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題名 都市發展特性對能源消耗之影響
The Influence of Urban Development Characteristics on Energy Consumption
作者 張致嘉
Chang, Chih Chia
貢獻者 劉小蘭
Liu, Hsiao Lan
張致嘉
Chang, Chih Chia
關鍵詞 都市發展特性
能源消耗
追蹤資料模型
二元固定效果
urban development characteristics
energy consumption
panel data models
two-way fixed effect
日期 2015
上傳時間 13-Jul-2015 11:15:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 近年來，全球氣候變遷與環境惡化顯示目前人類活動與永續發展的衝突，如何減少能源消耗以降低溫室氣體排放成為當務之急。在都市規劃方面，以緊密都市理念探討都市發展與交通能源消耗最受到關注，然而都市發展與產業活動、家戶行為密切相關，因此若僅從交通方面分析能源消耗，恐忽略其他影響能源消耗的重要因素。故本研究著重於探討都市發展特性與能源消耗的關聯性，將產業活動與家戶行為納入模型分析，可更全面性了解都市與能源消耗的關聯性。此外，基於「全球思考、地方行動」的考量，如何落實節能減碳的目標，必須就各縣市的都市發展特性著手，透過追蹤資料模型，進一步了解各縣市的固定效果對能源消耗之影響以及能源消耗之時間趨勢。
透過對都市耗能部門進行分類，並以台灣改制後19個縣市為實證範圍，可以確認都市發展特性的幾個面向：土地使用密度、土地混合使用、交通屬性、產業屬性、家戶屬性、環境屬性與交通運輸、產業發展、家戶活動的耗能關係。實證結果發現，緊密都市有助於節能目標達成；道路增加可及性，但亦助長汽車使用，增加交通耗能；為提升大眾運輸使用率，需加強轉乘便利性以及改變私人交通運輸偏好；產業耗能與出口貿易關聯性高，不利能源減量；家戶居住行為與生活型態對能源消耗有正向影響；公園綠地能調節都市氣溫，減少耗能。
綜上所述，欲形塑一個節能減碳的都市必須透過多元途徑，在土地使用方面須維持適當的發展密度與混合程度；交通方面須加強大眾運輸便利性以提高民眾使用意願並抑制汽車使用；產業方面須透過政府獎勵節能措施及促進產業轉型以提升能源效率；家戶方面應透過教育及政策宣導以培養節能生活習慣，方能達成節能減碳的目標。
In recent years, global climate change and environmental deterioration show a conflict between human activities and sustainable development. How to reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emission has become a top priority. According to the concept of compact city, urban planning is seen as the effective way to reduce transportation energy consumption. However, urban development is associated with industry development and household activities, so it would be improper to focus only on transportation sector.
Thus the main motivation for this study is trying to illustrate urban development characteristics by combing transportation sector, industry sector and household sector, in order to understand the influence the urban development characteristics on energy consumption more comprehensively. In addition, on the concept of “global thinking, local action”, how to successfully implement energy saving policies should first understand the urban development characteristics of all counties.
The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the influences of urban development characteristics on energy consumption by using panel data models, which uses the reorganization of nineteen counties areas in Taiwan as samples.In order to find out the fixed effect of all counties on energy consumption and trend of energy consumption.
The empirical results show that the concepts of compact city still contributes the energy-saving goal；construction of roads increase accessibility, but also encourage car use, which increase energy consumption；to encourage the use of public transportation need to improve the convenience of transfer and change the preference of people；energy consumption in industry is highly associated to international trade, so it would be difficult for energy reduction；the trend of energy consumption has increased due to household lifestyle change；the green resources provides by park, which can adjust the temperature of city and reduce energy consumption.
In sum, achieving the energy-saving city need diversified approaches, it can’t just keep increasing the density or land mixed-use. Traffic should be strengthened by improving transfer system. In order to increase the willingness to use public transport system and decrease car dependency；industry must trying to improve energy efficiency；households should cultivate the habit of saving energy by education in order to be a true energy-saving city.
參考文獻 一、中文參考文獻
王琪斐，2011，「都市緊湊程度對都市耗能影響之研究」，國立成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:台南市
王俊傑，2008，「台灣產業環境衝擊關聯分析與永續消費型態探討」，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文:台北市
王國權，2005，「台北都會區都市發展對都市能源消耗影響之研究」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
林炯明，2010，「都市熱島效應之影響及其環境意涵」，『環境與生態學報』，3(1):1-15
林彥光，2006，「都市型態與能源消費之關聯性研究-台灣地區實證分析」，私立長榮大學碩士論文:台南市
卓宥瑄，2012，「探討都市型態與能源消耗二氧化碳排放量的關聯性」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
吳建彤，2011，「建成環境對捷運轉乘運具選擇之影響-台北捷運南港線之實證研究」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
胡崴智，2013，「都市空間型態對家戶用電能源消耗之影響-以台北都會區為例」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
徐國城，2006，「緊密都市型態之正負面效益論述-兼論對台灣城鄉空間發展之參考論點」，『土地問題研究季刊』，5(4):32-46
游信一，2014，「探討都市地區家戶運輸能源消耗之影響因素」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
黃台生、陳敦基、黃世孟、梁世武，2009，高雄都會區家戶旅次訪問調查與旅次特性分析報告書，高雄市政府交通局委託世新大學
梁子珉，2014，「都市土地使用型態與家戶電力消費之關聯性分析-以原台南市為例」，國立成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:台南市
郭柏巖、林憲德、顧孝偉，2004，「住宅生活模式與耗電特性解析」，中華民國建築學會『建築學報』，50:15-33
楊智盛，2003，「台灣地區製造業產業群聚之研究」，國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:台北市
楊恩捷，2003，「緊密都市之永續性分析」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
楊恩捷，2006，「都市型態對旅運需求影響之結構化分析」，『運輸學刊』，
18(4):391-416
張學聖、郭婷婷、陳姿伶，2014，「從碳平衡觀點探討都市空間發展之特性-以台灣各縣市為例」，『台灣建築學會建築學報』，87:137-157
張永秋，2011，「台灣電子業的耗能研究」，國立台北科技大學能源與冷凍空調工程研究所碩士學位論文:台北市
張翊峰、李孫榮、張家鳳、王志賓，2011，「以投入產出結構因素分析與產業關聯分析探討台灣產業二氧化碳排放變動趨勢」，『嘉南學報第37期』，195-204
劉小蘭、賴玫錡，2011，「都市化與氣候暖化關係之研究-以台北都會區為例」，『台灣土地研究』，14(2):39-66
劉克智、董安琪，2003，「台灣都市發展的演進-歷史的回顧與展望」，『人口學刊』，26:1-25
廖夆淇，2009，「土地利用型態組成與都市微氣候關係之實測研究-以台中市為例」，逢甲大學碩士論文:台中市
蘇振綱、曾煥勳、林雁婷，2008，「家戶生活型態與能源消耗之路徑分析」，〈第12屆國土規劃論壇論文集〉，台南:成功大學。
蕭博正，2003，「台北市土地混合使用特性對旅運需求之影響」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
Hill, R.C., Grffiths, W. E., Lin, G. C著、黃智聰、梁儀盈譯，2013，『計量經濟學』一版，台北:雙葉書廊
邱皓政，2012，『量化分析與統計分析:SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例解析』五版，台北:五南圖書出版有限公司
二、外文參考文獻
Boarnet, G.M. and Crane, R., 2001, “Travel by Design: The Influence of Urban Form on Travel”, New York: Oxford University Press.
Breheny, M., 1995, “The Compact City and Transport Energy Consumption”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 20(1):81-101
Bin, S., Dowlatabadi, H., 2005. Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy and the related CO2 emission. Energy Policy, Vol. 33, pp.197-208.
Brownstone, D., Golob, T.F., 2009, “The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and energy consumption”, Journal of Urban Economic, 65:91-98
Burton, E., 2000, “The Compact City: Just or Just Compact? A preliminary Analysis”, Urban studies, 37(11)1969-2001
Burton, E., 2002, “Measuring urban compactness in UK towns and cities”, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29:219-250
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., 2010, “Effects of built environments on vehicle miles Traveled: evidence from 370 US urbanized areas”, Environment and Planning A, 42:400-418
Cervero, R., 1991, “Land Use and Travel at Suburban Activity Centers”, Transportation Quarterly, 45(4):479-491
Cervero, R., 1995, “Mixed land-uses and commuting: evidence from the American housing survey”, Transportation Research A, 30(5):361-377
Cervero, R., 1988, “Land-use mixing and suburban mobility”, Transportation Quarterly, 45:479-491.
DTI, 2003, “Energy white paper: Our energy future-creating a low carbon economy”, UK: London.
Echenique, M.H., Hargreaves, A.J., Mitchell, G., Namdeo, A., 2012, “Growing Cities
Sustainability”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(2):121-137.
Eidlin, E., 2005, “The Worst of All Worlds-Los Angeles, California, and the Emerging Reality of Dense Sprawl”, Transportation Research Record 1902.
Ewing, R., Rong, F., 2008, “The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use”, Housing Policy Debate, 19(1):1-30.
Holden, E., Norland, I.T., 2005, “The Challenges for the Compact City as a Sustainable Urban Form: Household Consumption of Energy and Transport in Eight Residential Areas in the Greater Oslo Region”, Urban Studies, 42(12):2145-2166.
Hong, J., Shen, Q., Zhang, L., 2014, “How do built-environment factors affect travel behavior? A spatial analysis at different geographic scales”, Transportation, 41:419-440.
Huang, S. L., Wong, J.H., Chen, T.C., 1998, “A framework of indicator system for measuring Taipei’s urban sustainability”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 42:15-27.
Ko, Y., 2013, “Urban Form and Residential Energy Use: A review of design principles and research findings”, Journal of Planning Literature, 28(4):327-351.
Lee, S., Lee, B., 2014, “The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector”, Energy Policy, 68:534-549.
Liu,Z.,Dai,Y.,Dong,C.,Qi,Y.,2009,“Low-Carbon City: Concepts, International Practice and Implications for China”, Modern Urban Research,16(6).
Lee, Y., Huang, C. M., 2007, “Sustainability index for Taipei”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 27:505-521.
Madlener, R., Sunak, Y., 2011, “Impacts of urbanization on urban structures and energy demand: What can we learn for urban energy planning and urbanization management?”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 1:45-53
Masayuki, Morikawa., 2012, “Population density and efficiency in energy consumption: An empirical analysis of service establishments”, Energy Economics,34:1617-1622.
Masayuki, Morikawa., 2011, “Economies of density and productivity in service industries: analysis of personal-service industries based on establishment-level data”, Rev.Econ. Stat, 93(1):179-192.
Marshall, S., Gong, Y., 2009, “WP4 Deliverable Report: Urban Pattern Specification”.
Mindali, O., Raveh, A., Salomon, I., 2004, “Urban density and energy consumption: a new look at old statistics”, Transportation Research Part A, 38:143-162.
Mcintosh, J., Trubka, R., Kenworthy, J., Newman, P., 2014, “The role of urban form and transit in city car dependence: Analysis of 26 global cities from 1960 to 2000”, Transportation Research Part D, 33:95-110
Norman, J., Maclean, H. L., Kennedy, C., 2006, “Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 132(1):10-21.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政研究所
102257025
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102257025
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉小蘭zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Hsiao Lanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張致嘉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Chih Chiaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張致嘉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Chih Chiaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 13-Jul-2015 11:15:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 13-Jul-2015 11:15:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 13-Jul-2015 11:15:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102257025en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76467-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102257025zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年來，全球氣候變遷與環境惡化顯示目前人類活動與永續發展的衝突，如何減少能源消耗以降低溫室氣體排放成為當務之急。在都市規劃方面，以緊密都市理念探討都市發展與交通能源消耗最受到關注，然而都市發展與產業活動、家戶行為密切相關，因此若僅從交通方面分析能源消耗，恐忽略其他影響能源消耗的重要因素。故本研究著重於探討都市發展特性與能源消耗的關聯性，將產業活動與家戶行為納入模型分析，可更全面性了解都市與能源消耗的關聯性。此外，基於「全球思考、地方行動」的考量，如何落實節能減碳的目標，必須就各縣市的都市發展特性著手，透過追蹤資料模型，進一步了解各縣市的固定效果對能源消耗之影響以及能源消耗之時間趨勢。
透過對都市耗能部門進行分類，並以台灣改制後19個縣市為實證範圍，可以確認都市發展特性的幾個面向：土地使用密度、土地混合使用、交通屬性、產業屬性、家戶屬性、環境屬性與交通運輸、產業發展、家戶活動的耗能關係。實證結果發現，緊密都市有助於節能目標達成；道路增加可及性，但亦助長汽車使用，增加交通耗能；為提升大眾運輸使用率，需加強轉乘便利性以及改變私人交通運輸偏好；產業耗能與出口貿易關聯性高，不利能源減量；家戶居住行為與生活型態對能源消耗有正向影響；公園綠地能調節都市氣溫，減少耗能。
綜上所述，欲形塑一個節能減碳的都市必須透過多元途徑，在土地使用方面須維持適當的發展密度與混合程度；交通方面須加強大眾運輸便利性以提高民眾使用意願並抑制汽車使用；產業方面須透過政府獎勵節能措施及促進產業轉型以提升能源效率；家戶方面應透過教育及政策宣導以培養節能生活習慣，方能達成節能減碳的目標。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In recent years, global climate change and environmental deterioration show a conflict between human activities and sustainable development. How to reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emission has become a top priority. According to the concept of compact city, urban planning is seen as the effective way to reduce transportation energy consumption. However, urban development is associated with industry development and household activities, so it would be improper to focus only on transportation sector.
Thus the main motivation for this study is trying to illustrate urban development characteristics by combing transportation sector, industry sector and household sector, in order to understand the influence the urban development characteristics on energy consumption more comprehensively. In addition, on the concept of “global thinking, local action”, how to successfully implement energy saving policies should first understand the urban development characteristics of all counties.
The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the influences of urban development characteristics on energy consumption by using panel data models, which uses the reorganization of nineteen counties areas in Taiwan as samples.In order to find out the fixed effect of all counties on energy consumption and trend of energy consumption.
The empirical results show that the concepts of compact city still contributes the energy-saving goal；construction of roads increase accessibility, but also encourage car use, which increase energy consumption；to encourage the use of public transportation need to improve the convenience of transfer and change the preference of people；energy consumption in industry is highly associated to international trade, so it would be difficult for energy reduction；the trend of energy consumption has increased due to household lifestyle change；the green resources provides by park, which can adjust the temperature of city and reduce energy consumption.
In sum, achieving the energy-saving city need diversified approaches, it can’t just keep increasing the density or land mixed-use. Traffic should be strengthened by improving transfer system. In order to increase the willingness to use public transport system and decrease car dependency；industry must trying to improve energy efficiency；households should cultivate the habit of saving energy by education in order to be a true energy-saving city.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與範圍 3
第三節 研究架構與流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 7
第一節 都市與永續發展 7
第二節 都市與能源消耗 9
第三節 都市發展特性與能源消耗 16
第四節 小結 28
第三章 研究設計與樣本資料蒐集 29
第一節 模型設定 29
第二節 變數選取與資料來源說明 33
第四章 實證分析 51
第一節 共線性診斷 51
第二節 追蹤資料模型實證結果 55
第五章 結論與建議 77
第一節 結論與政策建議 77
第二節 研究建議 80
參考文獻 81		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2371132 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102257025en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市發展特性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源消耗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 追蹤資料模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 二元固定效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) urban development characteristicsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) energy consumptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) panel data modelsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) two-way fixed effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 都市發展特性對能源消耗之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Influence of Urban Development Characteristics on Energy Consumptionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文參考文獻
王琪斐，2011，「都市緊湊程度對都市耗能影響之研究」，國立成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:台南市
王俊傑，2008，「台灣產業環境衝擊關聯分析與永續消費型態探討」，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文:台北市
王國權，2005，「台北都會區都市發展對都市能源消耗影響之研究」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
林炯明，2010，「都市熱島效應之影響及其環境意涵」，『環境與生態學報』，3(1):1-15
林彥光，2006，「都市型態與能源消費之關聯性研究-台灣地區實證分析」，私立長榮大學碩士論文:台南市
卓宥瑄，2012，「探討都市型態與能源消耗二氧化碳排放量的關聯性」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
吳建彤，2011，「建成環境對捷運轉乘運具選擇之影響-台北捷運南港線之實證研究」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
胡崴智，2013，「都市空間型態對家戶用電能源消耗之影響-以台北都會區為例」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
徐國城，2006，「緊密都市型態之正負面效益論述-兼論對台灣城鄉空間發展之參考論點」，『土地問題研究季刊』，5(4):32-46
游信一，2014，「探討都市地區家戶運輸能源消耗之影響因素」，國立台北大學都市計畫碩士論文:新北市
黃台生、陳敦基、黃世孟、梁世武，2009，高雄都會區家戶旅次訪問調查與旅次特性分析報告書，高雄市政府交通局委託世新大學
梁子珉，2014，「都市土地使用型態與家戶電力消費之關聯性分析-以原台南市為例」，國立成功大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:台南市
郭柏巖、林憲德、顧孝偉，2004，「住宅生活模式與耗電特性解析」，中華民國建築學會『建築學報』，50:15-33
楊智盛，2003，「台灣地區製造業產業群聚之研究」，國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:台北市
楊恩捷，2003，「緊密都市之永續性分析」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
楊恩捷，2006，「都市型態對旅運需求影響之結構化分析」，『運輸學刊』，
18(4):391-416
張學聖、郭婷婷、陳姿伶，2014，「從碳平衡觀點探討都市空間發展之特性-以台灣各縣市為例」，『台灣建築學會建築學報』，87:137-157
張永秋，2011，「台灣電子業的耗能研究」，國立台北科技大學能源與冷凍空調工程研究所碩士學位論文:台北市
張翊峰、李孫榮、張家鳳、王志賓，2011，「以投入產出結構因素分析與產業關聯分析探討台灣產業二氧化碳排放變動趨勢」，『嘉南學報第37期』，195-204
劉小蘭、賴玫錡，2011，「都市化與氣候暖化關係之研究-以台北都會區為例」，『台灣土地研究』，14(2):39-66
劉克智、董安琪，2003，「台灣都市發展的演進-歷史的回顧與展望」，『人口學刊』，26:1-25
廖夆淇，2009，「土地利用型態組成與都市微氣候關係之實測研究-以台中市為例」，逢甲大學碩士論文:台中市
蘇振綱、曾煥勳、林雁婷，2008，「家戶生活型態與能源消耗之路徑分析」，〈第12屆國土規劃論壇論文集〉，台南:成功大學。
蕭博正，2003，「台北市土地混合使用特性對旅運需求之影響」，國立臺北大學都市計畫研究所碩士論文:新北市
Hill, R.C., Grffiths, W. E., Lin, G. C著、黃智聰、梁儀盈譯，2013，『計量經濟學』一版，台北:雙葉書廊
邱皓政，2012，『量化分析與統計分析:SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例解析』五版，台北:五南圖書出版有限公司
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