267-273.
Schachter, J . (1957). Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives: A psychophysiological study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 17-29.
Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., & Van der Linden, M. (2008). Facets of impulsivity are differentially linked to insomnia: Evidence from an exploratory study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 6, 178–192.
Scott, B. A., & Timothy, A. J. (2006). Insomnia, Emotions, and Job Satisfaction: A Multilevel Study. Journal of Management, 32 (5), 622-645.
Smith, T. W., & Gallo, L. C. (1999). Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 436–445.
Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russell, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. I. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders. New York: Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill.
Staner L., Cornette F., Mauriced., Viardot G., Le Bon O., Haba J., Staner C., Luthringer R., Muzet A., & Macher J.P. (2003). Sleep microstructure around sleep onset differentiates major depressive insomnia from primary insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 319-330.
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., Griffith, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000). Job strain and anger expression predict early morning elevations in salivary cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 286–292.
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Lin, H. M., Prolo, P., Mastorakos, G.,& Vela-Bueno, A. (2001). Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 3787–3794.
Vincent, N., Cox, B., & Clara I. (2009). Are Personality dimensions associated with sleep length in a large nationally representative sample? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 158–163.
Weng, C. Y., Lin, T. K., Shen, S. C., & Lin C. L. (submitted). The effects of hostility manifestation traits and anger-coping behaviors on the endothelial function. Psychosomatic Medicine.
Williams, J. E., Nieto, F. J., Sanford, C. P., Couper, D. J., & Tyroler, H. A. (2002). The association between trait anger and incident stroke risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Stroke, 33, 13–19.		zh_TW