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題名 武器出口與外交政策: 以德國為例
Government Arms Exports Behavior as a Predictor of Importance of Foreign Policy Goals: The Case of Germany`s Arms Exports to the Middle East
作者 周愛
Horschitz, Joachim
貢獻者 柯惠敏
Ko, Ariel
周愛
Joachim Horschitz
關鍵詞 武器
德國
中東
外交政策
arms
germany
middle east
foreign policy
日期 2015
上傳時間 13-Jul-2015 11:21:01 (UTC+8)
摘要 武器出口與外交政策: 以德國為例
Informed by realist and liberalist theory, conditions for a logical relationship between arms exports and the relative importance of foreign policy goals are evaluated as part of a case study of Germany’s arms export behavior to three Middle Eastern states. Apparent contradictions between foreign policy goals are resolved, using only data of arms export behavior and constructing a gradient of importance of different policy goals, some consistent with realist predictions, some consistent with liberal predictions. Overall, no theoretical framework describes German government behavior to a degree of being able to make reliable predictions for future action. Therefore usage of empirical data including actions with significant political ramifications, such as arms export behavior, is highly suggested for future research on German foreign policy instead.
參考文獻 Agius, Christine. 2013. “Social Constructivism” in Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 87-103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Alley, Roderic. 2014. “Firing Blanks? The Arms Trade Treaty”. In Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand Discussion Papers. No 16/14. (December): 1-20.
Asseburg, Muriel. 2012. “The Arab-Israeli Conflict”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 22-30. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Asseburg, Muriel. 2015. “50 Jahre deutsch-israelische diplomatische Beziehungen“ (50 Years of German-Israeli diplomatic Relations). SWP-Aktuell 40 (April) 1-8.
Asseburg, Muriel and Jan Busse. 2011. “Deutschlands Politik gegenüber Israel“ (Germany’s Policy towards Israel). In Deutsche Außenpolitik. Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (Second Edition), edited by Thomas Jäger and others. 693-716. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Bosold, David and Christian Achrainer. 2011. “Die normativen Grundlagen deutscher Außenpolitik“ (The Normative Basis for German Foreign Policy). In Deutsche Außenpolitik. Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (Second Edition), edited by Thomas Jäger and others. 445-467. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Brzoska, Michael. 2007. “Rüstungsexportpolitik” (Arms Export Policy) in Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik, edited by Siegmar Schmidt and others, 650-659. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Davis, Ian. 2002. The Regulation of Arms and Dual-Use Exports. New York: Oxford University Press.
Freitag, Ulrike. 2012. ”Saudi-Arabia: Buying Stability?”. In Protest, Revolt and Regime Change in the Arab World, edited by Muriel Asseburg, 23-26. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Glaser, Charles L. 2013. “Realism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 13-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grillot, Suzette. 2013 “The Defence Trade”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 320-333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Herring, Eric. 2013. “Historical Materialism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 42-53. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hessing Cahn, Anne, Joseph Kruzel. 1977. Controlling Future Arms Trade, edited by Thomas Quinn and Michael Hennelly. New York: McGraw Hill.
Hobohm, Jens. 2009. “Energy“. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 59-65. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Krause, Keith. 1995. Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Malici, Akan. 2006 “Germans as Venutians: The Culture of German Foreign Policy Behavior“. Foreign Policy Analysis. Volume 2. Issue 1. (January): 37-62.
Morgan, Patrick. 2013. “Liberalism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 28-41. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Niethammer, Katja. 2009. “The States of the Golf Cooperation Council”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 53-58. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Reissner, Johannes. 2009. “Iran”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 46-52. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Steinberg, Guido. 2009. “Conclusions: German Policy in the Middle East and North Africa”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 66-71. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Steinberg, Guido . 2014. “Mächte und Milizen“ (Powers and Militias). Internationale Politik 5 (September/Oktober) 16-39.
Steinberg, Guido. 2014. Leading the Counter-Revolution. Saudi-Arabia and the Arab Spring. SWP Research Paper 7. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Pierre, Andrew. 1982. The Global Politics of Arms Sales, Princeton, US: Princeton University Press.
Stohl, Rachel and Suzette Grillot. 2009. The International Arms Trade. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Wolffsohn, Michal and Thomas Brechenmacher. 2007. “Israel“. In Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik, edited by Siegmar Schmidt and others, 506-520. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.


Government Documents

Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment, 8 December 2008, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008E0944
Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 17/3861. Waffenexporte – Kontrolle des Endverbleibs deutscher Kriegswaffen und Rüstungsgüter (German Bundestag Printmatter 17/3861. Arms Exports – Verification of end-use of German war weapons and other arms), 23 November 2010, available at http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/038/1703861.pdf
Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 18/1422. Rüstungsexporte von Kleinwaffen und leichten Waffen (German Bundestag Printmatter 17/3861. Arms exports of small and light weapons), 15 May 2014, available at http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/18/014/1801422.pdf
Außenwirtschaftsgesetz (Foreign Trade and Payments Act), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_awg_en.pdf
Kriegswaffenkontrollgesetz (War Weapons Control Act), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_cwc_p_war_weapons_control_act.pdf
Kriegswaffenliste (War Weapons List), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_cwc_p_war_weapons_list.pdf
The Arms Trade Treaty, 27 March 2013, available at https://unoda-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/English7.pdf
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747, 24 March 2007, available at https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1747-2007.pdf








Newspaper Articles
Agence France-Presse. 2012. “Merkel: Rüstungsexport dient dem Frieden“ (Merkel: Arms exports serve peace), Handelsblatt Online. 22 October, http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/bundeswehrtagung-merkel-ruestungsexport-dient-dem-frieden/7285108.html
Roth, Anna-Lena. 2015. “Raif Badawi: Steinmeier kritisiert Strafe für saudischen Blogger“ (Raif Badawi: Steinmeier criticizes punishment for Saudi blogger), Spiegel Online, 24 January. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/raif-badawi-steinmeier-kritisiert-strafe-fuer-saudischen-blogger-a-1014810.html
Steinglass, Matt. 2015. “Everything you want to know about the Iranian nuclear deal”, The Economist. 5 April. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/economist-explains-3
Steininger, Alexander. 2015. “Mögliche Lockerung der Sanktionen“ (Possible end of sanctions). Tagesschau Online. 30 March. http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/iran-deutschland-handel-103.html















Online Documents (all available as of 7 May 2015)
Aken, Jan van. 2011. “Waffenexport-Telegramm Nr. 4” (Arms Export Telegram No. 4), published on waffenexporte.org, 28 October. http://www.waffenexporte.org/2011/10/waffenexport-telegramm-nr-4
Behme, Christian. 2008. “Der Bundessicherheitsrat” (The Federal Security Council), published on bundestag.de, 9 May. http://www.bundestag.de/blob/190224/ 82b0d64dd83976983f7e785ba156c11b/bundessicherheitsrat-data.pdf
Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA). “Merkblatt Außenwirtschaftsverkehr mit dem Iran“ (Fact Sheet Foreign Trade with Iran), published on ausfuhrkontrolle.info, 4 July 2012, available at http://www.ausfuhrkontrolle.info/ausfuhrkontrolle/de/arbeitshilfen/merkblaetter/merkblatt_iran_2012_07.pdf
Bundesverband der Deutschen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsindustrie (BDSV). 2014. “Bundessicherheitsrat“ (Federal Security Council), published on ruestungsindustrie.info. http://www.ruestungsindustrie.info/export/bundessicherheitsrat
Bundesverband der Deutschen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsindustrie (BDSV). 2014. “Rüstungsexport - Akteure & Verfahren“ (Arms Exports – Actors and Processes) published on ruestungsindustrie.info. http://www.ruestungsindustrie.info/ruestungsexport-akteure-verfahren
Wezeman, Siemon T. and Pieter D. Wezeman. 2014. ”Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2013” published on sipri.org. March. http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf











Data sources
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). 2014. Rüstungsexportbericht 2013. (Arms Export Report 2013). Berlin: BMWi.
All Reports from 2002 to 2013 are available online:
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2013
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2012
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2011
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2010
http://www.bmwi.de/Dateien/BMWi/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2009
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2008
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2007
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1608855.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1603730.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1600507.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1504400.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1502257.pdf

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). “Query Wizard for International Development” published on stats.oecd.org http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/#?x=2&y=6&f=3:51,4:1,1:10,5:3,7:1&q=3:51+4:1+1:10+5:3+7:1+2:1,134+6:1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “Arms Transfer Database. Top list TIV tables” published on armstrade.sipri.org http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS)
102862013
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1028620131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 柯惠敏zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Ko, Arielen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周愛zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Joachim Horschitzen_US
dc.creator (作者) 周愛zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Horschitz, Joachimen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 13-Jul-2015 11:21:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 13-Jul-2015 11:21:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 13-Jul-2015 11:21:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1028620131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76486-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102862013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 武器出口與外交政策: 以德國為例zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Informed by realist and liberalist theory, conditions for a logical relationship between arms exports and the relative importance of foreign policy goals are evaluated as part of a case study of Germany’s arms export behavior to three Middle Eastern states. Apparent contradictions between foreign policy goals are resolved, using only data of arms export behavior and constructing a gradient of importance of different policy goals, some consistent with realist predictions, some consistent with liberal predictions. Overall, no theoretical framework describes German government behavior to a degree of being able to make reliable predictions for future action. Therefore usage of empirical data including actions with significant political ramifications, such as arms export behavior, is highly suggested for future research on German foreign policy instead.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 5
2. Research questions 6
3. Argument 7
3.1 Variables 7
3.2 Assumptions 9
3.3 Theory of Realism 10
3.4 Realist predictions for arms exports and foreign policy 11
3.5 Theory of liberalism 14
3.6 Liberalist predictions for arms exports and foreign policy 15
4. Case study 21
4.1 Case selection 21
4.2 Arms export decision-making in Germany 24
4.2.1 The legal framework 24
4.2.2 The executive as the main decision-maker 28
4.2.3 Influence of other political actors 32
4.2.3.1 The Legislative 32
4.2.3.2 NGO’s, the press, individual citizens 33
4.2.3.3 Influence of International Institutions 35
4.2.4 Germany’s policy to prevent arms proliferation 38
4.3 The political situation of the Middle East 40
4.4 Comments on data 42
4.5 Case One: Israel 43
4.5.1 German foreign policy goals towards Israel 43
4.5.2 German-Israeli arms export behavior 48
4.5.3 Implications for foreign policy goals 50
4.6 Case Two: Saudi-Arabia 52
4.6.1 German foreign policy goals towards Saudi-Arabia 52
4.6.2 German-Saudi arms export behavior 56
4.6.3 Implications for foreign policy goals 58
4.7 Case Three: Iran 60
4.7.1 German foreign policy goals towards Iran 60
4.7.2 German-Iranian arms export behavior 64
4.7.3 Implications for foreign policy goals 65
5. Conclusion 67
6. References 74		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5148634 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1028620131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 武器zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 德國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中東zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外交政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) armsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) germanyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) middle easten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) foreign policyen_US
dc.title (題名) 武器出口與外交政策: 以德國為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Government Arms Exports Behavior as a Predictor of Importance of Foreign Policy Goals: The Case of Germany`s Arms Exports to the Middle Easten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agius, Christine. 2013. “Social Constructivism” in Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 87-103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Alley, Roderic. 2014. “Firing Blanks? The Arms Trade Treaty”. In Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand Discussion Papers. No 16/14. (December): 1-20.
Asseburg, Muriel. 2012. “The Arab-Israeli Conflict”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 22-30. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Asseburg, Muriel. 2015. “50 Jahre deutsch-israelische diplomatische Beziehungen“ (50 Years of German-Israeli diplomatic Relations). SWP-Aktuell 40 (April) 1-8.
Asseburg, Muriel and Jan Busse. 2011. “Deutschlands Politik gegenüber Israel“ (Germany’s Policy towards Israel). In Deutsche Außenpolitik. Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (Second Edition), edited by Thomas Jäger and others. 693-716. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Bosold, David and Christian Achrainer. 2011. “Die normativen Grundlagen deutscher Außenpolitik“ (The Normative Basis for German Foreign Policy). In Deutsche Außenpolitik. Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (Second Edition), edited by Thomas Jäger and others. 445-467. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Brzoska, Michael. 2007. “Rüstungsexportpolitik” (Arms Export Policy) in Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik, edited by Siegmar Schmidt and others, 650-659. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Davis, Ian. 2002. The Regulation of Arms and Dual-Use Exports. New York: Oxford University Press.
Freitag, Ulrike. 2012. ”Saudi-Arabia: Buying Stability?”. In Protest, Revolt and Regime Change in the Arab World, edited by Muriel Asseburg, 23-26. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Glaser, Charles L. 2013. “Realism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 13-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grillot, Suzette. 2013 “The Defence Trade”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 320-333. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Herring, Eric. 2013. “Historical Materialism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 42-53. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hessing Cahn, Anne, Joseph Kruzel. 1977. Controlling Future Arms Trade, edited by Thomas Quinn and Michael Hennelly. New York: McGraw Hill.
Hobohm, Jens. 2009. “Energy“. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 59-65. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Krause, Keith. 1995. Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Malici, Akan. 2006 “Germans as Venutians: The Culture of German Foreign Policy Behavior“. Foreign Policy Analysis. Volume 2. Issue 1. (January): 37-62.
Morgan, Patrick. 2013. “Liberalism”. In Contemporary Security Studies (Third Edition), edited by Alan Collins, 28-41. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Niethammer, Katja. 2009. “The States of the Golf Cooperation Council”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 53-58. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Reissner, Johannes. 2009. “Iran”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 46-52. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Steinberg, Guido. 2009. “Conclusions: German Policy in the Middle East and North Africa”. In German Middle East and North Africa Policy. Interests, Strategies, Options, edited by Guido Steinberg, 66-71. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Steinberg, Guido . 2014. “Mächte und Milizen“ (Powers and Militias). Internationale Politik 5 (September/Oktober) 16-39.
Steinberg, Guido. 2014. Leading the Counter-Revolution. Saudi-Arabia and the Arab Spring. SWP Research Paper 7. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Pierre, Andrew. 1982. The Global Politics of Arms Sales, Princeton, US: Princeton University Press.
Stohl, Rachel and Suzette Grillot. 2009. The International Arms Trade. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Wolffsohn, Michal and Thomas Brechenmacher. 2007. “Israel“. In Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik, edited by Siegmar Schmidt and others, 506-520. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.


Government Documents

Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment, 8 December 2008, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008E0944
Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 17/3861. Waffenexporte – Kontrolle des Endverbleibs deutscher Kriegswaffen und Rüstungsgüter (German Bundestag Printmatter 17/3861. Arms Exports – Verification of end-use of German war weapons and other arms), 23 November 2010, available at http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/038/1703861.pdf
Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 18/1422. Rüstungsexporte von Kleinwaffen und leichten Waffen (German Bundestag Printmatter 17/3861. Arms exports of small and light weapons), 15 May 2014, available at http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/18/014/1801422.pdf
Außenwirtschaftsgesetz (Foreign Trade and Payments Act), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_awg_en.pdf
Kriegswaffenkontrollgesetz (War Weapons Control Act), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_cwc_p_war_weapons_control_act.pdf
Kriegswaffenliste (War Weapons List), available at http://www.bafa.de/bafa/en/export_control/legislation/export_control_cwc_p_war_weapons_list.pdf
The Arms Trade Treaty, 27 March 2013, available at https://unoda-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/English7.pdf
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747, 24 March 2007, available at https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1747-2007.pdf








Newspaper Articles
Agence France-Presse. 2012. “Merkel: Rüstungsexport dient dem Frieden“ (Merkel: Arms exports serve peace), Handelsblatt Online. 22 October, http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/bundeswehrtagung-merkel-ruestungsexport-dient-dem-frieden/7285108.html
Roth, Anna-Lena. 2015. “Raif Badawi: Steinmeier kritisiert Strafe für saudischen Blogger“ (Raif Badawi: Steinmeier criticizes punishment for Saudi blogger), Spiegel Online, 24 January. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/raif-badawi-steinmeier-kritisiert-strafe-fuer-saudischen-blogger-a-1014810.html
Steinglass, Matt. 2015. “Everything you want to know about the Iranian nuclear deal”, The Economist. 5 April. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/04/economist-explains-3
Steininger, Alexander. 2015. “Mögliche Lockerung der Sanktionen“ (Possible end of sanctions). Tagesschau Online. 30 March. http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/iran-deutschland-handel-103.html















Online Documents (all available as of 7 May 2015)
Aken, Jan van. 2011. “Waffenexport-Telegramm Nr. 4” (Arms Export Telegram No. 4), published on waffenexporte.org, 28 October. http://www.waffenexporte.org/2011/10/waffenexport-telegramm-nr-4
Behme, Christian. 2008. “Der Bundessicherheitsrat” (The Federal Security Council), published on bundestag.de, 9 May. http://www.bundestag.de/blob/190224/ 82b0d64dd83976983f7e785ba156c11b/bundessicherheitsrat-data.pdf
Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA). “Merkblatt Außenwirtschaftsverkehr mit dem Iran“ (Fact Sheet Foreign Trade with Iran), published on ausfuhrkontrolle.info, 4 July 2012, available at http://www.ausfuhrkontrolle.info/ausfuhrkontrolle/de/arbeitshilfen/merkblaetter/merkblatt_iran_2012_07.pdf
Bundesverband der Deutschen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsindustrie (BDSV). 2014. “Bundessicherheitsrat“ (Federal Security Council), published on ruestungsindustrie.info. http://www.ruestungsindustrie.info/export/bundessicherheitsrat
Bundesverband der Deutschen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsindustrie (BDSV). 2014. “Rüstungsexport - Akteure & Verfahren“ (Arms Exports – Actors and Processes) published on ruestungsindustrie.info. http://www.ruestungsindustrie.info/ruestungsexport-akteure-verfahren
Wezeman, Siemon T. and Pieter D. Wezeman. 2014. ”Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2013” published on sipri.org. March. http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf











Data sources
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). 2014. Rüstungsexportbericht 2013. (Arms Export Report 2013). Berlin: BMWi.
All Reports from 2002 to 2013 are available online:
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2013
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2012
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2011
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2010
http://www.bmwi.de/Dateien/BMWi/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2009
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2008
http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/ruestungsexportbericht-2007
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1608855.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1603730.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1600507.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1504400.pdf
http://www.bundeswehr-monitoring.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media/BT1502257.pdf

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). “Query Wizard for International Development” published on stats.oecd.org http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/#?x=2&y=6&f=3:51,4:1,1:10,5:3,7:1&q=3:51+4:1+1:10+5:3+7:1+2:1,134+6:1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “Arms Transfer Database. Top list TIV tables” published on armstrade.sipri.org http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php		zh_TW