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題名 數位熱浪來襲－亞馬遜公司個案研究
The Upcoming Digital Heatwave － The Case Study of Amazon.com
作者 吳莉珍
Wu, Li Chen
貢獻者 馮建三
Feng, Chien San
吳莉珍
Wu, Li Chen
關鍵詞 亞馬遜
生態系統
科技創新
Kindle
Amazon
Ecosystem
Technology Innovation
Kindle
日期 2014
上傳時間 1-Oct-2015 14:10:06 (UTC+8)
摘要 美國亞馬遜公司以零售業起家，發展至今許多服務產品領導技術，已然被歸類為科技創新公司。本研究由亞馬遜公司的發展歷史、各項產品、服務內容、競爭對象等角度切入，進而探討其在發展過程形成的產品生態系統與產業生態系統，以及面臨的困境。
Kindle（電子閱讀器，後來也發展出平板電腦版本）的推出可以說是亞馬遜公司在數位產業中的重要產品，連結了其強大零售網絡與數位科技內容，例如數位影音，對於未來發展方向的扮演重要角色，也在此特別加以闡述說明。
本研究同時也對於亞馬遜與其他科技創新公司，例如蘋果、谷歌、微軟等，彼此之間既競爭又合作的關係進行分析與比較，期能對於這個既熟悉又陌生的國際品牌得以進一步了解。
Amazon was once best known by its e-commerce and was indexed in category of retail sale in many stastistcs study. However in recent year development, Amazon is groupped in Technology Innovation category as well.
The objective of thi thesis is mainly to provide an overview on the development of Amazon through introducing to all about its company history, essential products, services and important competitors. Furthermore, the thesis would like to look into its product ecosystem and industry ecosystem that are formed because the new developed products and competition, as well as the trouble it is facing or will encounter in the future.
Among the products, Kindle, an E-reading device and later in tablet version as well, is one of the most import products in Amazon history. Kindle, serves as the channel between Amazon’s biggest and strongest E-commerce networks and modern digital technology products, such as streaming music and videos, it plays an significant role and worths a chapter to elaborate.
The thesis also examines the relationships between Amazon’s main competitors, like Apple, Google and Microsoft. The relationships can be described as cooperative and competitive at the same time. A chapter on this topic should be very interesting and hope by doing so we can know more about this global company that almost every body in Taiwan knows but does not understand it well enough.
參考文獻 （一）、 中文資料
1. <亞馬遜「無人機」下單30分鐘貨到：限重2.3公斤，2年後上路>（2013年12月3日）。《蘋果日報》。取自http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20131203/35480742/
2. <美政府「稅」網絡零售商，亞馬遜不介意小電商反抗> (2013年4月2日)。《人民網》。取自http://media.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0402/c40606-20993955.html
3. <賈伯斯看走眼、閱讀不死！iPad vs Kindle: 蘋果與亞馬遜的對決> (2012年12月21日)，《中國經濟網》。
4. <電玩大廠命運大不同，PS4最受矚目> （2013年10月2日）。《自由時報》。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/business/breakingnews/878212
5. <《華盛頓郵報》：要做媒體界Uber> （2015年6月29日）。《數位時代》。取自http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/36639
6. Kindle 介紹 (2012)。取自2012年2月17日, http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%87%91%E8%AE%80
7. Linli （2013年10月21日）。，《科技新報》。取自http://technews.tw/2013/10/21/googles-stock-topped-1000/
8. Linli （2015年4月15日）。，《科技新報》。取自http://technews.tw/2015/04/15/here-is-googles-internal-response-to-the-imminent-e-u-charges/
9. West, Ping (2015年3月21日)。<亞馬遜拿到許可證了，無人機大膽飛吧>，《科技新報》。取自http://technews.tw/2015/03/21/amazon-prime-air/
10. 林妍溱（2014年4月22日）。<微軟宣布：本週五完成收購Nokia手機業務> ，《iThome》，取自http://www.ithome.com.tw/news/86994
11. 陳曉莉（2013年11月15日）。<美國法院判決 Google Books 未侵犯版權>，《iThome 》電腦版。 取自http://www.ithome.com.tw/itadm/article.php?c=83772。
12. 彭安琪（2013年4月19日）。<傳統零售商不轉型將走上死路！看美國Wal-Mart 如何逆境重生>，《科技報橘》 。取自 http://techorange.com/2013/04/19/big-data-walmart/
13. 黃友玲（2011）。《數位閱讀浪潮之探究----以iPad為例A study of the wave of digital reading--iPad》。國立政治大學碩士論文。
14. 劉永華（2003）。《電子商務的演化與網路公司的運作模式──以產業組織的角度分析》。國立中央大學碩士論文。
15. 劉孟華譯(2000)。《亞馬遜 Amazon.com：傑夫．貝佐斯和他的天下第一店》，台北：遠流。(原書 Robert, Spector [2000]. Amazon.com : get big fast. New York : HarperBusiness)
16. 劉翰謙（2013年8月8日）。<進軍美術品銷售，亞馬遜Amazon Art線上市集開張>，《數位時代》。取自 http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/28860
17. 藍弋丰（2014年8月4日）。<「亞馬遜王國」與Netflix龍爭虎鬥，也牽動出版大戰結局>，《科技新報》，取自http://technews.tw/2014/08/04/amzon-vs-netflix/
18. 藍弋丰（2015年1月20日）。，《科技新報》。取自http://technews.tw/2015/01/20/amazon-lures-woody-allen-to-write-direct-new-tv-series/#more-70222
19. 蘇侯彰（2000）。《網際網路歷史的政經分析：美國與台灣經驗》。國立交通大學碩士論文。
20. 蘇鑰機（1992)。<從生態學觀點探討傳媒的共棲和雜交現象>，朱立，陳韜文(編)，《傳播與社會發展》，頁149-163。香港︰香港中文大學新聞與傳播學系
（二）、 西文資料
1. 2011 Top 100 Retailers (2011). National Retail Federation, Washintong DC, USA. Retrieved on Feburary 17,2012, from http://www.stores.org/2011/Top-100-Retailers
2. 2014 The World’s Most Valuable Brands (2015). Forbes. Retrieved on Feburary 25, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/
3. A.E.S. (2013, August 26). Is Netflix killing cable television? The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/08/economist-explains-17
4. A.E.S. (2014, Jan 10). The smart sets: Television at the Consumer Electronics. The Economist, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1476632573?accountid=10067
5. Amazon Art, Retrieved on September 10, 2013, from http://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=6685269011
6. Amazon AWS Service (2013). Retrieved on September 10, 2013, from http://aws.amazon.com/cn/what-is-cloud-computing/#top
7. Amazon Self-publishing Service (2013). Retrieved on September 10, 2013. Retrieved from https://kdp.amazon.com/self-publishing/help?topicId=A3R2IZDC42DJW6
8. Amazon: Lifting the bonnet (2006). The Economist, 2006, October, 381, p88.
9. Amazon.com Annual Reports and Proxies (2013). Retreived on September 10, 2013, from www.amazon.com
10. Amazon.com Company Facts (2014). Retrieved from www.amazon.com
11. Amazon.com, History and Timeline, 2014 (2015). Retrieved on Feburary 25, 2015, from www.amazon.com
12. Amazon.com, Timeline Q3, 2013
13. Amazon.com: Click to download (2006). The Economist, 2006, 380, p60.
14. Amazon’s Affiliate Program, Retrieved on September 10, 2013, from https://affiliate-program.amazon.com/
15. Bezos, Jeffery (2013, August 5). To the Employees of The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-05/national/41085669_1_washington-post-courage-hometown-paper
16. Bowers, Simon（2015, May 23). Amazon to begin paying corporation tax on UK retail sales, The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/23/amazon-to-begin-paying-corporation-tax-on-uk-retail-sales
17. Brandt, Richard L (2011). One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com (pp.8-9). New York, NY: Penguin.
18. Byers, Ann (2007). Jeff Bezos: the Founder of Amazon.com. New York, NY: the Rosen Publishing Group.
19. Cardinal, Daivid (2012, September 25). Tech Deathmatch: Amazon vs. Apple vs. Google vs. Microsoft. ITProportal. Retrieved from http://www.itproportal.com/2012/09/25/tech-deathmatch-amazon-vs-apple-vs-google-vs-microsoft/
20. Clifford, Stephanie and Bosman, Julie (2012, May 2). Target, Unhappy With Being an Amazon Showroom, Will Stop Selling Kindles. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/03/business/after-warning-amazon-about-sales-tactics-target-will-stop-selling-kindles.html
21. Clifford, Stephanie and Bosman, Julie (2012, September 20). Wal-Mart Is Deleting the Kindle From Stores, The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/business/wal-mart-stores-dropping-amazon-kindle-tablets-and-e-readers.html?_r=0
22. Curran, James (2012). “Chapter 1, Reinterpreting the Internet”, Misunderstanding the Internet (pp3-33). New York, NY: Routledge.
23. Curran, James (2012). “Chapter 2, Reinterpreting Internet History”, Misunderstanding the Internet (pp34-65). New York, NY: Routledge.
24. De Agonia, Michael; Gralla, Preston and Raphael, JR (2013, August 2). Battle of the media ecosystems: Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft. Computer World. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/article/2483616/personal-technology/battle-of-the-media-ecosystems--amazon--apple--google-and-microsoft.html
25. Electronic lending and public libraries (2013, March 23). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/international/21573966-e-books-mean-plot-twist-public-libraries-and-publishers-folding-shelves
26. Evans, Benedict (2014, September 4). Why Amazon Has No Profits (And Why It Works). Retrieved from http://ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2014/9/4/why-amazon-has-no-profits-and-why-it-works?curator=MediaREDEF
27. Folding shelves: Google Books Wins Case Against Authors Over Putting Works Online (2013, November 14). The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/google-books-wins-case-authors-online
28. Hansen, Morten T.; Ibarra, Herminia & Peyer, Urs (2013, January). The Best-Performing CEOs in the World. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved on January 9, 2014, from http://hbr.org/2013/01/the-best-performing-ceos-in-the-world/ar/1.
29. Hülsen, Isabell (2015, February 20). News Lab: Jeff Bezos Takes Washington Post into Digital Future, Spiegel Online International, Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/jeff-bezos-takes-washington-post-into-digital-future-a-1015425.html
30. Internet retailing: Tax in cyberspace; (2013, May 04). The Economist, 407, 64. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/business/21577071-online-retailers-may-soon-have-collect-sales-tax-amazon-oddly-gloating-tax
31. Isaac, Mike (2014, December 2). Amazon’s Jeff Bezos Explains Why He Bought The Washington Post, The New York Times, Retrieved from http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/amazons-bezos-explains-why-he-bought-the-washington-post/
32. Kary, Tiffany & Sandler, Linda (2011, Feburary 16). Borders Files Bankruptcy, Is Closing Up to 275 Stores, Bloomber Business. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-02-16/borders-book-chain-files-for-bankruptcy-protection-with-1-29-billion-debt
33. Levy, Steven (2011, November). Jeff Bezos Owns the web in More Ways Than You Think, Wired. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2011/11/ff_bezos/
34. Levy, Steven (2012, June 20). CEO of the Web, Wired.
35. Moreover: Amateurs on amazon (1999, August 26). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/324352
36. Murphy, Kevin (2012, June 19). Further Proof That e-book in Fact, Do Cost Money to Produce, Melville House. Retrieved from http://www.mhpbooks.com/further-proof-that-e-books-in-fact-do-cost-money-to-produce/
37. Quittner, Joshua (1999). Person of the Year: An Eye on the Future. Time, DECEMBER 27 VOL. 154 NO. 25, 1999.
38. Rich, Motoko (2010, February 28). Math of Publishing Meets the E-Book. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/01/business/media/01ebooks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
39. Russell, Mallory A., Advertisers Aren’t Spending Too Much On Online Video. They’re Investing in Growth. (2013, September 16). Visible Measures. Retrieved from http://www.visiblemeasures.com/2013/09/16/advertisers-arent-spending-too-much-on-online-video-theyre-investing-in-growth/
40. Scally, Robert D (2012). Jeff Bezos: Founder of amazon and the Kindle. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.
41. Smith, Geoffrey (2015, May 26). Amazon is going to pay more tax in Europe, Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/3895925/amazon-tax-europe/
42. Spector, Robert (2002). Amazon.com: Get Big Fast (p.231). New York, NY: Harper Business.
43. Streitefld, David & Haughney, Christine (2013, August 17). Expecting the Unexpected from Jeff Bezos. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/business/expecting-the-unexpected-from-jeff-bezos.html?_r=0
44. Subscriber slowdown hits Netflix (2012, October 23). Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/845d0a98-1d5c-11e2-abeb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3f372MWrn
45. Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. and Peers, Martin (2012, January 6). Barnes & Nobel Seeks Next Chapter, Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577142481239801336
46. TV Everywhere: The Travel Channels (2013, July 20). The Economist, Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/business/21582024-pay-television-executives-hope-hang-customers-letting-them-watch-shows-their
47. Waugh, Rob (2012, January 19). Before they ruled the internet: ‘Ancient home pages for Amazon. Google and ‘the Facebook’ show how much web giants have changed. Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2088445/The-worlds-browsing-prehistory-The-home-page-Amazons-1994-home-page-TheFacebook-Google-things-changed.htmlWeb browsing. (1997, March 29). The Economist, 342, 71-72.
48. Which States Make You Pay an Amazon Sales Tax (2014, October 1). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/states-that-make-amazon-pay-sales-taxes-1412185657
49. Winston, B (1998). Media technology and society: A history: From the telegraph to internet. New York, NY: Routledge.
50. Worstall, Tim (2014, September 7). The Internal Economics Of Amazon`s No Profits Growth Model, Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2014/09/07/the-internal-economics-of-amazons-no-profits-growth-model/
51. Yarow, Jay (2013, February 13). How Much Money Amazon is making from the Kindle, Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-how-much-money-amazon-is-making-from-the-kindle-2013-2?IR=T
（三）、 網站資料
1. Amazon亞馬遜公司，網址 www.amazon.com
2. Google 谷歌公司，網址 www.google.com
3. Apple 蘋果公司，網址 www.apple.com
4. Microsoft微軟公司，網址 www.microsoft.com
5. CSI Market，網址 www.csimarket.com
6. Wikipedia維基百科，網址http://en.wikipedia.org
7. NASDAQ美國納斯達克證券交易指數，網址http://www.nasdaq.com
8. YCHARTS財經資料庫，網址www.ycharts.com
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院碩士在職專班
98941001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098941001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 馮建三zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Feng, Chien Sanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳莉珍zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Li Chenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳莉珍zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Li Chenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2014en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Oct-2015 14:10:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Oct-2015 14:10:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Oct-2015 14:10:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098941001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/78715-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 傳播學院碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98941001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 美國亞馬遜公司以零售業起家，發展至今許多服務產品領導技術，已然被歸類為科技創新公司。本研究由亞馬遜公司的發展歷史、各項產品、服務內容、競爭對象等角度切入，進而探討其在發展過程形成的產品生態系統與產業生態系統，以及面臨的困境。
Kindle（電子閱讀器，後來也發展出平板電腦版本）的推出可以說是亞馬遜公司在數位產業中的重要產品，連結了其強大零售網絡與數位科技內容，例如數位影音，對於未來發展方向的扮演重要角色，也在此特別加以闡述說明。
本研究同時也對於亞馬遜與其他科技創新公司，例如蘋果、谷歌、微軟等，彼此之間既競爭又合作的關係進行分析與比較，期能對於這個既熟悉又陌生的國際品牌得以進一步了解。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Amazon was once best known by its e-commerce and was indexed in category of retail sale in many stastistcs study. However in recent year development, Amazon is groupped in Technology Innovation category as well.
The objective of thi thesis is mainly to provide an overview on the development of Amazon through introducing to all about its company history, essential products, services and important competitors. Furthermore, the thesis would like to look into its product ecosystem and industry ecosystem that are formed because the new developed products and competition, as well as the trouble it is facing or will encounter in the future.
Among the products, Kindle, an E-reading device and later in tablet version as well, is one of the most import products in Amazon history. Kindle, serves as the channel between Amazon’s biggest and strongest E-commerce networks and modern digital technology products, such as streaming music and videos, it plays an significant role and worths a chapter to elaborate.
The thesis also examines the relationships between Amazon’s main competitors, like Apple, Google and Microsoft. The relationships can be described as cooperative and competitive at the same time. A chapter on this topic should be very interesting and hope by doing so we can know more about this global company that almost every body in Taiwan knows but does not understand it well enough.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 7
（一）、 研究背景與動機 7
（二）、 研究問題 10
（三）、 研究架構 11
第二章 亞馬遜公司簡史 13
（一）、 故事的開始 13
（二）、 貝佐斯這個人 24
（三）、 從網路書店到零售商 30
（四）、 小結 31
第三章 亞馬遜的主要產品 33
（一）、 One-Click 一鍵下單 33
（二）、 Negative Customer Review 讀者負評 34
（三）、 Look Inside 線上試讀 35
（四）、 Prime 會員制度 36
（五）、 Amazon Publishing 亞馬遜出版 37
（六）、 AWS,Amazon Web Service雲端運算服務 39
（七）、 Associate Program partner 聯盟合作夥伴 40
（八）、 其他讀者的選書參考 41
（九）、 Kindle電子閱讀器 43
第四章 亞馬遜的主要競爭對手 51
（一）、 傳統書店 51
（二）、 連鎖書店Borders/Barnes & Noble 52
（三）、 零售業Wal-mart 連鎖超市 53
（四）、 四大科技公司 54
（五）、 小結 60
第五章 亞馬遜的困境 63
（一）、 線上影音的對手 63
（二）、 E-Lending與E-Library的問題 64
（三）、 美國國內營業免稅及英國／歐盟避稅問題 65
（四）、 小結 68
第六章 結論與建議 69
（一）、 四大科技公司生態系統 69
（二）、 Kindle 的生態系統 72
（三）、 四大科技公司營收比較 75
（四）、 小結 77
（五）、 研究限制 78
附錄 80
1. 亞馬遜公司與相關產業重要事件對照一覽表，1994-2013 80
2. 亞馬遜、蘋果、谷歌與微軟公司營收比例表（百萬美元，2014） 81
參考書目 83
（一）、 中文資料 83
（二）、 西文資料 85
（三）、 網站資料 90
 
圖次

圖2-1 Fluid Concepts & Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought，亞馬遜網路書店賣出的第一本書 13
圖2-2亞馬遜網路書店的第一個「網頁」 14
圖2-3亞馬遜（媒體、電子與大眾消費、其他）營收圖（2003-2014） 21
圖2-4亞馬遜營收(1998-2015.2) 22
圖2-5亞馬遜營收成長率(2005-2015.2) 22
圖2-6亞馬遜邊際利潤率(1998-2014) 23
圖2-7亞馬遜股價(1998-2015.2) 23
圖2-8 貝佐斯時代雜誌「1999年風雲人物」 25
圖2-9華盛頓郵報2013年8月6日頭版 28
圖3-1亞馬遜結帳時「一鍵下單」的功能 33
圖3-2這是名著「傲慢與偏見」（Pride and Prejudice）在亞馬遜網站上的讀者評價，有5顆星的滿意意見，也有1顆星的負面評價 34
圖3-3亞馬遜線上試讀的功能 35
圖3-4由「Look Inside」延伸「Search Inside」的線上搜尋功能 36
圖3-5亞馬遜的會員服務 36
圖3-6亞馬遜的雲端服務 40
圖3-7亞馬遜的聯盟合作夥伴計畫 41
圖3-8除了讀者星級評價的統計數字之外，往下繼續看還有顯示只有1、2顆星的讀者評價 42
圖3-9與你購買同一本書的讀者也同時購買的其他書籍書單 43
圖5-1 亞馬遜公司在美國50州需要繳交消費稅之分佈圖 66
圖5-2亞馬遜物流中心 67
圖6-1 -1創新科技公司生態系統 71
圖6-1 -2創新科技公司生態系統 72
圖6-2 Kindle的生態系統 73
圖6-3亞馬遜Kindle 生態系統的獲利表. 74
圖6-4 2014蘋果產品營收比例 75
圖6-5 2014亞馬遜產品營收比例 76
圖6-6 2014谷歌產品營收比例 76
圖6-7 2014微軟產品營收比例 77

 
表次

表2-1蘋果、亞馬遜、谷歌、微軟富比士各項排名情形及股價 16
表2-2亞馬遜公司大事紀 19
表2-3亞馬遜年度營收一覽表 20
表2-4亞馬遜商品分類 31
表3-1 製作一本書的成本與經濟效益 39
表3-2 主要電子閱讀器出產時間一覽表 44
表3-3 Kindle規格一覽表 46
表3-4 Kindle 各時期的產品 49
表4-1蘋果、亞馬遜、谷歌，以及微軟基本資料 60
表6-1蘋果、亞馬遜、谷歌、微軟2007與2012之產品發展變化 70
 		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 13724754 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098941001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 亞馬遜zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生態系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 科技創新zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kindlezh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Amazonen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ecosystemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Technology Innovationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kindleen_US
dc.title (題名) 數位熱浪來襲－亞馬遜公司個案研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Upcoming Digital Heatwave － The Case Study of Amazon.comen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一）、 中文資料
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（三）、 網站資料
1. Amazon亞馬遜公司，網址 www.amazon.com
2. Google 谷歌公司，網址 www.google.com
3. Apple 蘋果公司，網址 www.apple.com
4. Microsoft微軟公司，網址 www.microsoft.com
5. CSI Market，網址 www.csimarket.com
6. Wikipedia維基百科，網址http://en.wikipedia.org
7. NASDAQ美國納斯達克證券交易指數，網址http://www.nasdaq.com
8. YCHARTS財經資料庫，網址www.ycharts.com		zh_TW