Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 國營事業員工的職務角色與主觀績效認知之研究-以平衡計分卡績效指標為例
The Study on Managerial Roles and Perceived Performance for State-Owned Enterprises Employees: the Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard Performance Indicators
作者 于佳弘
Yu, Jia Horng
貢獻者 顏良恭
Yen, Liang Kung
于佳弘
Yu, Jia Horng
關鍵詞 國營事業
職務角色
平衡計分卡
主觀績效
state-owned enterprises
managerial role
Balanced ScoreCard
perceived performance
日期 2015
上傳時間 3-Aug-2015 13:34:10 (UTC+8)
摘要 工作中,我們常常可以發現主管與員工對於工作上有著不同的看法,這些差異不僅會影響主管與員工之間的關係,同時也會對組織績效產生影響,為重視職務角色對於公司績效衡量認知差異的影響,並增加衡量指標的多元面向,本研究期藉由導入平衡計分卡的概念,兼顧組織績效評估的均衡性。爰此,以平衡計分卡之四項構面探討職務角色對於港務公司主觀績效指標之認知差異,輔以績效指標之重要性-滿意度分析,針對各構面的指標進行剖析。
本研究以臺灣港務公司高雄港務分公司員工為填答對象,依照人員資位進行抽樣,總計發出350份問卷,共回收290份問卷,有效回收率為83%。採用量化分析方式,以LISREL進行量表之驗證性因素分析,並採用T檢定、單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)與重要性-滿意度分析(IPA)驗證各研究假設。
根據實證分析結果,本研究獲致以下四項主要結論:(1)擔任主管員工於知覺績效指標重要性認知程度高於非主管員工;(2)擔任主管員工知覺實際實施表現感受之滿意度高於非主管員工;(3)知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有顯著相關;(4)不同職務角色知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有差異。
本研究提出管理建議如下:於組織面可朝向(1)暢通決策管道與資訊透明化、(2)促進交流與溝通的開放、(3)朝向創新與彈性的制度設計、(4)改進人事制度、(5)檢討績效考評制度及(6)鼓勵單位間的相互合作;於員工層面應關心員工的適應情形與人際互動,增進組織認同感。
In daily work,we can find that manager and staff have different opinion very often.This difference will not only affect the relationship between each other but also the working performance.To emphasis the different coginition of organizational performance evaluation by managerial role,and add the different dimention of performance indicators,this study use Balanced ScoreCard to make the organizational performance evaluation more balance.Therefore,the study will find out the coginition of state-owned enterprises perceived performance by managerial role in the perspective of BSC.Futhermore,we can through Importance- Performance Analysis to analysis the each dimension of BSC.
This study is a case from TIPC,Port of Kaohsiung , The participants of the present study were employees and managers chosen by position in the company.Send out 350 questionaries,and 290 is returned,the responded rates is 83%.Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to examine the construct validity of adopted measurement instruments and T-test,ANOVA,IPA was employed to test the hypotheses.
The main findings show that: (1) managers feel the performance indicators are more important than employees.(2) managers feel the performance indicators are more satisfied than employees.(3) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication are significant relevance.(4) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication will have different coginition by managerial role.
Finally,few practical recommendations were made : from organizational perspect (1)open the decision making procedure and imformation.(2) letting the communication and exchange more often.(3) institution rules toward more innovate and flexible (4) change the personnel institution.(5) reviw the performance appraisal.(6) encourage sectors work together; from employee perspect:care about new staffs’ adapt situation and relationship,raising their organizational commitment.
參考文獻 (一)中文部分
于詠泓 (譯),2002,Niven Paul R.原著,《平衡計分卡最佳實務》,臺北:商周出版社。
王金酩,2008,《組織文化、創新人格特質與自我調整學習對突破式創新績效之研究》,國立彰化師範大學商業教育學系碩士論文。
王惠蘭,2013,《組織學習、知識分享、組織認同與經營績效之關聯性研究-以公股銀行業為例》,國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所碩士論文。
朱道凱 (譯),1911,Robert S. Kaplan & David P. Norton原著,《平衡計分卡:資訊時代的策略工具》,臺北:臉譜文化。
吳安妮,2004,〈平衡計分卡在公務機關運用之探討〉,「行政機關績效管理暨績效獎金制度」學術研討會。
吳守從、方乃玉.,2004,〈遊客對都市公園休憩設施之重視度與滿意度研究〉,《中華運動休閒產業管理學會運動休閒管理學報》,1 (2):72-88。
吳定,2008,《公共政策》,臺北:五南出版。
吳明隆,2007,《SPSS 操作與應用: 問卷統計分析實務》。臺北:五南出版。
吳佳蓉,2003,《醫療機構中員工滿意度、離職傾向與經營績效間相關性之影響研究》,義守大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
吳詩韻,2008,《觀光旅館業人力資源管理績效評估之研究-以人力資源計分卡之觀點》,大仁科技大學休閒健康管理研究所碩士論文。
呂東閔,2009,《企業導入ERP對績效的影響—平衡計分卡之觀點》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
呂維哲,2009,《影響我國企業採用平衡計分卡管理之因素探討》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
李力昌、林淑卿,2006,〈動物園遊客對教育行銷策略認知之 IPA 分析-以台北市立動物園為例〉,《休閒暨觀光產業研究》,1( 1):55-64。
李興楨,2003,《交通部平衡計分卡應用之研究》,國立政治大學公共行政研究所 碩士論文。
於群如,2014,《以平衡計分卡的觀點探討資訊服務業之競爭優勢關鍵內涵》,朝陽科技大學企業管理系高階產業經營碩士在職專班論文。
於嘉玲,2001,《以平衡計分卡觀點探討公務機關績效評估制度--以僑務委員會為例》,淡江大學會計學系碩士論文。
林美華,2013,《我國公務機關推行平衡計分卡的成效與缺失-以中央健康保險局為例》,國立東華大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
林義學,2011,《社福類非營利組織運用平衡計分卡之研究》,中國文化大學社會福利學研究所碩士論文。
林麗鳳,2003,《多角化企業平衡計分卡應用之研究-以臺糖公司為例》,國立中山大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文。
邱異珍,2012,《運用平衡計分卡建構績效衡量指標之研究─以中部科學工業園區管理局為例》,中興大學高階經理人在職專班碩士論文。
侯俊彥,2003,《非營利組織中領導風格、內部行銷與組織績效關聯性之研究-以臺南縣社區為例》,長榮大學經營管理研究所碩士論文。
胡嘉琪,2012,《平衡計分卡制度對銀行業績效評估之研究-以C銀行為例》,開南大學商學院在職專班碩士論文。
柯三吉,1989,《公共政策:理論、方法與臺灣經驗》,臺北:時英。
范慧珍、李繼良,2006,〈經濟事務財團法人平衡計分卡架構之探討〉,《今日會計》,102:10。
郭進隆(譯),1994,Peter M. Senge原著,《第五項修練-學習型組織的藝術與實務》,臺北: 天下文化。
孫本初,2013,《新公共管理》,臺北:新保成。
高翠霜(譯),2000,Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P原著,《以平衡計分卡推動績效》,臺北:天下文化。
張孝武,2005,《內部行銷作為與情緒能力對服務態度與工作績效影響之研究-以軍用機場航行管制人員為例》,大葉大學國際企業管理學系在職專班碩士論文。
張瑩姿,2013,《運用平衡計分卡衡量國民小學教務單位績效-以桃園地區為例》,開南大學商學院在職專班碩士論文。
莊瑞琦,2003,《主管領導型態、員工人格特質與組織績效相關性之研究-以嘉義市政府為例》,國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
許士軍,2000,《走向創新時代的組織績效評估》,臺北:天下遠見。
陳正鏞,2013,《政府審計品質管理機制、工作滿意度與提升績效審計成果影響因素關聯性之探討》,逢甲大學會計學系碩士論文。
陳榮堂,2004,《知識管理系統在政府平衡計分卡績效制度之效能研究─以宜蘭縣政府為例》,世新大學資訊管理學研究所碩士論文。
陳進春、鄭百成、曾瑞譙,2008,〈重視度表現值分析法在發展教師教學效能上的應用〉,《測驗統計年刊》,16:85-92。
陳毅庭,2011,《員工職務層次、工作價值觀對工作績效之影響-以情緒智力為中介變數》,國立高雄應用科技大學商務經營研究所碩士論文。
陳慶安,2000,〈績效評估發展趨勢〉,《人力發展》,82:21-25。
陸文杰,2013,《以平衡計分卡建構臺東縣國民小學總務處績效指標之研究》,國立臺東大學資訊管理學系碩士論文。
游舒帆,2011,〈關鍵績效指標(KPI)到底是管理良方還是惡夢〉,網址:http://www.dotblogs.com.tw/jimmyyu/archive/2011/01/08/key-performance-indicators.aspx。
黃彤芳,2014,《國民小學總務處績效指標建構與實徵之研究》,國立東華大學教育行政與管理學系碩士論文。
黃益昌,2008,《企業實施平衡計分卡問題之研究》,東吳大學企業管理學所碩士論文。
黃培文,2004,《工作適性的組織、群體及職務層次對工作滿意、工作績效與工作轉換意圖的同時效果—以台灣旅館業餐飲部員工為例》,國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
黃燕華,2006,《從平衡計分卡觀點探討我國公務人力培訓機構績效指標之建立》,國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
曾孟嫺,2010,《臺北市國民小學組織創新氣氛與創新績效之研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育政策與行政研究所碩士論文。
楊永年,2005,《組織行為》,桃園:華泰文化。
楊好,2005,〈提高政府績效管理-從「平衡計分卡」績效考評制度談起〉,《人事月刊》,41(5):20-30。
楊秀汝,2011,《植基於平衡計分卡的獎金制度建構之研究-以臺灣自來水股份有限公司為例》,國立臺中科技大學企業管理系事業經營碩士班論文。
葛建欽、卓正欽,2008,《績效管理與發展:建構組織人力資本工具與應用》,臺北:雙葉書廊。
詹雅婷,2014,《平衡計分卡為基礎探討關鍵績效指標 -以某印前材料供應商為例》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
臺灣港務股份有限公司官網,2014,網址http://www.twport.com.tw/chinese/。
臺灣港務股份有限公司高雄港務分公司官網,2014,http://kh.twport.com.tw/chinese/。
趙必孝,1994,《國際企業子公司的人力資源管理:策略,控制與績效》,國立中山大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
趙珍翌,2012,《以平衡計分卡觀點探討能源科技計畫績效指標之研究》,元智大學機械工程學系碩士論文。
劉明德(譯),1993,Edmudn R.Gray & Larry R. Smeltzer原著。《管理學競爭優勢》,臺北:桂冠圖書。
劉素蓮,2008,《以平衡計分卡觀點評估臺東郵局績效之研究》,國立臺東大學區域政策與發展研究所碩士論文。
戴輝煌,2006,《越洋航商在兩岸三地擇港因素與港口競爭力之評估》,國立交通大學交通運輸研究所博士論文。
薛舜宇,2010,《運用平衡計分卡建構策略管理-以某餐飲企業為例》,高雄餐旅大學餐旅管理研究所碩士論文。
廖鴻儒,2011,《從社會交換理論觀點探討組織信任、組織認同與人力資源績效之關係》,大葉大學人力資源暨公共關係學系碩士論文。
蘇元含,2002,《運用線性結構模式探討服務品質對顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度之影響-以中油加油站為例 》,國立東華大學企業管理學系未發表之碩士論文。
蘇義祥,1999,《中華電信專戶服務部門領導型態與工作績效關係之研究-服務人員特質及成熟度的調節作用》,國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
謝幼屏等著,2014,《臺灣港務公司之監督與公司治理績效評估研究》,臺北:交通部運輸研究所。
蕭文龍,2007,《多變量分析最佳入門實用書: SPSS+ LISREL (SEM) 》,臺北:碁峰資訊。
蕭建昀,2013,《價值觀、職涯導向對工作績效的影響-職務之調節效果》,國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系碩士論文。
(二)西文部分
Adams, C. A., et al. 2014. “Measurement of Sustainability Performance in the Public Sector. Sustainability Accounting,.”Management and Policy Journal 5(1): 46-67.
Bagozzi, P. Richard, and Youjae Yi .1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16(1): 74-94.
Black, J. Stewart and Lyman W. Porter. 1991. “Managerial Behaviors and Job Performance: A Successful Manager in Los Angeles May Not Succeed in Hong Kong.”Journal of International Business Studies, 22(1): 99-113.
Bigliardi, B., et al. 2011. “Balanced Scorecard for the Public Administration: Issues from A Case Study. ” International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences 2(5): 1-16.
Bigliardi, B.and E. Bottani.2010. “Implementing the Balanced Scorecard in the Mechanical Industry: Evidence from A Case Study.” International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 11(2):140-162.
Borges, Renata.2013.Are Public Officials Really Less Satisfied than Private Sector Workers? A Comparative Study in Brazil.RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública.47(6):1477-1496.
Borman, C. Walter, and S. M. Motowidlo .1993 . “Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance”. In N.Schmitt and W.C Borma(Eds).Personnel Selection in Organizations.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Brigham, E. F. & M. C. Ehrhardt.2002. Financial Management: Theory and Practice.Tenth Edition, Thomson.
Browne, W. Michael and Robert Cudeck. 1992. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.”Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2): 230-258.
Butterfield, Reginald, Christine Edwards, and Jean Woodall.2005. “The New Public Management and Managerial Roles: the Case of the Police Sergeant.” British Journal of Management,16(4): 329–341.
Campbell, J. P. 1990. “Modeling the Performance Prediction Problem in Industrial and Organizational Psychology.”In M.D Dunnette and L.M Hough(Eds.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology ,2, 687-732.
Campbell, J.P. 1977. On the Natural of Organizational Effectiveness. in P. S. Goodman and J. M. Pennings(Eds.), New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness.San Franciscos : Jossey-Bass.
Campbell, G. S., L. J Christian and C. Carter-Su .1993. “Evidence for Involvement of the Growth Hormone Receptor-Associated Tyrosine Kinase in Actions of Growth Hormone. ”Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(10):7427-7434.
Cambell, J.P., M.D. Dunnette , E.E. Lawler and K.E. Weick.1970.Managerial Behavior Performance and Effectiveness. New York:McGraw-Hill.
Cardozo, R. N. 1965. “An Experimental Study of Customer Effort, Expectation, and Satisfaction.” Journal of Marketing Research, 2(3):244-249.
Cascio , W.F.1991. Applied Psychology in Personnel Management. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Child, John.1974. “Managerial amd Organizational Factors Associated with Company Performance-PART I. ” Journal of Management Studies,11(3): 175–189.
Christina L. S. and V. D. Linn .2003. “Organizational Citizenship: A Comparison Between Part-Time and Full-Time Service Employees.”Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(1):33.
Churchill Jr, G. A. and C. Surprenant .1982. “An Investigation into the Determinants of Customer Satisfaction. ”Journal of Marketing Research,19(4):491-504.
Clarke, P. 1997. “The Balanced Scorecard. ”Countancy, 29(3):25-26.
Crompton, J. L. and N. A. Duray.1985. “An Investigation of the Relative Efficacy of Four Alternative Approaches to Importance-Performance Analysis. ”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 13(4): 69-80.
De Geuser, F., S. Mooraj and D. Oyon. 2009. “Does the Balanced Scorecard Add Value? Empirical Evidence on its Effect on Performance.”European Accounting Review, 18(1): 93–122.
Deming,W.E.1986.Out of Crisis.Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Center for Advanced Engineering Study,Cambridge Mass.
Dyball, M. C., L.Cummings and H.Yu.2011. “Adoption of the Concept of a Balanced Scorecard within NSW Health: An Exploration of Staff Attitudes. ” Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3) :335-361.
Epstein, M. J. and J. F. Manzoni .1997. The Balanced Scorecard and Tableau de Bord: a Global Perspective on Translating Strategy into Action. Fontainebleau: Insead.
Farneti, F.and J. Guthrie .2008. “Italian and Australian Local Governments: Balanced Scorecard Practices: A Research Note.” Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 12(1) :4-13.
Gary, A.G. Jeff and D. Roger.1996. “Who Needs Performance Management.” Management Accounting, 74(11) :20-25.
Gatewood R. D. and H. S. Field. 1998. Human Resource Selection.Taxas: The Dryden Press.
Gladstein, D. L. 1984. “Groups in Context: A Model of Task Group Effectiveness. ” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4): 499-517.
Gustavsson,Maria.2009.Studies in Continuing Education. Facilitating Expansive Learning in a Public Sector Organization.31(3):245-259.
Guzzo, R. A. and G. P. Shea .1992. “Group Performance and Inter group Relations in Organizations. In Dunnette.” M. D. and Hough, L. M., (Eds.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3: 269-313.
Hair, J., W. Black, B. Babin, R. Anderson and R. Tatham. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis(6th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, Matthew.2008.“The Effect of Comprehensive Performance Measurement Systems on Role Clarity, Psychological Empowerment and Managerial Performance.”Accounting Organizations and Society, 33(2): 141–163.
Hoque, Z., & Adams, C. 2011. “ The Rise and Use of Balanced Scorecard Measures in Australian Government Departments.” Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3):308-334.
Ibrahim, Mohamed E.1 ,Al Sejini, Sabri2 , Al Qassimi and Omaima Abdul Aziz3 .2004. “Job Satisfaction and Performance of Government Employees in UAE.”Journal of Management Research, 4(1):1-12.
Jaw, B. S., C. Y. P. Wang and Y. H. Chen .2006. “ Knowledge Flows and Performance of Multinational Subsidiaries:The Perspective of Human Capital.”Human Resource Management, 17(2):225-244.
Kane, V. E.1976. “Process Capability Indices.Journal of Quality Technology.” 18(1): 41-52.
Kaplan and Norton. 2000.The Strategy – Focused Organization. Boston Massachusetts : Harvard Business School Press.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1992. “The Balanced Scorecard Measures that Drive Performance.”Harvard Business Review. 70(1): 72-73.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1993. “Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work.” Harvard Business Review, 73(3):134-147.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996a . “Link the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. ” California Management Review. 53(1):53-79.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996b .The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Boston Massachusetts :Harvard Business School Press.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996c. “Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System.”Harvard Business Review, 85(7): 75-85.
Kast, F.E.1985. Organization and Management , New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kim, Sewon .2014.“Assessing the Influence of Managerial Coaching on Employee Outcomes.”Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(1): 59-85.
Lee, D. J., et al. 2013. A Development of Key Performance Indicators for the Public R&D of Energy Technology using Balanced Scorecard Approach. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science.
Lin, Q.-L., et al. 2013. “Integrating Hierarchical Balanced Scorecard with Fuzzy Linguistic for Evaluating Operating room Performance in Hospitals.” Expert Systems with Applications 40(6): 1917-1924.
Lippert, Robert, and Zoltan Gaál .2014 .“Management Approach Between Business Cluster Sucess and Soft Leader Characteristic.”Problems of Management in the 21st Century. 9(1):27-34.
Martilla, J. A., & James, J. C. 1977. “Importance-Performance Analysis. The Journal of Marketing.”41(1) : 77-79.
McCarthy, Alma,Cleveland, Jeanette N.,Hunter, Sam,Darcy, Colette,Grady and Geraldine.2013.Employee Work–Life Balance Outcomes in Ireland: A Multilevel Investigation of Supervisory Support and Perceived Organizational Support.International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(6), 1257-1276.
Oliver, R. L. 1996. “Varieties of Value in the Consumption Satisfaction Response.”Advances in Consumer Research, 23 : 143-147.
Olve Nils-Goran, Jan Roy, and Magnus Wetter .1998. Performance Drivers: A
Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Preston, Mark S.2008. “The Direct Effects of Field of Practice on Core Managerial Role Competencies: A Study Across Three Types of Public Sector Human Service Agencies. ”Administration in Social Work, 32(3): 63-83.
Reddin, W. J. 1970. Managerial Effectiveness. New York:Mcgraw-Hill.
Sampson, S. E., and M. J. Showalter. 1999. “The Performance-Importance Response Function: Observations and Implications,” Service Industries Journal, 19(3) : 1-25.
Sadler–Smith, Eugene, et al. 2003. “Managerial Behavior, Entrepreneurial Style, and Small Firm Performance.” Journal of small business management, 41(1): 47-67.
Seashore S.E. and Y. Ephraim.1967. “Factorial Analysis of Organizational Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(3) : 377-395.
Semadar Assaf, Garry Robins, and Gerald R. Ferris.2006. “Comparing the Validity of Multiple Social Effectiveness Constructs in the Prediction of Managerial Job Performance.”Journal of Organizational Behavior , 27(4): 443–461.
Siegel,L. and I.M. Lane.1982. Personnel and Organization Psychology. Homewood, Ill: R.D. Irwin.
Sloma, R.S. 1980. How to Measure Managerial Performance. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Su, Sophia,Baird, Kevin,Blair, Bill.2013.Employee Organizational Commitment in the Australian Public Sector.International Journal of Human Resource Management. 24 (2):243-264.
Szilagyi, A. D. and M. J. Wallance .1987. “Rganization Behavior and Individual and Organizations:The Cultural Match.”Training and Development Journal, 37 : 28-36.
Szilagyi, A.O.1981. Management and Performance. California:Goodyea.
Tatikonda, L. U. and R. J.Taikonda 1998. “We Need Dynamic Performance Measures.” Management Accounting , 80(3) : 49-52.
Tiffin, J.and , E.J. McCormick .1965. Industrial Psychology.(5th ed.)Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :Prentice-Hall.
Tim R.V. Davis .1996. “Developing an Employee Balanced Scorecard: Linking Frontline Performance to Corporate Objectives .”Management Decision, 34(4) : 14 – 18.
Thomas-Gregory, Annette .2014 . “Professional Identities of Middle Managers: A Case Study in the Faculty of Health and Social Care.”Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(5): 620-639.
Venkatraman, N. and V. Ramanunjam. 1986. “Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches.” Academy of Management Review, 11(4) : 801-814.
Wexley, K. N. and R. Klimoski1984. “Performance Appraisal: An Update. ”Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 2 : 35-79.
Woods, M.and S. Grubnic. 2008. “Linking Comprehensive Performance Assessment to the Balanced Scorecard: Evidence from Hertfordshire County Council. ”Financial Accountability & Management, 24(3) : 343-361.
Yee‐Ching Lilian Chan. 2004. “Performance Measurement and Adoption of Balanced Scorecards: A Survey of Municipal Governments in the USA and Canada. ”International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(3) : 204 – 221.
Zeithaml, V. A., A. Parasuramanand L. L. Berry .1990. Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations. New York:Simon and Schuster.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
公共行政研究所
100256003
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002560031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏良恭zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen, Liang Kungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 于佳弘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yu, Jia Horngen_US
dc.creator (作者) 于佳弘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu, Jia Horngen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2015 13:34:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2015 13:34:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2015 13:34:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1002560031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77260-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 公共行政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100256003zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 工作中,我們常常可以發現主管與員工對於工作上有著不同的看法,這些差異不僅會影響主管與員工之間的關係,同時也會對組織績效產生影響,為重視職務角色對於公司績效衡量認知差異的影響,並增加衡量指標的多元面向,本研究期藉由導入平衡計分卡的概念,兼顧組織績效評估的均衡性。爰此,以平衡計分卡之四項構面探討職務角色對於港務公司主觀績效指標之認知差異,輔以績效指標之重要性-滿意度分析,針對各構面的指標進行剖析。
本研究以臺灣港務公司高雄港務分公司員工為填答對象,依照人員資位進行抽樣,總計發出350份問卷,共回收290份問卷,有效回收率為83%。採用量化分析方式,以LISREL進行量表之驗證性因素分析,並採用T檢定、單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)與重要性-滿意度分析(IPA)驗證各研究假設。
根據實證分析結果,本研究獲致以下四項主要結論:(1)擔任主管員工於知覺績效指標重要性認知程度高於非主管員工;(2)擔任主管員工知覺實際實施表現感受之滿意度高於非主管員工;(3)知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有顯著相關;(4)不同職務角色知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有差異。
本研究提出管理建議如下:於組織面可朝向(1)暢通決策管道與資訊透明化、(2)促進交流與溝通的開放、(3)朝向創新與彈性的制度設計、(4)改進人事制度、(5)檢討績效考評制度及(6)鼓勵單位間的相互合作;於員工層面應關心員工的適應情形與人際互動,增進組織認同感。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In daily work,we can find that manager and staff have different opinion very often.This difference will not only affect the relationship between each other but also the working performance.To emphasis the different coginition of organizational performance evaluation by managerial role,and add the different dimention of performance indicators,this study use Balanced ScoreCard to make the organizational performance evaluation more balance.Therefore,the study will find out the coginition of state-owned enterprises perceived performance by managerial role in the perspective of BSC.Futhermore,we can through Importance- Performance Analysis to analysis the each dimension of BSC.
This study is a case from TIPC,Port of Kaohsiung , The participants of the present study were employees and managers chosen by position in the company.Send out 350 questionaries,and 290 is returned,the responded rates is 83%.Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to examine the construct validity of adopted measurement instruments and T-test,ANOVA,IPA was employed to test the hypotheses.
The main findings show that: (1) managers feel the performance indicators are more important than employees.(2) managers feel the performance indicators are more satisfied than employees.(3) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication are significant relevance.(4) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication will have different coginition by managerial role.
Finally,few practical recommendations were made : from organizational perspect (1)open the decision making procedure and imformation.(2) letting the communication and exchange more often.(3) institution rules toward more innovate and flexible (4) change the personnel institution.(5) reviw the performance appraisal.(6) encourage sectors work together; from employee perspect:care about new staffs’ adapt situation and relationship,raising their organizational commitment.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 II
ABSTRACT III
目次 IV
表目次 VI
圖目次 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍與名詞解釋 4
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 員工職務角色對績效的認知 7
第二節 組織績效之意涵與績效評估相關之理論 15
第三節 平衡計分卡之意涵 21
第四節 國內外有關平衡計分卡之研究 35
第五節 平衡計分卡績效指標彙整 45
第六節 建構臺灣港務公司高雄港務分公司績效指標 48
第七節 重要性與滿意度分析之意涵 52
第三章 研究設計 55
第一節 個案公司簡介 55
第二節 研究流程與假設 59
第三節 研究對象與調查方法 61
第四節 問卷設計與預試 61
第四章 研究分析結果與討論 77
第一節 樣本描述 77
第二節 平衡計分卡重要性與滿意度在樣本特徵的差異 79
第三節 平衡計分卡重要性和滿意度分析 93
第五章 結論與建議 101
第一節 研究發現 101
第二節 研究建議 112
參考文獻 118
(一)中文部分 118
(二)西文部分 121
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3856264 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002560031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國營事業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 職務角色zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平衡計分卡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主觀績效zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) state-owned enterprisesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) managerial roleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Balanced ScoreCarden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) perceived performanceen_US
dc.title (題名) 國營事業員工的職務角色與主觀績效認知之研究-以平衡計分卡績效指標為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Study on Managerial Roles and Perceived Performance for State-Owned Enterprises Employees: the Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard Performance Indicatorsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)中文部分
于詠泓 (譯),2002,Niven Paul R.原著,《平衡計分卡最佳實務》,臺北:商周出版社。
王金酩,2008,《組織文化、創新人格特質與自我調整學習對突破式創新績效之研究》,國立彰化師範大學商業教育學系碩士論文。
王惠蘭,2013,《組織學習、知識分享、組織認同與經營績效之關聯性研究-以公股銀行業為例》,國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所碩士論文。
朱道凱 (譯),1911,Robert S. Kaplan & David P. Norton原著,《平衡計分卡:資訊時代的策略工具》,臺北:臉譜文化。
吳安妮,2004,〈平衡計分卡在公務機關運用之探討〉,「行政機關績效管理暨績效獎金制度」學術研討會。
吳守從、方乃玉.,2004,〈遊客對都市公園休憩設施之重視度與滿意度研究〉,《中華運動休閒產業管理學會運動休閒管理學報》,1 (2):72-88。
吳定,2008,《公共政策》,臺北:五南出版。
吳明隆,2007,《SPSS 操作與應用: 問卷統計分析實務》。臺北:五南出版。
吳佳蓉,2003,《醫療機構中員工滿意度、離職傾向與經營績效間相關性之影響研究》,義守大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
吳詩韻,2008,《觀光旅館業人力資源管理績效評估之研究-以人力資源計分卡之觀點》,大仁科技大學休閒健康管理研究所碩士論文。
呂東閔,2009,《企業導入ERP對績效的影響—平衡計分卡之觀點》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
呂維哲,2009,《影響我國企業採用平衡計分卡管理之因素探討》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
李力昌、林淑卿,2006,〈動物園遊客對教育行銷策略認知之 IPA 分析-以台北市立動物園為例〉,《休閒暨觀光產業研究》,1( 1):55-64。
李興楨,2003,《交通部平衡計分卡應用之研究》,國立政治大學公共行政研究所 碩士論文。
於群如,2014,《以平衡計分卡的觀點探討資訊服務業之競爭優勢關鍵內涵》,朝陽科技大學企業管理系高階產業經營碩士在職專班論文。
於嘉玲,2001,《以平衡計分卡觀點探討公務機關績效評估制度--以僑務委員會為例》,淡江大學會計學系碩士論文。
林美華,2013,《我國公務機關推行平衡計分卡的成效與缺失-以中央健康保險局為例》,國立東華大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
林義學,2011,《社福類非營利組織運用平衡計分卡之研究》,中國文化大學社會福利學研究所碩士論文。
林麗鳳,2003,《多角化企業平衡計分卡應用之研究-以臺糖公司為例》,國立中山大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文。
邱異珍,2012,《運用平衡計分卡建構績效衡量指標之研究─以中部科學工業園區管理局為例》,中興大學高階經理人在職專班碩士論文。
侯俊彥,2003,《非營利組織中領導風格、內部行銷與組織績效關聯性之研究-以臺南縣社區為例》,長榮大學經營管理研究所碩士論文。
胡嘉琪,2012,《平衡計分卡制度對銀行業績效評估之研究-以C銀行為例》,開南大學商學院在職專班碩士論文。
柯三吉,1989,《公共政策:理論、方法與臺灣經驗》,臺北:時英。
范慧珍、李繼良,2006,〈經濟事務財團法人平衡計分卡架構之探討〉,《今日會計》,102:10。
郭進隆(譯),1994,Peter M. Senge原著,《第五項修練-學習型組織的藝術與實務》,臺北: 天下文化。
孫本初,2013,《新公共管理》,臺北:新保成。
高翠霜(譯),2000,Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P原著,《以平衡計分卡推動績效》,臺北:天下文化。
張孝武,2005,《內部行銷作為與情緒能力對服務態度與工作績效影響之研究-以軍用機場航行管制人員為例》,大葉大學國際企業管理學系在職專班碩士論文。
張瑩姿,2013,《運用平衡計分卡衡量國民小學教務單位績效-以桃園地區為例》,開南大學商學院在職專班碩士論文。
莊瑞琦,2003,《主管領導型態、員工人格特質與組織績效相關性之研究-以嘉義市政府為例》,國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
許士軍,2000,《走向創新時代的組織績效評估》,臺北:天下遠見。
陳正鏞,2013,《政府審計品質管理機制、工作滿意度與提升績效審計成果影響因素關聯性之探討》,逢甲大學會計學系碩士論文。
陳榮堂,2004,《知識管理系統在政府平衡計分卡績效制度之效能研究─以宜蘭縣政府為例》,世新大學資訊管理學研究所碩士論文。
陳進春、鄭百成、曾瑞譙,2008,〈重視度表現值分析法在發展教師教學效能上的應用〉,《測驗統計年刊》,16:85-92。
陳毅庭,2011,《員工職務層次、工作價值觀對工作績效之影響-以情緒智力為中介變數》,國立高雄應用科技大學商務經營研究所碩士論文。
陳慶安,2000,〈績效評估發展趨勢〉,《人力發展》,82:21-25。
陸文杰,2013,《以平衡計分卡建構臺東縣國民小學總務處績效指標之研究》,國立臺東大學資訊管理學系碩士論文。
游舒帆,2011,〈關鍵績效指標(KPI)到底是管理良方還是惡夢〉,網址:http://www.dotblogs.com.tw/jimmyyu/archive/2011/01/08/key-performance-indicators.aspx。
黃彤芳,2014,《國民小學總務處績效指標建構與實徵之研究》,國立東華大學教育行政與管理學系碩士論文。
黃益昌,2008,《企業實施平衡計分卡問題之研究》,東吳大學企業管理學所碩士論文。
黃培文,2004,《工作適性的組織、群體及職務層次對工作滿意、工作績效與工作轉換意圖的同時效果—以台灣旅館業餐飲部員工為例》,國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
黃燕華,2006,《從平衡計分卡觀點探討我國公務人力培訓機構績效指標之建立》,國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
曾孟嫺,2010,《臺北市國民小學組織創新氣氛與創新績效之研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育政策與行政研究所碩士論文。
楊永年,2005,《組織行為》,桃園:華泰文化。
楊好,2005,〈提高政府績效管理-從「平衡計分卡」績效考評制度談起〉,《人事月刊》,41(5):20-30。
楊秀汝,2011,《植基於平衡計分卡的獎金制度建構之研究-以臺灣自來水股份有限公司為例》,國立臺中科技大學企業管理系事業經營碩士班論文。
葛建欽、卓正欽,2008,《績效管理與發展:建構組織人力資本工具與應用》,臺北:雙葉書廊。
詹雅婷,2014,《平衡計分卡為基礎探討關鍵績效指標 -以某印前材料供應商為例》,國立中正大學會計與資訊科技研究所碩士論文。
臺灣港務股份有限公司官網,2014,網址http://www.twport.com.tw/chinese/。
臺灣港務股份有限公司高雄港務分公司官網,2014,http://kh.twport.com.tw/chinese/。
趙必孝,1994,《國際企業子公司的人力資源管理:策略,控制與績效》,國立中山大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
趙珍翌,2012,《以平衡計分卡觀點探討能源科技計畫績效指標之研究》,元智大學機械工程學系碩士論文。
劉明德(譯),1993,Edmudn R.Gray & Larry R. Smeltzer原著。《管理學競爭優勢》,臺北:桂冠圖書。
劉素蓮,2008,《以平衡計分卡觀點評估臺東郵局績效之研究》,國立臺東大學區域政策與發展研究所碩士論文。
戴輝煌,2006,《越洋航商在兩岸三地擇港因素與港口競爭力之評估》,國立交通大學交通運輸研究所博士論文。
薛舜宇,2010,《運用平衡計分卡建構策略管理-以某餐飲企業為例》,高雄餐旅大學餐旅管理研究所碩士論文。
廖鴻儒,2011,《從社會交換理論觀點探討組織信任、組織認同與人力資源績效之關係》,大葉大學人力資源暨公共關係學系碩士論文。
蘇元含,2002,《運用線性結構模式探討服務品質對顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度之影響-以中油加油站為例 》,國立東華大學企業管理學系未發表之碩士論文。
蘇義祥,1999,《中華電信專戶服務部門領導型態與工作績效關係之研究-服務人員特質及成熟度的調節作用》,國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
謝幼屏等著,2014,《臺灣港務公司之監督與公司治理績效評估研究》,臺北:交通部運輸研究所。
蕭文龍,2007,《多變量分析最佳入門實用書: SPSS+ LISREL (SEM) 》,臺北:碁峰資訊。
蕭建昀,2013,《價值觀、職涯導向對工作績效的影響-職務之調節效果》,國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系碩士論文。
(二)西文部分
Adams, C. A., et al. 2014. “Measurement of Sustainability Performance in the Public Sector. Sustainability Accounting,.”Management and Policy Journal 5(1): 46-67.
Bagozzi, P. Richard, and Youjae Yi .1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16(1): 74-94.
Black, J. Stewart and Lyman W. Porter. 1991. “Managerial Behaviors and Job Performance: A Successful Manager in Los Angeles May Not Succeed in Hong Kong.”Journal of International Business Studies, 22(1): 99-113.
Bigliardi, B., et al. 2011. “Balanced Scorecard for the Public Administration: Issues from A Case Study. ” International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences 2(5): 1-16.
Bigliardi, B.and E. Bottani.2010. “Implementing the Balanced Scorecard in the Mechanical Industry: Evidence from A Case Study.” International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 11(2):140-162.
Borges, Renata.2013.Are Public Officials Really Less Satisfied than Private Sector Workers? A Comparative Study in Brazil.RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública.47(6):1477-1496.
Borman, C. Walter, and S. M. Motowidlo .1993 . “Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance”. In N.Schmitt and W.C Borma(Eds).Personnel Selection in Organizations.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Brigham, E. F. & M. C. Ehrhardt.2002. Financial Management: Theory and Practice.Tenth Edition, Thomson.
Browne, W. Michael and Robert Cudeck. 1992. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.”Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2): 230-258.
Butterfield, Reginald, Christine Edwards, and Jean Woodall.2005. “The New Public Management and Managerial Roles: the Case of the Police Sergeant.” British Journal of Management,16(4): 329–341.
Campbell, J. P. 1990. “Modeling the Performance Prediction Problem in Industrial and Organizational Psychology.”In M.D Dunnette and L.M Hough(Eds.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology ,2, 687-732.
Campbell, J.P. 1977. On the Natural of Organizational Effectiveness. in P. S. Goodman and J. M. Pennings(Eds.), New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness.San Franciscos : Jossey-Bass.
Campbell, G. S., L. J Christian and C. Carter-Su .1993. “Evidence for Involvement of the Growth Hormone Receptor-Associated Tyrosine Kinase in Actions of Growth Hormone. ”Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(10):7427-7434.
Cambell, J.P., M.D. Dunnette , E.E. Lawler and K.E. Weick.1970.Managerial Behavior Performance and Effectiveness. New York:McGraw-Hill.
Cardozo, R. N. 1965. “An Experimental Study of Customer Effort, Expectation, and Satisfaction.” Journal of Marketing Research, 2(3):244-249.
Cascio , W.F.1991. Applied Psychology in Personnel Management. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Child, John.1974. “Managerial amd Organizational Factors Associated with Company Performance-PART I. ” Journal of Management Studies,11(3): 175–189.
Christina L. S. and V. D. Linn .2003. “Organizational Citizenship: A Comparison Between Part-Time and Full-Time Service Employees.”Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(1):33.
Churchill Jr, G. A. and C. Surprenant .1982. “An Investigation into the Determinants of Customer Satisfaction. ”Journal of Marketing Research,19(4):491-504.
Clarke, P. 1997. “The Balanced Scorecard. ”Countancy, 29(3):25-26.
Crompton, J. L. and N. A. Duray.1985. “An Investigation of the Relative Efficacy of Four Alternative Approaches to Importance-Performance Analysis. ”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 13(4): 69-80.
De Geuser, F., S. Mooraj and D. Oyon. 2009. “Does the Balanced Scorecard Add Value? Empirical Evidence on its Effect on Performance.”European Accounting Review, 18(1): 93–122.
Deming,W.E.1986.Out of Crisis.Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Center for Advanced Engineering Study,Cambridge Mass.
Dyball, M. C., L.Cummings and H.Yu.2011. “Adoption of the Concept of a Balanced Scorecard within NSW Health: An Exploration of Staff Attitudes. ” Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3) :335-361.
Epstein, M. J. and J. F. Manzoni .1997. The Balanced Scorecard and Tableau de Bord: a Global Perspective on Translating Strategy into Action. Fontainebleau: Insead.
Farneti, F.and J. Guthrie .2008. “Italian and Australian Local Governments: Balanced Scorecard Practices: A Research Note.” Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 12(1) :4-13.
Gary, A.G. Jeff and D. Roger.1996. “Who Needs Performance Management.” Management Accounting, 74(11) :20-25.
Gatewood R. D. and H. S. Field. 1998. Human Resource Selection.Taxas: The Dryden Press.
Gladstein, D. L. 1984. “Groups in Context: A Model of Task Group Effectiveness. ” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4): 499-517.
Gustavsson,Maria.2009.Studies in Continuing Education. Facilitating Expansive Learning in a Public Sector Organization.31(3):245-259.
Guzzo, R. A. and G. P. Shea .1992. “Group Performance and Inter group Relations in Organizations. In Dunnette.” M. D. and Hough, L. M., (Eds.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3: 269-313.
Hair, J., W. Black, B. Babin, R. Anderson and R. Tatham. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis(6th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, Matthew.2008.“The Effect of Comprehensive Performance Measurement Systems on Role Clarity, Psychological Empowerment and Managerial Performance.”Accounting Organizations and Society, 33(2): 141–163.
Hoque, Z., & Adams, C. 2011. “ The Rise and Use of Balanced Scorecard Measures in Australian Government Departments.” Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3):308-334.
Ibrahim, Mohamed E.1 ,Al Sejini, Sabri2 , Al Qassimi and Omaima Abdul Aziz3 .2004. “Job Satisfaction and Performance of Government Employees in UAE.”Journal of Management Research, 4(1):1-12.
Jaw, B. S., C. Y. P. Wang and Y. H. Chen .2006. “ Knowledge Flows and Performance of Multinational Subsidiaries:The Perspective of Human Capital.”Human Resource Management, 17(2):225-244.
Kane, V. E.1976. “Process Capability Indices.Journal of Quality Technology.” 18(1): 41-52.
Kaplan and Norton. 2000.The Strategy – Focused Organization. Boston Massachusetts : Harvard Business School Press.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1992. “The Balanced Scorecard Measures that Drive Performance.”Harvard Business Review. 70(1): 72-73.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1993. “Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work.” Harvard Business Review, 73(3):134-147.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996a . “Link the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. ” California Management Review. 53(1):53-79.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996b .The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Boston Massachusetts :Harvard Business School Press.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton. 1996c. “Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System.”Harvard Business Review, 85(7): 75-85.
Kast, F.E.1985. Organization and Management , New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kim, Sewon .2014.“Assessing the Influence of Managerial Coaching on Employee Outcomes.”Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(1): 59-85.
Lee, D. J., et al. 2013. A Development of Key Performance Indicators for the Public R&D of Energy Technology using Balanced Scorecard Approach. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science.
Lin, Q.-L., et al. 2013. “Integrating Hierarchical Balanced Scorecard with Fuzzy Linguistic for Evaluating Operating room Performance in Hospitals.” Expert Systems with Applications 40(6): 1917-1924.
Lippert, Robert, and Zoltan Gaál .2014 .“Management Approach Between Business Cluster Sucess and Soft Leader Characteristic.”Problems of Management in the 21st Century. 9(1):27-34.
Martilla, J. A., & James, J. C. 1977. “Importance-Performance Analysis. The Journal of Marketing.”41(1) : 77-79.
McCarthy, Alma,Cleveland, Jeanette N.,Hunter, Sam,Darcy, Colette,Grady and Geraldine.2013.Employee Work–Life Balance Outcomes in Ireland: A Multilevel Investigation of Supervisory Support and Perceived Organizational Support.International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(6), 1257-1276.
Oliver, R. L. 1996. “Varieties of Value in the Consumption Satisfaction Response.”Advances in Consumer Research, 23 : 143-147.
Olve Nils-Goran, Jan Roy, and Magnus Wetter .1998. Performance Drivers: A
Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Preston, Mark S.2008. “The Direct Effects of Field of Practice on Core Managerial Role Competencies: A Study Across Three Types of Public Sector Human Service Agencies. ”Administration in Social Work, 32(3): 63-83.
Reddin, W. J. 1970. Managerial Effectiveness. New York:Mcgraw-Hill.
Sampson, S. E., and M. J. Showalter. 1999. “The Performance-Importance Response Function: Observations and Implications,” Service Industries Journal, 19(3) : 1-25.
Sadler–Smith, Eugene, et al. 2003. “Managerial Behavior, Entrepreneurial Style, and Small Firm Performance.” Journal of small business management, 41(1): 47-67.
Seashore S.E. and Y. Ephraim.1967. “Factorial Analysis of Organizational Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(3) : 377-395.
Semadar Assaf, Garry Robins, and Gerald R. Ferris.2006. “Comparing the Validity of Multiple Social Effectiveness Constructs in the Prediction of Managerial Job Performance.”Journal of Organizational Behavior , 27(4): 443–461.
Siegel,L. and I.M. Lane.1982. Personnel and Organization Psychology. Homewood, Ill: R.D. Irwin.
Sloma, R.S. 1980. How to Measure Managerial Performance. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Su, Sophia,Baird, Kevin,Blair, Bill.2013.Employee Organizational Commitment in the Australian Public Sector.International Journal of Human Resource Management. 24 (2):243-264.
Szilagyi, A. D. and M. J. Wallance .1987. “Rganization Behavior and Individual and Organizations:The Cultural Match.”Training and Development Journal, 37 : 28-36.
Szilagyi, A.O.1981. Management and Performance. California:Goodyea.
Tatikonda, L. U. and R. J.Taikonda 1998. “We Need Dynamic Performance Measures.” Management Accounting , 80(3) : 49-52.
Tiffin, J.and , E.J. McCormick .1965. Industrial Psychology.(5th ed.)Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :Prentice-Hall.
Tim R.V. Davis .1996. “Developing an Employee Balanced Scorecard: Linking Frontline Performance to Corporate Objectives .”Management Decision, 34(4) : 14 – 18.
Thomas-Gregory, Annette .2014 . “Professional Identities of Middle Managers: A Case Study in the Faculty of Health and Social Care.”Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(5): 620-639.
Venkatraman, N. and V. Ramanunjam. 1986. “Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches.” Academy of Management Review, 11(4) : 801-814.
Wexley, K. N. and R. Klimoski1984. “Performance Appraisal: An Update. ”Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 2 : 35-79.
Woods, M.and S. Grubnic. 2008. “Linking Comprehensive Performance Assessment to the Balanced Scorecard: Evidence from Hertfordshire County Council. ”Financial Accountability & Management, 24(3) : 343-361.
Yee‐Ching Lilian Chan. 2004. “Performance Measurement and Adoption of Balanced Scorecards: A Survey of Municipal Governments in the USA and Canada. ”International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(3) : 204 – 221.
Zeithaml, V. A., A. Parasuramanand L. L. Berry .1990. Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations. New York:Simon and Schuster.
zh_TW