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題名 感恩傾向與人際訊息處理:感恩基模之驗證
作者 林川田
貢獻者 孫蒨如
林川田
關鍵詞 感恩基模
人際訊息
人際互動
人際評價
正向心理學
Gratitude Schema
Interpersonal Event
Interpersonal Interaction
Interpersonal Evaluation
Positive Psychology
日期 2015
上傳時間 27-Jul-2015 11:29:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究嘗試提出感恩基模(Gratitude Schema)概念作為系統性探究感恩傾向個別差異的ㄧ個新方向，以基模對訊息處理歷程的影響來解釋並探討個體間的感恩傾向個別差異。我們認為容易感恩的人具有感恩基模，所以才能在生活中發現許多值得感恩的人事物、產生感恩的情緒。具有感恩基模的個體會有下列的認知及行為反應：(1)多半記得在別人對他的好，或者忘記壞的；(2)會主動去注意並記憶正向的、值得珍惜(appreciate)的人際事件；(3)對很多事情，尤其是具有模糊性的人際事件(ambiguous events)會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋；(4)重視他人在自己人生經驗中的協助與貢獻。提出感恩基模概念外，本研究亦對感恩基模的認知特性(包括回憶、主動記憶、詮釋、與歸因)進行系列性的實徵探討。
研究一發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對過往生活事件的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻大不相同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息明顯比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究二發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對新訊息的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻有所不同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究三發現相較於低感恩組，高感恩組的受試者對於模糊情境的詮釋正向性均顯著高於低感恩組。具感恩基模者對有模糊性的人際事件會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋。此一特性在具感恩基模個體以旁觀者立場判斷他人之間的人際互動時會有更加明顯的展現。
研究四發現感恩基模會展現在個體對重要事件的歸因上。具感恩基模者對重要經驗進行歸因時，傾向將成功經驗歸因於與他人的合作；不具感恩基模的低感恩者對重要經驗進行歸因時則傾向將失敗歸因於他人以及合作的因素。
研究五探討感恩基模在人際互動中的展現。結果顯示，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者有較高意願維持與互動對象之間的互動方式。即使互動對象給予負向的回饋或是態度有所改變，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者仍然願意延續彼此間的互動關係。相對的，不具有感恩基模的低感恩傾向者則尋求轉變與他人之間的互動模式，可能反映出不具感恩基模的個體更偏好「以眼還眼」的人際互動。研究結果使我們對感恩基模的實際樣貌有初步的瞭解。
The concept of Gratitude Schema is proposed to explain the individual differences of grateful disposition. Individuals who are highly grateful possess gratitude schema and thus are more likely to find things to be grateful in their daily life. We suggest Individuals who possess gratitude schema have the following characteristics: (1) they have better recalls of positive interpersonal events from past experience; (2) they notice and memorize positive interpersonal events more easily; (3) they tend to interpret ambiguous events in a positive way; (4) they value and appreciate the assistance and contribution from others. A series of experiments were conducted to examine our hypotheses.
Experiment 1 examined the differences on the numbers of positive and negative interpersonal events recalled. Results showed that compared with those who scored low on the gratitude scale, highly grateful individuals (i.e., those who scored high on the scale) tended to recall more positive interpersonal experiences.
Experiment 2 examined the differences on the number of newly learned positive and negative information recalled. Results showed that highly grateful individuals also tended to recall more newly learned positive interpersonal information.
Results of experiment 3 indicated that highly grateful individuals tended to interpret ambiguous interpersonal events in a more positive way, which demonstrated that highly grateful individuals tended to evaluate others with good intention. This tendency was even more salient when they were asked to make judgement from the third party point of view.
The patterns of attribution of those who possess gratitude schema were examined in experiment 4. Results showed that highly grateful individuals attributed their success to the cooperation with others, whereas low grateful individuals tended to attribute their failures to others and to bad cooperation.
Experiment 5 examined how gratitude schema led to different interpersonal interaction. Results showed that highly grateful individuals were more willing to maintain interactions with others, even when the interactive partner gave less positive evaluation to their performance. On the other hand, individuals with no gratitude schema would preferred to exchange the interactive mode with the partner when they received negative feedback. The implications and applications of gratitude schema were also discussed.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
93752503
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0937525031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林川田zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林川田zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 27-Jul-2015 11:29:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 27-Jul-2015 11:29:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Jul-2015 11:29:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0937525031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76908-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93752503zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究嘗試提出感恩基模(Gratitude Schema)概念作為系統性探究感恩傾向個別差異的ㄧ個新方向，以基模對訊息處理歷程的影響來解釋並探討個體間的感恩傾向個別差異。我們認為容易感恩的人具有感恩基模，所以才能在生活中發現許多值得感恩的人事物、產生感恩的情緒。具有感恩基模的個體會有下列的認知及行為反應：(1)多半記得在別人對他的好，或者忘記壞的；(2)會主動去注意並記憶正向的、值得珍惜(appreciate)的人際事件；(3)對很多事情，尤其是具有模糊性的人際事件(ambiguous events)會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋；(4)重視他人在自己人生經驗中的協助與貢獻。提出感恩基模概念外，本研究亦對感恩基模的認知特性(包括回憶、主動記憶、詮釋、與歸因)進行系列性的實徵探討。
研究一發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對過往生活事件的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻大不相同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息明顯比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究二發現高感恩組和低感恩組在對新訊息的回憶總數上並無顯著差異，但兩者所回憶的內容卻有所不同。相較於不具感恩基模的低感恩個體，具有感恩基模的個體對正向人際訊息比低感恩個體有較佳的回憶表現。
研究三發現相較於低感恩組，高感恩組的受試者對於模糊情境的詮釋正向性均顯著高於低感恩組。具感恩基模者對有模糊性的人際事件會傾向做出他人對自己具有善意的解釋。此一特性在具感恩基模個體以旁觀者立場判斷他人之間的人際互動時會有更加明顯的展現。
研究四發現感恩基模會展現在個體對重要事件的歸因上。具感恩基模者對重要經驗進行歸因時，傾向將成功經驗歸因於與他人的合作；不具感恩基模的低感恩者對重要經驗進行歸因時則傾向將失敗歸因於他人以及合作的因素。
研究五探討感恩基模在人際互動中的展現。結果顯示，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者有較高意願維持與互動對象之間的互動方式。即使互動對象給予負向的回饋或是態度有所改變，具有感恩基模的高感恩傾向者仍然願意延續彼此間的互動關係。相對的，不具有感恩基模的低感恩傾向者則尋求轉變與他人之間的互動模式，可能反映出不具感恩基模的個體更偏好「以眼還眼」的人際互動。研究結果使我們對感恩基模的實際樣貌有初步的瞭解。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The concept of Gratitude Schema is proposed to explain the individual differences of grateful disposition. Individuals who are highly grateful possess gratitude schema and thus are more likely to find things to be grateful in their daily life. We suggest Individuals who possess gratitude schema have the following characteristics: (1) they have better recalls of positive interpersonal events from past experience; (2) they notice and memorize positive interpersonal events more easily; (3) they tend to interpret ambiguous events in a positive way; (4) they value and appreciate the assistance and contribution from others. A series of experiments were conducted to examine our hypotheses.
Experiment 1 examined the differences on the numbers of positive and negative interpersonal events recalled. Results showed that compared with those who scored low on the gratitude scale, highly grateful individuals (i.e., those who scored high on the scale) tended to recall more positive interpersonal experiences.
Experiment 2 examined the differences on the number of newly learned positive and negative information recalled. Results showed that highly grateful individuals also tended to recall more newly learned positive interpersonal information.
Results of experiment 3 indicated that highly grateful individuals tended to interpret ambiguous interpersonal events in a more positive way, which demonstrated that highly grateful individuals tended to evaluate others with good intention. This tendency was even more salient when they were asked to make judgement from the third party point of view.
The patterns of attribution of those who possess gratitude schema were examined in experiment 4. Results showed that highly grateful individuals attributed their success to the cooperation with others, whereas low grateful individuals tended to attribute their failures to others and to bad cooperation.
Experiment 5 examined how gratitude schema led to different interpersonal interaction. Results showed that highly grateful individuals were more willing to maintain interactions with others, even when the interactive partner gave less positive evaluation to their performance. On the other hand, individuals with no gratitude schema would preferred to exchange the interactive mode with the partner when they received negative feedback. The implications and applications of gratitude schema were also discussed.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節 感恩傾向 4
第二節 感恩基模的面貌 7
具感恩基模個體的記憶特性 9
具感恩基模個體的訊息解釋特性 10
小結：感恩基模對訊息處理的影響 12
第三節 本研究想法 14
第三章 研究方法與結果 17
第一節 前導研究 17
第二節 研究一：感恩傾向與事件回憶 19
第三節 研究二：感恩傾向與訊息記憶 24
第四節 研究三：感恩傾向與模糊情境詮釋 32
第五節 研究四：感恩傾向與生命經驗歸因 40
第六節 研究五：感恩傾向與人際評價訊息反應 49
第四章 綜合討論 63
參考文獻 70
附錄　74		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1533450 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0937525031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 感恩基模zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人際訊息zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人際互動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人際評價zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正向心理學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gratitude Schemaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interpersonal Eventen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interpersonal Interactionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interpersonal Evaluationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Positive Psychologyen_US
dc.title (題名) 感恩傾向與人際訊息處理:感恩基模之驗證zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
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英文部分
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