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題名 關係他人意見對於寬恕決定之影響
The Effect of Significant Other‘s Advice on Forgiveness in Chinese Culture.
作者 林佳苹
Lin, Chia Ping
貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chien Ru
林佳苹
Lin, Chia Ping
關鍵詞 寬恕
傷害事件
勸告
關係他人
主導性影響
forgiveness
hurting scenarios
advice
significant other
dominant effect
日期 2014
上傳時間 1-Jul-2015 14:53:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究目的在探討關係他人在華人寬恕中扮演的角色為何?過往文獻在探討寬恕的影響因素上,未考量文化特色,也多聚焦在傷害者與被害者身上,筆者認為,重視關係的華人,在探討寬恕時應考量傷害事件之外的關係他人影響。研究一主要從不同的關係他人與事件性質切入,探討個人在不同的傷害情境時,關係他人的影響力為何。113名實驗參與者隨機分派至3(事件性質:物質/相處/牽涉他者)×3(關係他人意見:好友/長輩家人/無意見)混合設計。以寬恕程度為依變項進行二因子分析,結果顯示關係他人意見與事件性質有交互作用,個人在面對具客觀判斷的物質事件性質時,較不會受關係他人的意見影響,但在有關情感傷害的相處事件及牽涉他者的事件上,個人則明顯受到好友意見的影響。我們認為這或許是因為好友通常與我們價值觀相近,因此他們的意見可能更具參考的價值。研究二以回憶自身傷害事件來增加實驗的真實性,並再深入釐清關係他人影響力的本質,88位實驗參與者隨機分派至3(寬恕傾向:已寬恕/未寬恕/無)×2(好友寬恕建議:有/無意見)完全受試者間設計,交互作用效果顯示,關係他人在個人寬恕決定中扮演著主導性而非助長性的影響,原先寬恕傾向不同的個體,會順應關係他人的意見來調整原先的寬恕決定。
In this study, we investigated the possible impacts of significant others on the decision to forgive in Chinese people. Past research mainly examined the effect of victim’s attributions of offender’s motivation on forgiveness. We suggested that Chinese people have interdependent self construal and emphasize on relationalism, and therefore significant other’s opinions might play an important role in the decision to forgive. In experiment 1, one hundred and thirteen participants were asked to imagine that they were victims of three types of hurting scenarios (i.e., money loss, relationship damage, and involving other people) which were caused by their partner and then were randomly assigned to one of the following advice situations (advice from parents vs. from a good friend vs. no advice-control condition). The degree of forgiveness was submitted to an advice condition by hurt scenarios ANOVA, with the hurting scenarios as a within-subjects variable. We found that advices from a good friend worked especially well in the relationship damage and involving other people situations, participants had significantly higher level of forgiveness than those who received no advice. Experiment 2 aimed at examining the nature of advice from significant other. Eighty eight participants were asked to write down the most harmful interaction event they had previous experienced, and then were randomly assigned to a 3(bogus forgiveness inclination: already forgive/not forgive yet /control) × 2(advice condition: false forgiveness advice from a good friend/ no advice)between-subject design. The result indicated that, instead of facilitating the decision of forgiveness, significant others played a dominant role on the decision to forgive. That is, our decision of forgiveness could be altered by the advice of the significant others.
參考文獻 余思賢、孫蒨如(2004):〈華人的內隱自尊〉。《本土心理學研究》,22,329–357。
吳佩珊(2008):《國小綜合活動學習領域實施樂觀、寬恕情緒教育方案之行動研究》。國立高雄師範大學教育學系,碩士論文。
李國銘(2011):《寬恕團體方案對國小關係性攻擊/受害兒童關係性攻擊/受害行為、寬恕態度、希望感與生活適應輔導效果之研究》。國立新竹教育大學人資處教育心理與諮商碩士專班,碩士論文。
李盛芬(2010):《青少年寬恕之相關因素及自尊調節效果研究》。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系,碩士論文。
林文魁(2012):《高中寬恕教育課程發展之行動研究-以「葉問」系列相關武俠電影為例》。國立臺北護理健康大學生死教育與輔導研究所,碩士論文。
林以正(1999):〈華人的社會比較:比較什麼,與誰比較,為何比較〉。《本土心理學研究》,11,93-125。
范碧珠(2012):《「敢愛敢不恨」:國中寬恕課程介入之成效研究》。國立臺北護理健康大學生死教育與輔導研究所,碩士論文。
涂珮瓊、許文耀、張正雄、陳盈如(2011):〈門診癌症患者參與心理社會介入之意圖評估-計畫行為理論之運用〉。《中華心理衛生學刊》,52(4),403-428。
翁力齡(2011):《大學生人際傷害程度、與傷害者間親密感及寬恕之相關研究》。淡江大學教育心理與諮商研究所,碩士論文。
張如一(2007):《「寬己恕人」教育介入方案對兒童寬恕態度、情緒智力與幸福感之研究》。國立新竹教育大學人資處輔導教學碩士班,碩士論文。
教育部國語推行委員會(1997) :《國語辭典簡編本編輯資料字詞頻統計報告》。台北市:教育部。
陳學志、李威震、周泰安、卓淑玲(2002):〈以內隱聯結測驗(IAT)測量國人自尊的可行性研究〉。《測驗年刊》,49(2),217-234。
黃光國(2005):〈華人社會中的臉面觀〉。《華人本土心理學》上冊,365-408。
黃光國(2005):《儒家關係主義:文化反思與典範重建》。台北:台大出版中心。
黃金蘭、張仁和、程威銓、林以正(2014):〈我你他的轉變:以字詞分析探討大學生心理位移書寫文本之位格特性〉。《中華輔導與諮商學報》,39,35-58。
黃苔惠(2008):《「化敵為友」團體介入性方案對國中生的寬恕態度、自我認同與人際攻擊之研究》。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士班,碩士論文。
黃囇莉(2006):〈人際和諧與人際衝突〉。《華人本土心理學-下冊》,521-566。
楊國樞(1993):〈中國人的社會取向:社會互動的觀點〉。《中國人的心理與行為─理念與方法篇》。台北:桂冠。
劉玗昤(2012):《寬恕團體介入性方案對國中體育班學生寬恕態度、自我認同與情緒調節之研究》。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士班,碩士論文。
蔡秉芸(2010):《不同背景變項之成人依附風格、傷害事件因素與寬恕態度之相關研究》。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士在職專班,碩士論文。
蕭可音(2005):《高中生對於傷害者之寬恕及其相關因素探討》。國立台北護理學院生死教育與輔導研究所,碩士論文。
羅凱云(2011):《卸下心中的石頭:自我省察修養觀與寬恕心理之關係》。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
譚偉象(2001):〈「分離─個體化歷程量表」在台灣的使用:信效度的初步檢驗〉。《中原學報》,29(4),313-323。
Baumeister, Roy F and Exline, Julie Juola and Sommer, Kristin L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. In Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research & theological forgiveness, (pp.79-104). Templeton Foundation Press.
Enright, R.D., & The Human Development Study Group (1991). Handbook of moral behavior and development. The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gerwirtz (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 5, 894–914.
Fincham, F.D.(2000).The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1-23.
Green, M., DeCourville, N., & Sadava, S. (2012). Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship. Journal of social Psychology, 152(3), 288-307.
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D., (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
Kadiangandu, J. K., Gauche, M., Vinsonneau, G., Mullet, E. (2007). Conceptualizations of forgiveness: collectivist-congolese versus individualist-French viewpoints. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 432-437.
Karremans JC1, Van Lange PA, Ouwerkerk JW, Kluwer ES.(2003).When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(5),1011–1026.
Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S. C., &Yoon, G. (1994).Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Larsen, A. S., & Olson, D. H. (1990). Capturing the complexity of family systems: Integrating family theory, family scores, and family analysis. Family variables: Conceptualization, measurement, and use (In T. W. Draper & A. C. Marcos Eds. pp. 19-47). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson,K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157–167.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), 224-253.
McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998).Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586-1603.
McCullough, M. E., Sandage, S. J., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1997).To forgive is human. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.
Tse, W.S., Yip, T.J. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: implication for inter- personal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences ,46 (3), 365–368.
Watkins, D. A., Hui, E. K. P., Luo, W., Regmi, M., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Davis, D. E. (2011). Forgiveness and interpersonal relationships: A Nepalese intervention. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 150–161.
Worthington, E. L., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of forgiveness.Initial Question about the Art and Science of Forgiving. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
100752002
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1007520021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chien Ruen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林佳苹zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Chia Pingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林佳苹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Chia Pingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2014en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2015 14:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2015 14:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2015 14:53:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1007520021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76220-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100752002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究目的在探討關係他人在華人寬恕中扮演的角色為何?過往文獻在探討寬恕的影響因素上,未考量文化特色,也多聚焦在傷害者與被害者身上,筆者認為,重視關係的華人,在探討寬恕時應考量傷害事件之外的關係他人影響。研究一主要從不同的關係他人與事件性質切入,探討個人在不同的傷害情境時,關係他人的影響力為何。113名實驗參與者隨機分派至3(事件性質:物質/相處/牽涉他者)×3(關係他人意見:好友/長輩家人/無意見)混合設計。以寬恕程度為依變項進行二因子分析,結果顯示關係他人意見與事件性質有交互作用,個人在面對具客觀判斷的物質事件性質時,較不會受關係他人的意見影響,但在有關情感傷害的相處事件及牽涉他者的事件上,個人則明顯受到好友意見的影響。我們認為這或許是因為好友通常與我們價值觀相近,因此他們的意見可能更具參考的價值。研究二以回憶自身傷害事件來增加實驗的真實性,並再深入釐清關係他人影響力的本質,88位實驗參與者隨機分派至3(寬恕傾向:已寬恕/未寬恕/無)×2(好友寬恕建議:有/無意見)完全受試者間設計,交互作用效果顯示,關係他人在個人寬恕決定中扮演著主導性而非助長性的影響,原先寬恕傾向不同的個體,會順應關係他人的意見來調整原先的寬恕決定。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this study, we investigated the possible impacts of significant others on the decision to forgive in Chinese people. Past research mainly examined the effect of victim’s attributions of offender’s motivation on forgiveness. We suggested that Chinese people have interdependent self construal and emphasize on relationalism, and therefore significant other’s opinions might play an important role in the decision to forgive. In experiment 1, one hundred and thirteen participants were asked to imagine that they were victims of three types of hurting scenarios (i.e., money loss, relationship damage, and involving other people) which were caused by their partner and then were randomly assigned to one of the following advice situations (advice from parents vs. from a good friend vs. no advice-control condition). The degree of forgiveness was submitted to an advice condition by hurt scenarios ANOVA, with the hurting scenarios as a within-subjects variable. We found that advices from a good friend worked especially well in the relationship damage and involving other people situations, participants had significantly higher level of forgiveness than those who received no advice. Experiment 2 aimed at examining the nature of advice from significant other. Eighty eight participants were asked to write down the most harmful interaction event they had previous experienced, and then were randomly assigned to a 3(bogus forgiveness inclination: already forgive/not forgive yet /control) × 2(advice condition: false forgiveness advice from a good friend/ no advice)between-subject design. The result indicated that, instead of facilitating the decision of forgiveness, significant others played a dominant role on the decision to forgive. That is, our decision of forgiveness could be altered by the advice of the significant others.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 研究動機與目的 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 寬恕概念 3
第二節 東方特色的寬恕 7
第三節 本研究想法 8
第三章 預試 11
第一節 預試一A 11
第二節 預試一B 12
第四章 研究一 16
第一節 研究目的與假設 16
第二節 研究方法 18
第三節 研究一結果 22
第四節 研究一小結 25
第五章 研究二 27
第一節 研究目的與假設 27
第二節 研究方法 29
第三節 研究二結果 36
第四節 研究二小結 43
第六章 討論 44
第一節 研究結果與討論 44
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 49
參考文獻 52
附錄 56
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1364301 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1007520021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寬恕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傷害事件zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 勸告zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係他人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主導性影響zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) forgivenessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) hurting scenariosen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) adviceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) significant otheren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dominant effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 關係他人意見對於寬恕決定之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effect of Significant Other‘s Advice on Forgiveness in Chinese Culture.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 余思賢、孫蒨如(2004):〈華人的內隱自尊〉。《本土心理學研究》,22,329–357。
吳佩珊(2008):《國小綜合活動學習領域實施樂觀、寬恕情緒教育方案之行動研究》。國立高雄師範大學教育學系,碩士論文。
李國銘(2011):《寬恕團體方案對國小關係性攻擊/受害兒童關係性攻擊/受害行為、寬恕態度、希望感與生活適應輔導效果之研究》。國立新竹教育大學人資處教育心理與諮商碩士專班,碩士論文。
李盛芬(2010):《青少年寬恕之相關因素及自尊調節效果研究》。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系,碩士論文。
林文魁(2012):《高中寬恕教育課程發展之行動研究-以「葉問」系列相關武俠電影為例》。國立臺北護理健康大學生死教育與輔導研究所,碩士論文。
林以正(1999):〈華人的社會比較:比較什麼,與誰比較,為何比較〉。《本土心理學研究》,11,93-125。
范碧珠(2012):《「敢愛敢不恨」:國中寬恕課程介入之成效研究》。國立臺北護理健康大學生死教育與輔導研究所,碩士論文。
涂珮瓊、許文耀、張正雄、陳盈如(2011):〈門診癌症患者參與心理社會介入之意圖評估-計畫行為理論之運用〉。《中華心理衛生學刊》,52(4),403-428。
翁力齡(2011):《大學生人際傷害程度、與傷害者間親密感及寬恕之相關研究》。淡江大學教育心理與諮商研究所,碩士論文。
張如一(2007):《「寬己恕人」教育介入方案對兒童寬恕態度、情緒智力與幸福感之研究》。國立新竹教育大學人資處輔導教學碩士班,碩士論文。
教育部國語推行委員會(1997) :《國語辭典簡編本編輯資料字詞頻統計報告》。台北市:教育部。
陳學志、李威震、周泰安、卓淑玲(2002):〈以內隱聯結測驗(IAT)測量國人自尊的可行性研究〉。《測驗年刊》,49(2),217-234。
黃光國(2005):〈華人社會中的臉面觀〉。《華人本土心理學》上冊,365-408。
黃光國(2005):《儒家關係主義:文化反思與典範重建》。台北:台大出版中心。
黃金蘭、張仁和、程威銓、林以正(2014):〈我你他的轉變:以字詞分析探討大學生心理位移書寫文本之位格特性〉。《中華輔導與諮商學報》,39,35-58。
黃苔惠(2008):《「化敵為友」團體介入性方案對國中生的寬恕態度、自我認同與人際攻擊之研究》。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士班,碩士論文。
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