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題名 產業品質與廠商海外研發活動：台灣製造業之實證
Industry Quality and Overseas R&D Activities by Taiwanese Multinational Enterprises作者 翁培真
Weng, Pei-Chen貢獻者 翁永和
Weng, Yungho
翁培真
Weng, Pei-Chen關鍵詞 產品品質
品質階梯
品質前緣趨近指標
多國籍企業
研發國際化
product quality
quality ladders
proximity to the frontier of quality
multinationals
internationalization of R&D日期 2015 上傳時間 27-Jul-2015 11:33:13 (UTC+8) 摘要 過去數十年間，台灣透過拓展出口以帶動產業升級與高速的經濟成長，出口貿易是台灣經濟發展的主要動能。隨著全球經貿的整合，許多新興經濟體憑藉著大量的勞動力、原物料與與土地投入生產，以低廉的產品廣泛地衝擊全球的出口市場。對於以出口貿易為經濟發展導向的台灣而言，如何提升產業出口品質是因應當前國際市場競爭與本國產業得以永續發展的關鍵課題。本論文的第一部分基於一個巢式logit需求模型，運用美國1989年至2010年海關資料，推估全世界各國出口至美國的各項產品品質，並且對於過去二十年間台灣出口至美國市場的產品品質變化，提供一個概述性的說明。實證結果顯示，台灣於分析期間出口結構朝向長品質階梯的產品調整，然而台灣整體出口品與世界上品質領先者的差距則明顯地擴大。這一方面是源於台灣在既有出口品品質優勢流失，另一方面也由於台灣朝向原不具品質優勢產品轉型。此外，在分類產業的實證分析則顯示，儘管不同技術密集程度的產業皆呈現品質階梯長度上升且產業前緣趨近指標下降的態勢，但其品質演化的時程及其成因不盡相同。產品品質的提升有賴廠商本身的生產技術與研發能力，廠商於海內外之研發活動為一核心驅動因素。隨著全球經貿的整合與生產網絡的形成，現今廠商海外的經營活動從過去單純的生產基地肩負著更具策略性之角色。本論文的第二部分探討台灣製造業廠商海外研發布局之取向，運用廠商問卷調查區分其海外研發的型態，並且分析區位特徵、廠商特徵、與廠商海外研發型態的關聯。實證結果顯示，廠商的海外研發型態在產業間存在明顯的差異，高技術產業相較於低技術產業較不傾向採取積極型的研發型態。在區域分佈的部分，符合多數文獻之推論，台灣廠商在已開發國家有較高的比例進行提升品質與開拓市場的積極型研發型態。最後，產業屬性、當地的市場規模與經濟發展程度、子公司的出口比重等因素，對於廠商在海外研發型態之取向有不同程度的影響。平均而言，相較於低技術產業，台灣的高技術廠商較不傾向於海外進行因應當地市場需求的研發型態。在區位特徵的部分，當地的經濟發展程度則顯著地提高廠商海外研發活動的可能性，尤其是對於台灣高技術廠商而言，當地之經濟發展程度對其進行積極型研發活動的可能性有顯著的加乘效果。在廠商特徵的部分，隨著海外子公司的出口比重越高，台灣製造業廠商越可能選擇製程研發之海外研發型態，對於重視當地市場潛力的研發型態的傾向則越小。出口品在國際市場上的表現是廠商進行其海內外生產配置與研發布局的重要因素。在論文的第三部分，從產業的出口品質面向，分析台灣出口產業在國際市場之競爭實力與廠商海外研發型態的關係。研究結果發現，長品質階梯產業的廠商較不傾向於海外進行積極型的研發型態；其次，對於長品質階梯的產業而言，區域的經濟發展程度越好對於廠商進行積極型的海外研發型態有加乘的效果；最後，當台灣產業的品質位階越優於投資區位的品質位階，廠商越不傾向在海外進行積極型的研發型態。
This dissertation is organized by three essays attrempting to explore issues regarding product quality and the overseas R&D activities among Taiwanese manufactures. We aim to clarify the following questions：（1）What is the pattern of changes of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods？（2）How to distinguish overseas R&D strategies adopt by Taiwanese multinational enterprises, and what are the determinants of oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies？（3）What is the role of product quality in the decision of oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies？We propose an industrial quality indicator based on global trade data and Feenstra and Romalis（2014）results to measure a market-based value to industry competiveness, and test the relationship with oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies.In the first essay, we uses disaggregated U.S. product-level trade data to investigate the evolution of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods between 1989 and 2010. Our results suggest that during the sample period, while Taiwanese exports became more focused on products with longer quality ladders, they also became further away from the world quality frontiers. This occurs because Taiwanese lose its quality advantage in existing products, and also because Taiwanese attempted to make a transition to products they initially did not have advantage in. We also study the evolution of product quality among different sectors, and our results suggest that while the trends look similar across sectors, there appears to be substantial heterogeneity in terms of the actual timing and causes. In the second essay, we explore the overseas R&D activities by Taiwanese multinationals using data from the 2007-2010 Survey on the Outward FDI of Taiwanese Manufactures and classify five distinct overseas R&D strategies: two associated with process innovations and three with product innovations. Our empirical results suggest that firm characteristics and host location attributes all affect Taiwanese firms’ overseas R&D strategies. We find that firm affiliates’ exporting ratios positively correlate with process innovation strategies, while parent companies’ R&D intensity positively correlates with product innovation strategies. We also find that host location market size is positively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at local markets, while negatively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at upgrading; host location’s income level has the exact opposite effects. In the third essay, we find that in general Taiwanese firms in long quality ladder industries（or industries with more vertical differentiation potential）are more likely to conduct process innovations overseas. 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國立政治大學
經濟學系
95258501資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095258501 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 翁永和 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Weng, Yungho en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 翁培真 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Weng, Pei-Chen en_US dc.creator (作者) 翁培真 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Weng, Pei-Chen en_US dc.date (日期) 2015 en_US dc.date.accessioned 27-Jul-2015 11:33:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 27-Jul-2015 11:33:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Jul-2015 11:33:13 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095258501 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76928 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 經濟學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 95258501 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過去數十年間，台灣透過拓展出口以帶動產業升級與高速的經濟成長，出口貿易是台灣經濟發展的主要動能。隨著全球經貿的整合，許多新興經濟體憑藉著大量的勞動力、原物料與與土地投入生產，以低廉的產品廣泛地衝擊全球的出口市場。對於以出口貿易為經濟發展導向的台灣而言，如何提升產業出口品質是因應當前國際市場競爭與本國產業得以永續發展的關鍵課題。本論文的第一部分基於一個巢式logit需求模型，運用美國1989年至2010年海關資料，推估全世界各國出口至美國的各項產品品質，並且對於過去二十年間台灣出口至美國市場的產品品質變化，提供一個概述性的說明。實證結果顯示，台灣於分析期間出口結構朝向長品質階梯的產品調整，然而台灣整體出口品與世界上品質領先者的差距則明顯地擴大。這一方面是源於台灣在既有出口品品質優勢流失，另一方面也由於台灣朝向原不具品質優勢產品轉型。此外，在分類產業的實證分析則顯示，儘管不同技術密集程度的產業皆呈現品質階梯長度上升且產業前緣趨近指標下降的態勢，但其品質演化的時程及其成因不盡相同。產品品質的提升有賴廠商本身的生產技術與研發能力，廠商於海內外之研發活動為一核心驅動因素。隨著全球經貿的整合與生產網絡的形成，現今廠商海外的經營活動從過去單純的生產基地肩負著更具策略性之角色。本論文的第二部分探討台灣製造業廠商海外研發布局之取向，運用廠商問卷調查區分其海外研發的型態，並且分析區位特徵、廠商特徵、與廠商海外研發型態的關聯。實證結果顯示，廠商的海外研發型態在產業間存在明顯的差異，高技術產業相較於低技術產業較不傾向採取積極型的研發型態。在區域分佈的部分，符合多數文獻之推論，台灣廠商在已開發國家有較高的比例進行提升品質與開拓市場的積極型研發型態。最後，產業屬性、當地的市場規模與經濟發展程度、子公司的出口比重等因素，對於廠商在海外研發型態之取向有不同程度的影響。平均而言，相較於低技術產業，台灣的高技術廠商較不傾向於海外進行因應當地市場需求的研發型態。在區位特徵的部分，當地的經濟發展程度則顯著地提高廠商海外研發活動的可能性，尤其是對於台灣高技術廠商而言，當地之經濟發展程度對其進行積極型研發活動的可能性有顯著的加乘效果。在廠商特徵的部分，隨著海外子公司的出口比重越高，台灣製造業廠商越可能選擇製程研發之海外研發型態，對於重視當地市場潛力的研發型態的傾向則越小。出口品在國際市場上的表現是廠商進行其海內外生產配置與研發布局的重要因素。在論文的第三部分，從產業的出口品質面向，分析台灣出口產業在國際市場之競爭實力與廠商海外研發型態的關係。研究結果發現，長品質階梯產業的廠商較不傾向於海外進行積極型的研發型態；其次，對於長品質階梯的產業而言，區域的經濟發展程度越好對於廠商進行積極型的海外研發型態有加乘的效果；最後，當台灣產業的品質位階越優於投資區位的品質位階，廠商越不傾向在海外進行積極型的研發型態。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This dissertation is organized by three essays attrempting to explore issues regarding product quality and the overseas R&D activities among Taiwanese manufactures. We aim to clarify the following questions：（1）What is the pattern of changes of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods？（2）How to distinguish overseas R&D strategies adopt by Taiwanese multinational enterprises, and what are the determinants of oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies？（3）What is the role of product quality in the decision of oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies？We propose an industrial quality indicator based on global trade data and Feenstra and Romalis（2014）results to measure a market-based value to industry competiveness, and test the relationship with oveseas affiliates’ R&D strategies.In the first essay, we uses disaggregated U.S. product-level trade data to investigate the evolution of product quality among Taiwanese exported goods between 1989 and 2010. Our results suggest that during the sample period, while Taiwanese exports became more focused on products with longer quality ladders, they also became further away from the world quality frontiers. This occurs because Taiwanese lose its quality advantage in existing products, and also because Taiwanese attempted to make a transition to products they initially did not have advantage in. We also study the evolution of product quality among different sectors, and our results suggest that while the trends look similar across sectors, there appears to be substantial heterogeneity in terms of the actual timing and causes. In the second essay, we explore the overseas R&D activities by Taiwanese multinationals using data from the 2007-2010 Survey on the Outward FDI of Taiwanese Manufactures and classify five distinct overseas R&D strategies: two associated with process innovations and three with product innovations. Our empirical results suggest that firm characteristics and host location attributes all affect Taiwanese firms’ overseas R&D strategies. We find that firm affiliates’ exporting ratios positively correlate with process innovation strategies, while parent companies’ R&D intensity positively correlates with product innovation strategies. We also find that host location market size is positively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at local markets, while negatively correlated with product innovation strategies aimed at upgrading; host location’s income level has the exact opposite effects. In the third essay, we find that in general Taiwanese firms in long quality ladder industries（or industries with more vertical differentiation potential）are more likely to conduct process innovations overseas. In addition, we find that firms tend not to conduct product innovation strategies if the relative industry competitiveness of the host country to that of the home country is lower. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第1章 緒論 1第2章 台灣出口產品品質的演進 5第1節 前言 5第2節 文獻回顧 6第3節 產品品質的估計與產業品質指標 93.1 Khandelwal (2010) 產品品質估計模型 103.2 產業的品質階梯指標與前緣趨近指標 13第4節 實證結果 154.1 產品品質推估的資料說明 154.2 基本統計敍述 164.3 全樣本估計結果 19第5節 台灣出口產品品質的演化過程 225.1 整體出口產業 225.2 高科技產業、低技術產業、及其他製造業 26第6節 結論 38第3章 廠商的海外研發型態與其決定因素 41第1節 前言 41第2節 文獻回顧 44第3節 廠商海外研發型態的判定 473.1 廠商海外研發型態的變數構面：因素分析法 473.2 台灣廠商海外研發型態：集群分析 50第4節 變數說明與資料來源 524.1 變數說明 524.2 資料來源 54第5節 實證結果 565.1 實證方法 565.2 樣本說明 585.3 廠商海外研發型態的決定因素 64第6節 結論 69第4章 產業品質與海外研發型態 71第1節 前言 71第2節 文獻回顧 73第3節 資料說明 74第4節 實證結果 75第5節 結論 80第5章 結論 81附錄1 排除位於品質前緣之中國產品的實證結果 85附錄2 三大分類產業對照 89附錄3 Xiang（2005）拆解式與其拆解結果 91附錄4 台灣產品與中國、韓國產品的相對競爭力分析 95中國與台灣產品的相對競爭力 96韓國與台灣產品的相對競爭力 100參考文獻 103表格目錄表2- 1：台灣前十五大出口產業的敍述統計 17表2- 2：迴歸結果之敍述統計 19表2- 3：產品品質與國家特性 20表2- 4：整體出口產業品質指標拆解 26表2- 5：分類產業品質指標的拆解與變化意涵 32表2- 6：分類產業品質指標變化的拆解結果 33表3- 1：廠商赴海外投資之動機－防禦性投資動機 48表3- 2：廠商赴海外投資之動機－擴張性投資動機 48表3- 3：海外投資事業之主要技術或know-how來源 49表3- 4：海外投資事業進行研發創新活動之動機 50表3- 5：廠商海外研發型態分群結果 51表3- 6：海外研發型態的研發網絡指標均數 51表3- 7：資料來源 55表3- 8：台灣廠商海外研發型態之區位分佈 60表3- 9：台灣製造業海外研發型態之產業分佈 61表3- 10：各變數平均數與標準差 62表3- 11：變數相關係數矩陣 63表3- 12：基礎模型估計結果 64表3- 13：基礎模型估計結果(勝算比) 66表3- 14：各變數的邊際效果 68表3- 15：海外研發型態的機率變動量 69表4- 1：產業品質階梯、台灣產業品質相對競爭力與海外研發型態(勝算比) 76表4- 2：產業品質階梯、台灣產業品質相對競爭力與海外研發型態(勝算比) 77表4- 3：產業品質變數對廠商海外研發型態的影響 78表4- 4：台灣產業品質相對競爭力的平均邊際效果 79附表2- 1：技術密集程度與ISIC Rev.3 產業分類對照 89附表3- 1：Xiang（2005）拆解方式的實證結果 94附表4- 1：台灣出口品相對於他國出口品之品質優勢程度 96附表4- 2：台灣和中國產業品質差距指標 97附表4- 3：台灣出口產業相對於中國的品質優勢與產業特性 98附表4- 4：台灣和韓國產業品質差距指標 101附表4- 5：台灣出口產業相對於韓國的品質優勢與產業特性 102圖形目錄圖2- 1 品質領先之產品比重與人均所得 21圖2- 2：1989年至2010年台灣前三十大出口至美國的產業品質階梯長度 23圖2- 3：1989年至2010年台灣前三十大出口至美國的產業前緣趨近值 23圖2- 4：1989年至2010年台灣整體出口產業的品質階梯長度拆解 25圖2- 5：1989年至2010年台灣整體出口產業的前緣趨近指標拆解 25圖2- 6：1989年至2010年三大分類產業占台灣對美國總出口的比重 27圖2- 7：1989年至2010年三大分類產業出口品的前緣趨近值 28圖2- 8：1989年至2010年三大分類產業出口品的品質階梯長度 29附圖1- 1：1989年至2010年台灣前三十大出口至美國的產業品質階梯長度 86附圖1- 2：1989年至2010年台灣前三十大出口至美國的產業前緣趨近值 87附圖1- 3：1989年至2010年台灣整體出口產業的品質階梯長度拆解 88附圖1- 4：1989年至2010年台灣整體出口產業的前緣趨近指標拆解 88 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1798954 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095258501 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產品品質 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品質階梯 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品質前緣趨近指標 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多國籍企業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 研發國際化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) product quality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) quality ladders en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) proximity to the frontier of quality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) multinationals en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) internationalization of R&D en_US dc.title (題名) 產業品質與廠商海外研發活動：台灣製造業之實證 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Industry Quality and Overseas R&D Activities by Taiwanese Multinational Enterprises en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林惠玲, 楊志海, 與黃珈卉（2009）,《台灣製造業對外投資、全球化與產業升級》,台北：行政院主計總處。（Lin, Hui-Lin, Chin-Hai Yang, and Chia-Hui Huang（2009）, Foreign investment, Globalization and Industrial Upgrading in Taiwanese Manufacturing, Taipei：Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics.）林師模與許書銘（1999）, “APEC 國家農業生產結構、貿易轉型與農產競爭優勢,”《農業經濟叢刊》, 5（1）, 39-87。（ Lin, Shih-Mo and Sue-Ming Hsu（1999）,“Production Structure, Trade Transformation, and Competitive Advantage of Agricultural Products for Major APEC,” Taiwanese Agricultural Economic Review, 5（1）, 39-87.）陳宏易與黃登興（2009）, “亞洲地區產業競爭優勢的更迭：雁行理論的再驗證,”《經濟論文叢刊》, 37(2), 185-211。（Chen, Hung-Yi and Deng-Shing Huang（2009）,“Shifting Comparative Advantage in East Asia: Re-examining the Flying Geese Paradigm,”Taiwan Economic Review, 37(2), 185-211.）張建一, 龔明鑫, 與呂曜志（2013）,《我國對美歐市場出口現象與競爭力再造之研究》, 台北：行政院經濟建設委員會。（Chang, Chien-I, Ming-Hsin Kung, and Yao-Chih Lu（2013）, Exports in U.S. and EU Markets and the Export Competitiveness of Taiwan, Taipei：Council for Economic Planning and Development.）楊子菡與廖月波（2004）, “產品生命週期與產業空洞化－臺灣電子電器業之實證研究,” 《臺灣經濟預測與政策》, 35(1), 67-89。（Yang, Tzu-Han and Joanne Y. 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