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題名 語言與思維:英文與中文母語者在表情符號使用上的差異
Does Language Shape Thought? English and Mandarin Speakers’ Usage of Emoticons as Non-Verbal Cues in Communication作者 陳怡廷
Tan, Yi Ting貢獻者 林玲遠<br>施琮仁
Lin, Ling Yuan<br>Shih, Tsung Jen
陳怡廷
Tan, Yi Ting關鍵詞 電腦中介傳播
跨文化
表情符號
語言
思維
computer-mediated communication
cross-culture
emoticons
language
thought日期 2015 上傳時間 24-Aug-2015 10:08:40 (UTC+8) 摘要 有關表情符號的跨文化分析,現有之研究皆以亞洲國家(例如日本或韓國)和美國做比較。然而此間差異不僅包含文化上的,也包含語言使用上的不同。如此一來,在了解影響人們使用表情符號的因素時,文化背景與語言的因素混雜一體,難以區辨各別影響狀況。本研究試著控制文化的因素,將文化背景具有一定相似性,但官方語言不同的新加坡和台灣做比較。結果顯示新加坡與台灣使用者確實表現出不同的表情符號使用偏好。前者傾向使用橫式表情符號,後者則以使用直式表情符號居多。形式的不同也導致使用者在組合表情符號的眼型與口型時呈現明顯差異。此外,語言背景也會影響一個人對表情符號的認識與解讀能力。本研究發現,此現象在新加坡的受試者身上較為顯著,他們在認識與解讀台灣使用者的常用表情符號時較容易出現障礙。最後,本論文也討論了研究結果的意義以及研究者對於未來研究的建議。
Existing literature on the cross-cultural use of emoticons often discuss how styles of emoticons vary by comparing countries such as Japan or Korea with the United States. However, these countries differ both in terms of their culture as well as the language used in the country. Thus, there remains a dilemma in distinguishing whether the effects of cultural background or language plays a greater role in determining the style of emoticons a person uses. This research explores this issue by comparing the use of emoticons between users from Singapore and Taiwan. Both countries have similar cultural background but differ in terms of their first language. By focusing on the difference of language and holding cultural background as a constant, results indicated that users from both countries do have a difference in preference for emoticons style. While the former predominantly use horizontal emoticons, the latter prefer vertical emoticons instead. Such difference has also resulted in different representation of the eyes and mouths of emoticons used by Singaporean and Taiwanese users. In addition, it has also been found that language background has an effect on a person’s ability to recognize and interpret emoticons used by natives from the other culture. This situation was more prominent among Singaporean participants as they were found to be less capable in recognizing and interpreting emoticons commonly used by their Taiwanese counterparts. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.參考文獻 Adams, A. (2013, February). Exploring Emoticons: A Bibliographic Essay on Nonverbals in Computer Mediated Communication and Research Perspectives. Paper presented at the 84th Western States Communication Association, Reno, NV. 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國立政治大學
廣播電視學研究所
102453019資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102453019 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林玲遠<br>施琮仁 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Ling Yuan<br>Shih, Tsung Jen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳怡廷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tan, Yi Ting en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳怡廷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tan, Yi Ting en_US dc.date (日期) 2015 en_US dc.date.accessioned 24-Aug-2015 10:08:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 24-Aug-2015 10:08:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 24-Aug-2015 10:08:40 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102453019 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77882 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 廣播電視學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102453019 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 有關表情符號的跨文化分析,現有之研究皆以亞洲國家(例如日本或韓國)和美國做比較。然而此間差異不僅包含文化上的,也包含語言使用上的不同。如此一來,在了解影響人們使用表情符號的因素時,文化背景與語言的因素混雜一體,難以區辨各別影響狀況。本研究試著控制文化的因素,將文化背景具有一定相似性,但官方語言不同的新加坡和台灣做比較。結果顯示新加坡與台灣使用者確實表現出不同的表情符號使用偏好。前者傾向使用橫式表情符號,後者則以使用直式表情符號居多。形式的不同也導致使用者在組合表情符號的眼型與口型時呈現明顯差異。此外,語言背景也會影響一個人對表情符號的認識與解讀能力。本研究發現,此現象在新加坡的受試者身上較為顯著,他們在認識與解讀台灣使用者的常用表情符號時較容易出現障礙。最後,本論文也討論了研究結果的意義以及研究者對於未來研究的建議。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Existing literature on the cross-cultural use of emoticons often discuss how styles of emoticons vary by comparing countries such as Japan or Korea with the United States. However, these countries differ both in terms of their culture as well as the language used in the country. Thus, there remains a dilemma in distinguishing whether the effects of cultural background or language plays a greater role in determining the style of emoticons a person uses. This research explores this issue by comparing the use of emoticons between users from Singapore and Taiwan. Both countries have similar cultural background but differ in terms of their first language. By focusing on the difference of language and holding cultural background as a constant, results indicated that users from both countries do have a difference in preference for emoticons style. While the former predominantly use horizontal emoticons, the latter prefer vertical emoticons instead. Such difference has also resulted in different representation of the eyes and mouths of emoticons used by Singaporean and Taiwanese users. In addition, it has also been found that language background has an effect on a person’s ability to recognize and interpret emoticons used by natives from the other culture. This situation was more prominent among Singaporean participants as they were found to be less capable in recognizing and interpreting emoticons commonly used by their Taiwanese counterparts. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Introduction…………………… 1About Singapore and Taiwan…………………… 5Location…………………… 5Size…………………… 5Population……………………… 5Culture…………………… 6Ethnic Groups…………………… 6Language…………………… 7Internet and Smartphone Penetration Rate…………………… 7Internet Use…………………… 8Summary…………………… 8Literature Review…………………… 10Defining Emoticons…………………… 10Horizontal style…………………… 10Vertical style…………………… 11Japanese style…………………… 11Korean style…………………… 11Chinese ideographic style…………………… 12Graphic icons…………………… 12Differences between Emoticons and Emoji…………………… 12Role of Emoticons in Computer-Mediated Communication…………………… 13Emoticons function to affect interactions positively…………………… 14Emoticons function to influence message meanings…………………… 15Emoticons function to manage impressions…………………… 15Emoticons function to regulate interaction…………………… 16Culture and Emoticons…………………… 16Factors shaping the style of emoticons…………………… 17Display rules…………………… 17Hofstede’s dimensions of culture…………………… 18Two different styles of emoticons…………………… 19Language and Emoticons…………………… 22Space and time in English…………………… 24Space and time in Mandarin Chinese…………………… 25Effects of Language Structure on Interpretation…………………… 29Methodology…………………… 31Pilot Study…………………… 31Survey Questionnaire…………………… 33Sample…………………… 34Measures…………………… 34Usage rate…………………… 34Emoticons style…………………… 35Use of emoticons……………………… 37Frequency of emoticons use…………………… 37Commonly used language…………………… 37Proficiency in English…………………… 37Proficiency in Mandarin Chinese…………………… 38Focus Group Discussions…………………… 39Study population…………………… 39Description of focus groups…………………… 40Focus group questions…………………… 40Data analysis…………………… 41Results……………………… 44Habits and Attitude…………………… 50Exposure to Characters and Accessibility to Emoticons…………………… 53Discussion…………………… 58Emoticons Style…………………… 58Eyes and Mouths of Emoticons…………………… 60Number of keyboard characters…………………… 61External influences…………………… 61Variants…………………… 63The Importance of Context…………………… 65Social Cognitive Theory to Explain Behavior…………………… 66The Effects of Language on Everyday Life…………………… 68Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research…………………… 69Conclusion…………………… 72References…………………… 74Appendices…………………… 85Appendix A – Survey on Emoticons (Pilot Test)…………………… 85Appendix B – 表情符號問卷調查(前測)…………………… 86Appendix C – Survey on Emoticons (Actual Questionnaire)…………………… 87Appendix D – 表情符號問卷調查(正式問卷)…………………… 93Appendix E – Survey on Emotions…………………… 100Appendix F – 情緒問卷調查…………………… 102Appendix G – Focus Group Discussion Consent Form…………………… 104Appendix H – 焦點團體訪談同意書…………………… 105Appendix I – Questions for Focus Groups…………………… 106Appendix J – Results from Focus Groups…………………… 107Appendix K – Table 8. Number of Emoticons Used for Each of the Six Universal Emotions among Singaporean Users…………………… 116Appendix L – Table 9. Number of Emoticons Used for Each of the Six Universal Emotions among Taiwanese Users…………………… 118 List of FiguresFigure 1. Different Emoticon Usage by Countries…………………… 23Figure 2. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of Front and Back Terms in English…………………… 25Figure 3. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of 前 (Front) and 後 (Back) in Mandarin and their English Translations…………………… 26Figure 4. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of 上 (Up) and下 (Down) in Mandarin and their English Translations…………………… 27Figure 5. Average Usage Rate of Horizontal and Vertical Emoticons per User for All 12 Situations…………………… 44Figure 6. A Built-In List of Emoticons Found on the Chinese Keyboard but Noton the English Keyboard on Apple’s iPhone…………………… 55Figure 7. Japanese Manga “Oishinbo” and American Comic “Peanuts”…………………… 63Figure 8. Anime Characters with a Sweat Drop and Angry Veins…………………… 65 List of TablesTable 1. Two Different Styles of Emoticons: Horizontal (Popular in Western Countries) and Vertical (Popular in Eastern Countries)…………………… 20Table 2. Preliminary Results Showing the Bivariate Relationship between Variables…………………… 39Table 3. Results of t-test on Emoticons Style (Horizontal and Vertical) by Country…………………… 45Table 4. Design of Eyes in Emoticons Used by Singaporean and Taiwanese Users…………………… 48Table 5. Design of Mouths in Emoticons Used by Singaporean and Taiwanese Users…………………… 48Table 6. Factors to Predict the Type of Emoticons Style…………………… 57Table 7. Results of t-test on Language Proficiency by Country…………………… 57 zh_TW dc.format.extent 10175923 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102453019 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電腦中介傳播 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨文化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 表情符號 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 思維 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) computer-mediated communication en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) cross-culture en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) emoticons en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) language en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) thought en_US dc.title (題名) 語言與思維:英文與中文母語者在表情符號使用上的差異 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Does Language Shape Thought? English and Mandarin Speakers’ Usage of Emoticons as Non-Verbal Cues in Communication en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adams, A. (2013, February). Exploring Emoticons: A Bibliographic Essay on Nonverbals in Computer Mediated Communication and Research Perspectives. 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