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題名 死亡突顯性對注意力的影響－以文化性線索為例
The effect of Mortality Salience on Attention－An example of Cultural Cues作者 何華府
He, Hua Fu貢獻者 顏乃欣
Yen, Nai Shing
何華府
He, Hua Fu關鍵詞 恐懼管理理論
遠端防衛
文化世界觀
視覺搜尋作業
眼動追蹤儀器
terror management theory
distal defense
culture-worldview
visual search task
eye-tracker日期 2015 上傳時間 3-Aug-2015 13:30:38 (UTC+8) 摘要 根據恐懼管理理論（Terror Management Theory, 1986）人們會適時地管理死亡想法的威脅，故Pyszczynski、Greenberg及Solomon（1999）依據此理論提出了一套雙元歷程模式來解釋人們的防衛方式：近端防衛與遠端防衛。在遠端防衛中文化世界觀尤為重要，在過去的西方研究之中，發現人們常以對自身文化世界觀持正向或偏好的態度，來防衛死亡想法的威脅；然而這樣的現象卻在亞洲研究中難以得到驗證，因此本研究的目的即在於重新檢驗文化世界觀的防衛方式。本研究操弄參與者的死亡想法，並藉由分心作業的方式，使其死亡想法掉入意識邊陲之中，以探究遠端防衛的本質。本研究除了以偏好的評估作為依變項外，且從認知的注意力面向出發，探討文化世界觀與防衛死亡想法之間的關係。本研究設計兩個實驗：實驗一以視覺搜尋作業的派典進行研究，以對自身文化的偏好、正確率與反應時間當作依變項。結果發現當參與者進行遠端防衛時，會對於與自身文化有關的線索，表現出較高的正確率，但在對自身文化的偏好，與反應時間的變項上，未能發現有顯著差異。實驗二以眼動追蹤儀器當作研究工具，並以眼動指標中首次凝視位置的數量，以及凝視時間作為依變項。結果發現當參與者進行遠端防衛時，會對於與自身文化有關的線索，表現出較長的凝視時間，但在首次凝視位置的數量上，亦未能發現有顯著差異。因此，綜合以上兩個實驗，本研究並未能完全支持文化世界觀的遠端防衛效果。
According to terror management theory (1986), people can manage the threat from death thought. Thus, Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon (1999) proposed a dual-process model to explain how people defend the death. There are two defense routes: the proximal defense and the distal defense. The culture-worldview is an important function in the distal defense. In the western research, it was found that people were more positive or preferred to self-culture-worldview. However, there are mixed findings in the eastern research. In order to investigate the distal defense mechanism, this study manipulated participants’ death thought, and let the thought drop into the unconscious level via a distracting task. Furthermore, this study examined the relationship between the culture-worldview and the death defense from attentional paradigms. We conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, we adopted the visual search paradigm, and the dependent variables were self-cultural preference, reaction time and the rate of accuracy. We found it was more accurate when participants were asked to search the self-related cultural cue after reminding one’s death comparing to those are not reminding about death. But they were no significant difference in the self-cultural preference and reaction time. In the second experiment, we adopted the eye-tracker as the instrument, and the dependent variables were the index of number of first fixation and the duration of fixations. We found the fixation duration was longer for the self-related cultural cues than for the non-self-related cultural cues when participants being reminded about one’s death. But it was no significant difference in the number of first fixation. So, through these two experiments we found an inconsistent result in the distal defense.參考文獻 中文文獻張振發（2010）。醫院志工死亡焦慮之研究－以臺中榮總志工為例。南華大學生死學系碩士學位論文。張淑美、李昱平及黎筱圓（2007）。大專院校學生及成人生命態度之調查研究－以參與蓮花基金會2007年生命影展觀眾為例。財團法人佛教蓮花臨終關懷基金會。鄧閔鴻、張素鳳（2006）。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊，48，203-218。羅雯馨（2010）。大學生死亡態度與死亡教育需求之研究-以某私立大學為例。國立臺灣師範大學健康促進與衛生教育學系在職進修碩士班學位論文。英文文獻Arndt, J., Allen, J. J., & Greenberg, J. (2001). Traces of terror: Subliminal death primes and facial electromyographic indices of affect. Motivation and Emotion, 25(3), 253-277. Arndt, J., Cook, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Cox, C. R. (2007). Cancer and the threat of death: The cognitive dynamics of death-thought suppression and its impact on behavioral health intentions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(1), 12. Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997a). Subliminal exposure to death-related stimuli increases defense of the cultural worldview. Psychological Science, 8(5), 379-385. Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1998). Terror management and self-awareness: Evidence that mortality salience provokes avoidance of the self-focused state. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1216-1227. Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Simon, L. (1997b). Suppression, accessibility of death-related thoughts, and cultural worldview defense: exploring the psychodynamics of terror management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 5. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death: Free Press.Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Picture media and emotion: Effects of a sustained affective context. Psychophysiology, 33(6), 662-670. Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W., & Desai, P. (2003). Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention. Behavioral neuroscience, 117(2), 369. Buodo, G., Sarlo, M., & Palomba, D. (2002). 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(1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one`s worldview? Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(2), 212. Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2010). A theoretical and empirical review of the death-thought accessibility concept in terror management research. Psychological bulletin, 136(5), 699. Heine, S. J., Harihara, M., & Niiya, Y. (2003). Terror management in Japan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(3), 187-196. Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(11), 498-504. Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., Caspi, A., Arzouan, Y., & Zivotofsky, A. Z. (2010). Looking away from death: Defensive attention as a form of terror management. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 172-178. Jonas, E., Fritsche, I., & Greenberg, J. (2005). 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General and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(8), 884-892. Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2006). Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion, 6(2), 257. Ohman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 130(3), 466-478. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: an extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review; Psychological Review, 106(4), 835. Quirin, M., Loktyushin, A., Arndt, J., Küstermann, E., Lo, Y.-Y., Kuhl, J., & Eggert, L. (2012). Existential neuroscience: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of neural responses to reminders of one’s mortality. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 7(2), 193-198. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(4), 681. Tam, K. P., Chiu, C. Y., & Lau, I. Y. M. (2007). Terror management among Chinese: Worldview defence and intergroup bias in resource allocation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(2), 93-102. Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. (1992). A revised death anxiety scale. Death Studies, 16(6), 507-521. Wisman, A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). From the grave to the cradle: Evidence that mortality salience engenders a desire for offspring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 46. Yen, C. L., & Cheng, C. P. (2010). Terror management among Taiwanese: Worldview defence or resigning to fate? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13(3), 185-194. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
99752009資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752009 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yen, Nai Shing en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 何華府 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) He, Hua Fu en_US dc.creator (作者) 何華府 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) He, Hua Fu en_US dc.date (日期) 2015 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2015 13:30:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Aug-2015 13:30:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2015 13:30:38 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099752009 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77241 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99752009 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 根據恐懼管理理論（Terror Management Theory, 1986）人們會適時地管理死亡想法的威脅，故Pyszczynski、Greenberg及Solomon（1999）依據此理論提出了一套雙元歷程模式來解釋人們的防衛方式：近端防衛與遠端防衛。在遠端防衛中文化世界觀尤為重要，在過去的西方研究之中，發現人們常以對自身文化世界觀持正向或偏好的態度，來防衛死亡想法的威脅；然而這樣的現象卻在亞洲研究中難以得到驗證，因此本研究的目的即在於重新檢驗文化世界觀的防衛方式。本研究操弄參與者的死亡想法，並藉由分心作業的方式，使其死亡想法掉入意識邊陲之中，以探究遠端防衛的本質。本研究除了以偏好的評估作為依變項外，且從認知的注意力面向出發，探討文化世界觀與防衛死亡想法之間的關係。本研究設計兩個實驗：實驗一以視覺搜尋作業的派典進行研究，以對自身文化的偏好、正確率與反應時間當作依變項。結果發現當參與者進行遠端防衛時，會對於與自身文化有關的線索，表現出較高的正確率，但在對自身文化的偏好，與反應時間的變項上，未能發現有顯著差異。實驗二以眼動追蹤儀器當作研究工具，並以眼動指標中首次凝視位置的數量，以及凝視時間作為依變項。結果發現當參與者進行遠端防衛時，會對於與自身文化有關的線索，表現出較長的凝視時間，但在首次凝視位置的數量上，亦未能發現有顯著差異。因此，綜合以上兩個實驗，本研究並未能完全支持文化世界觀的遠端防衛效果。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) According to terror management theory (1986), people can manage the threat from death thought. Thus, Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon (1999) proposed a dual-process model to explain how people defend the death. There are two defense routes: the proximal defense and the distal defense. The culture-worldview is an important function in the distal defense. In the western research, it was found that people were more positive or preferred to self-culture-worldview. However, there are mixed findings in the eastern research. In order to investigate the distal defense mechanism, this study manipulated participants’ death thought, and let the thought drop into the unconscious level via a distracting task. Furthermore, this study examined the relationship between the culture-worldview and the death defense from attentional paradigms. We conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, we adopted the visual search paradigm, and the dependent variables were self-cultural preference, reaction time and the rate of accuracy. We found it was more accurate when participants were asked to search the self-related cultural cue after reminding one’s death comparing to those are not reminding about death. But they were no significant difference in the self-cultural preference and reaction time. In the second experiment, we adopted the eye-tracker as the instrument, and the dependent variables were the index of number of first fixation and the duration of fixations. We found the fixation duration was longer for the self-related cultural cues than for the non-self-related cultural cues when participants being reminded about one’s death. But it was no significant difference in the number of first fixation. So, through these two experiments we found an inconsistent result in the distal defense. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 致謝 I摘要 IIAbstract III目錄 V第一章 緒論 1第一節 引言 1第二節 文獻探討 5壹、恐懼管理理論 5貳、注意力優先性 16參、眼動追蹤儀 19第三節 研究議題與假設 22第二章 實驗材料的發展 26第一節 施測方式 26第二節 問卷內容 27壹、故事性的短文與相關問題 27貳、死亡焦慮修正量表 27參、基本資料 28第三節 施測結果 29壹、評量者資料 29貳、短文的效果 29第三章 實驗一 31第一節 參與者資料 31第二節 實驗設計與流程 31壹、實驗設計 31貳、作業與實驗流程 32第三節 實驗儀器 36第四節 實驗一結果 37壹、操弄檢核 37貳、喜好臺灣文化的程度 38參、正確率 39肆、反應時間 40第五節 實驗一討論 42第四章 實驗二的材料發展 45第一節 詞彙材料 45第二節 施測方式 45壹、評量者資料 46貳、評量內容 46第三節 詞彙篩選原則 47第五章 實驗二方法 48第一節 參與者資料 48第二節 實驗設計與流程 48壹、實驗設計 48貳、作業與實驗流程 50第三節 實驗儀器 50壹、刺激呈現儀器與反應按鈕 50貳、眼動追蹤儀器 51第四節 實驗二結果 52壹、操弄檢核 52貳、眼動分析 53第五節 實驗二討論 57第六章 綜合討論 60第一節 死亡想法的防衛 61壹、實驗一 61貳、實驗二 62參、小結 63第二節 死亡想法的喚醒與檢核 64壹、死亡想法的喚醒 64貳、死亡想法的檢核 65第三節 研究的限制 66壹、死亡想法喚醒的程度不同 66貳、文化世界觀的表徵方式 66參、實驗材料的呈現方式 66肆、研究對象的類推 67第四節 研究的貢獻 67壹、注意力的研究取向 67貳、新的實驗操弄方式 67參、新的實驗檢核工具 68參考文獻 69附錄說明 75附錄1 生活經驗體會 76附錄2 死亡焦慮修正量表 84附錄3 實驗一同意書 86附錄4 分心作業 87附錄5 方格詞彙圈選作業 88附錄6 參與者的身心感受（實驗一） 90附錄7 實驗二的刺激材料 91附錄8 實驗二同意書 97附錄9 參與者的身心感受（實驗二） 98 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2056636 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752009 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐懼管理理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 遠端防衛 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文化世界觀 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 視覺搜尋作業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 眼動追蹤儀器 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) terror management theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) distal defense en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) culture-worldview en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) visual search task en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) eye-tracker en_US dc.title (題名) 死亡突顯性對注意力的影響－以文化性線索為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The effect of Mortality Salience on Attention－An example of Cultural Cues en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文文獻張振發（2010）。醫院志工死亡焦慮之研究－以臺中榮總志工為例。南華大學生死學系碩士學位論文。張淑美、李昱平及黎筱圓（2007）。大專院校學生及成人生命態度之調查研究－以參與蓮花基金會2007年生命影展觀眾為例。財團法人佛教蓮花臨終關懷基金會。鄧閔鴻、張素鳳（2006）。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊，48，203-218。羅雯馨（2010）。大學生死亡態度與死亡教育需求之研究-以某私立大學為例。國立臺灣師範大學健康促進與衛生教育學系在職進修碩士班學位論文。英文文獻Arndt, J., Allen, J. 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