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題名 以色列對美國公眾外交政策：納坦雅胡政府時期案例研究(2009-2013)
The Israeli Public Diplomacy Policy toward the United States of America: A Case Study of the Netanyahu Period (2009-2013)
作者 張維軒
Chang, Wei Hsuan
貢獻者 黃奎博
Huang, Kwei Bo
張維軒
Chang, Wei Hsuan
關鍵詞 公眾外交
以色列
美國
新媒體
族裔外交
遊說
Public Diplomacy
Israel
The United States of America
New Media
Diaspora Diplomacy
Lobbying
日期 2015
上傳時間 1-Mar-2016 10:53:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 公眾外交在世界各地逐漸受到重視，本文試圖藉由研究以色列這個強敵環伺下的國家對其盟國美國的公眾外交政策，觀察這兩個同盟國家之間的軟實力外交關係。

本文從以色列對美國公眾外交的歷史實踐中證明，美國對以色列友好的原因除了硬實力外，公眾外交等軟實力因素也有重要影響力。其次，本文認為影響以色列對美國之外交策略的內外要素主要包含衝突、宗教、民主和政府態度等要素。最後，本文介紹納坦雅胡（Benjamin Netanyahu）政府時期，以色列對美國的兩大公共外交利基：「新媒體」和「族裔外交」，分別以「點對點外交」及「美國以色列公眾事務委員會」（the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, AIPAC）的機會與阻礙作為主軸。
Public Diplomacy’s value is gradually increasing around the world. This thesis focuses on Israel and its Public Diplomacy policy toward its ally, the United States of America, in order to observe the soft power diplomatic relationship between the two.

This thesis proves that besides Hard Power, Soft Power is also a crucial factor that improves the relations between Israel and the U.S. Also, this thesis states that “conflicts,” “religion,” “democracy,” and “the attitude of domestic leaderships” are the main factors that influence Israel’s diplomatic strategy toward the U.S. Finally, by describing “the Peer-to Peer Diplomacy,” and “the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC),” this thesis introduces the two main “Niches” in Israel’s Public Diplomacy Policy towards the U.S.: “New Media,” and “Diaspora Diplomacy.”
參考文獻 一、中文部份

（一）專書

卜正珉，公眾外交：軟性國力—理論與策略（台北：允晨文化，2009）。
卜正珉，公眾外交之概念探討與應用-各國經驗對台灣的啟示（臺北：行政院新聞局94年度研究報告彙編，2005）。
王倩，以色列對美國的公共外交研究（武漢：華中師範大學，2013）。
以色列新聞資料中心，以色列的昨日與今日（台北：基督教以琳書房，2010）。
陳志奇，巴勒斯坦人建國權利之研究（台北，黎明文化事業公司，1983）。
陳翼均，聯合國在巴勒斯坦問題中的角色研究（1947-2010）（台北：淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所，2011）。
趙可金，公共外交的理論與實踐（上海：上海辭書出版社，2007）。

（二）期刊

田文林，以色列安全戰略及其缺陷，現代國際關係，第4期（2011），頁53-58。
朱張碧珠，九零年代以巴關係之分析，政治科學論叢，第十一期，
（1999），頁127-143。
余瓊瑤，利益團體遊說手法探析——以「以色列人公共事務委員會」(AIPAC) 運作情形為例，復興崗學報，第97期，（2010），頁159-177。
林碧炤，台灣的非傳統外交，戰略安全研析，第10期（2006），頁7-15。
楊陽，美國猶太人與以色列關係的轉變，阿拉伯世界研究，第5期
（2012），頁31-44。
趙建明，美國猶太組織與歐巴馬政府對伊朗的政策，美國研究，第1期
（2011），頁45-68。

（三）網路資料

周意岷，以色列工黨對美公共外交（1948-1977年），（2012），http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2012-12/25/content_27510715.htm.
（檢索日期：2015.2.2）
聯合國安全理事會，第1929號決議，（2010），http://www.un.org/zh/sc/documents/resolutions/2010/s1929.htm.
（檢索日期：2015.2.5）


二、西文部份

（一）專書

Bátora, Jozef, Public Diplomacy of Small and Medium-Sized States: Norway and Canada Compared, (Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 2005).
Chomsky, Noam, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (London: Pluto Press, 1982).
Chen, Mi Lan, Mapping Humanitarian Diplomacy in Small and Medium Size States: Niche Cases in Public Diplomacy (Taipei: National Chenchi University, 2014).
Cull, Nicholas, Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, (Los Angeles: University of Sothern California, 2009).
Findley, Paul, They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2003).
Gilboa, Eytan, American Public Opinion toward Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. (New York: Free Press, 1987).
Griffin, Hanna, Public Diplomacy, Nation Branding, and the State of Brand Israel (Washington, DC: Aneriacan University, 2013).
Holbraad, Carsten, Middle Powers in International Politics (London:
Macmillan, 1984).
Kong, Fanying, American Jews’ Influence on U.S-Israeli Foreign Policies, (Tianjin: Tianjin Normal University, 2013).
Kozer, Davida, Israel’s Hasbarah War: Learning in Israeli Public Diplomacy, (Haifa: University of Haifa, 2010).
Manheim, Jarol, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: the Evolution of Influence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., the Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007).
Melissen, Jan, the New Public Diplomacy-Soft Power in International Relations, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
Shinar, Dov, A Study on Israeli Public Diplomacy, (Haifa: The Samuel Neaman Institute, 2010).
Shivi Greenfield, Israeli Hasbara : Myths and Facts (Jerusalem: Molad, 2012).
Spitzer, Maya, the Other Pro-Israel Lobby : The Mearsheimer and Walt Controversy and the Rise of J-Street (Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, 2013).
Tuch, Hans, Communicating with the world: US public diplomacy overseas (London: Macmillan, 1990).
Waltz, Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, (Long Grove: Waveland
Press, 2010).

（二）期刊
Attias, Shay, “Israel’s New Peer-to-Peer Diplomacy” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol.7, No.4, (2012): 473–482.
Berrigan, Frida, “Made in the USA: American Military Aid to Israel,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Spring 2009): 6-21.
Cashman, Greer Fay, “PR Chief: Don’t Use the Word Hasbara,” Jerusalem Post, Vol. 22, (January 2004).
Chapnick, Adam, “the Middle Power,” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, (1999): 73–82.
Entman, Robert, “Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: the US Case,” The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2008): 87–102.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Media-Broker Diplomacy: When Journalists Become Mediators,” Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 22, No. 2, (2005): 99–120.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel’s Foreign Policy,” Israel Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 4, (2006): 715–747.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Obama and Israel: A Preliminary Assessment,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 3, No.5, (2009): 51–58.
Gilboa, Eytan, and Shai, Nachman, “Rebuilding Public Diplomacy : the Case of Israel,” Trials of Engagement: the Future of US Public Diplomacy, (2011): 33–54..
Henrikson, Alan, “Niche Diplomacy in the World Public Arena: The Global ‘Corners’ of Canada and Norway,” The New Public Diplomacy, (2005): 6–89.
the Israel Knesset, “Abba Eban to the Knesset,” Divrei HaKnesset, Vol. 68, (1973): 4863-4864.
Keohane, Robert, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in Internatinal Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 23, No.2, (1969): 291–310.
Lieberman, Robert C., “The ‘Israel lobby’ and American politics,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol.7, No.2, (2009): 235–257.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., “Is It Love or the Lobby? Explaining America’s Special Relationship with Israel,” Security Studies, Vol.18, No.1,
(2009): 58–78.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., “The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy,” Middle East Policy, Vol.13 No.3, (2006): 29–87.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M.,”The blind man and the elephant in the room: Robert Lieberman and the Israel Lobby,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, (2009): 259–273.
Nye, Joseph S., “Public diplomacy and soft power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.616, No. 1, (2008): 94–109.
Roy, Sarah, “Reflections on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in U.S. Public Discourse: Legitimizing Dissent,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2010).
Spiegel, Steven, “the American - Israeli Relationship : Past and Future,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol.11, (2008): 15–27.


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Admon, David (2010). “The Case for Hasbara,” http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-case-for-hasbara-1.262533.（檢索日期：2015.2.13）
AIPAC (2015). “AIPAC and Congress,” http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications/Policy and Politics/Source Materials/Congressional Action/2012/AIPACAndCongress.pdf. （檢索日期：2015.3.9）
AIPAC (2015). “AIPAC Publications,” http://www.aipac.org/learn/resources/aipac-publications. （檢索日期：2015.3.12）
AIPAC (2009). “AIPAC” “FAQs: The Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act,”http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications/Policy and Politics/AIPAC Analyses/Issue Memos/2009/12/FAQs_IRPSA_December.pdf.（檢索日期：2015.3.8）
AIPAC (2015). “Campus Training Opportunities,” http://www.aipac.org/connect/students/campus-training-opportunities.（檢索日期：2015.3.13）
AIPAC (2015). “How We Work,” http://www.aipac.org/about/how-we-work.（檢索日期：2015.3.9）
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AIPAC (2009). “Our Mission,” http://www.aipac.org/about/mission.（檢索日期：2015.3.9）
AIPAC (2015). “What We’ve Accomplished,” http://www.aipac.org/about/what-weve-accomplished.（檢索日期：2015.3.9）
Augustine, Grace, and Vannette, David (2009). “Branding Israel,” www.globalens.com/DocFiles/PDF/cases/inspection/GL1428725I.pdf.（檢索日期：2015.3.5）
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Block, Josh (2010). “AIPAC Applauds Toughest Iran Sanctions Ever Proposed,” http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications-old/Policy and Politics/Press/AIPAC Statements/2010/AIPAC_Applauds_finished_Iran_bill_6-21-10.pdf.（檢索日期：2015.3.8）
C-Span (2010). “Senators Graham Schumer Remarks AIPAC Annual,” http://www.c-span.org/video/?292643-5/senators-graham-schumer-remarks-aipac-annual-policy-conference.（檢索日期：2015.3.8）
ComScore (2011). ”It’s a Social World: Top 10 Need-to-Knows About Social Networking and Where It’s Headed,” http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2011/it_is_a_social_world_top_10_need-to-knows_about_social_networking.（檢索日期：2015.2.18）
Diamond, Jeremy (2014). “J Street Challenges the Israel Lobby From Within,” http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/24/politics/j-street-israel-lobby/.（檢索日期：2015.3.15）
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
101253023
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1012530231
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃奎博zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Kwei Boen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張維軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Wei Hsuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張維軒zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Wei Hsuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2016 10:53:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2016 10:53:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2016 10:53:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1012530231en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/81587-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101253023zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 公眾外交在世界各地逐漸受到重視，本文試圖藉由研究以色列這個強敵環伺下的國家對其盟國美國的公眾外交政策，觀察這兩個同盟國家之間的軟實力外交關係。

本文從以色列對美國公眾外交的歷史實踐中證明，美國對以色列友好的原因除了硬實力外，公眾外交等軟實力因素也有重要影響力。其次，本文認為影響以色列對美國之外交策略的內外要素主要包含衝突、宗教、民主和政府態度等要素。最後，本文介紹納坦雅胡（Benjamin Netanyahu）政府時期，以色列對美國的兩大公共外交利基：「新媒體」和「族裔外交」，分別以「點對點外交」及「美國以色列公眾事務委員會」（the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, AIPAC）的機會與阻礙作為主軸。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Public Diplomacy’s value is gradually increasing around the world. This thesis focuses on Israel and its Public Diplomacy policy toward its ally, the United States of America, in order to observe the soft power diplomatic relationship between the two.

This thesis proves that besides Hard Power, Soft Power is also a crucial factor that improves the relations between Israel and the U.S. Also, this thesis states that “conflicts,” “religion,” “democracy,” and “the attitude of domestic leaderships” are the main factors that influence Israel’s diplomatic strategy toward the U.S. Finally, by describing “the Peer-to Peer Diplomacy,” and “the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC),” this thesis introduces the two main “Niches” in Israel’s Public Diplomacy Policy towards the U.S.: “New Media,” and “Diaspora Diplomacy.”		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 8
第ㄧ節、研究背景、動機、問題與目的 8
第二節、文獻檢閱 12
第三節、研究方法與分析架構 20
第四節、研究範圍與研究限制 23

第二章、以色列對美國公眾外交的歷史實踐 25
第一節、公眾外交 25
第二節、以色列公眾外交之特性 30
第三節、納坦雅胡政府之前的以色列對美國公眾外交政策 40

第三章、以色列官方在美國的「新媒體公眾外交」2009-2013） 57
第一節、背景 57
第二節、開始改變的以色列官方公眾外交 61
第三節、以色列政府的新公眾外交政策：「點對點外交」 65
第四節、以色列官方對社群媒體的使用 73
第五節、小結 83

第四章、以色列在美國族裔外交（2009-2013） 87
第一節、美國以色列公眾事務委員會（AIPAC） 87
第二節、從2010年通過的對伊朗制裁法案看AIPAC的運作 99
第三節、族裔外交的機會與障礙 112

第五章、結論 136
第一節、研究發現與反思 136
第二節、未盡之處與未來研究方向 143

參考文獻 145		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1974119 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1012530231en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公眾外交zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 以色列zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族裔外交zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 遊說zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Public Diplomacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Israelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) The United States of Americaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) New Mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diaspora Diplomacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lobbyingen_US
dc.title (題名) 以色列對美國公眾外交政策：納坦雅胡政府時期案例研究(2009-2013)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Israeli Public Diplomacy Policy toward the United States of America: A Case Study of the Netanyahu Period (2009-2013)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部份

（一）專書

卜正珉，公眾外交：軟性國力—理論與策略（台北：允晨文化，2009）。
卜正珉，公眾外交之概念探討與應用-各國經驗對台灣的啟示（臺北：行政院新聞局94年度研究報告彙編，2005）。
王倩，以色列對美國的公共外交研究（武漢：華中師範大學，2013）。
以色列新聞資料中心，以色列的昨日與今日（台北：基督教以琳書房，2010）。
陳志奇，巴勒斯坦人建國權利之研究（台北，黎明文化事業公司，1983）。
陳翼均，聯合國在巴勒斯坦問題中的角色研究（1947-2010）（台北：淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所，2011）。
趙可金，公共外交的理論與實踐（上海：上海辭書出版社，2007）。

（二）期刊

田文林，以色列安全戰略及其缺陷，現代國際關係，第4期（2011），頁53-58。
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（1999），頁127-143。
余瓊瑤，利益團體遊說手法探析——以「以色列人公共事務委員會」(AIPAC) 運作情形為例，復興崗學報，第97期，（2010），頁159-177。
林碧炤，台灣的非傳統外交，戰略安全研析，第10期（2006），頁7-15。
楊陽，美國猶太人與以色列關係的轉變，阿拉伯世界研究，第5期
（2012），頁31-44。
趙建明，美國猶太組織與歐巴馬政府對伊朗的政策，美國研究，第1期
（2011），頁45-68。

（三）網路資料

周意岷，以色列工黨對美公共外交（1948-1977年），（2012），http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2012-12/25/content_27510715.htm.
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（檢索日期：2015.2.5）


二、西文部份

（一）專書

Bátora, Jozef, Public Diplomacy of Small and Medium-Sized States: Norway and Canada Compared, (Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 2005).
Chomsky, Noam, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (London: Pluto Press, 1982).
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Cull, Nicholas, Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, (Los Angeles: University of Sothern California, 2009).
Findley, Paul, They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2003).
Gilboa, Eytan, American Public Opinion toward Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. (New York: Free Press, 1987).
Griffin, Hanna, Public Diplomacy, Nation Branding, and the State of Brand Israel (Washington, DC: Aneriacan University, 2013).
Holbraad, Carsten, Middle Powers in International Politics (London:
Macmillan, 1984).
Kong, Fanying, American Jews’ Influence on U.S-Israeli Foreign Policies, (Tianjin: Tianjin Normal University, 2013).
Kozer, Davida, Israel’s Hasbarah War: Learning in Israeli Public Diplomacy, (Haifa: University of Haifa, 2010).
Manheim, Jarol, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: the Evolution of Influence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., the Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007).
Melissen, Jan, the New Public Diplomacy-Soft Power in International Relations, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
Shinar, Dov, A Study on Israeli Public Diplomacy, (Haifa: The Samuel Neaman Institute, 2010).
Shivi Greenfield, Israeli Hasbara : Myths and Facts (Jerusalem: Molad, 2012).
Spitzer, Maya, the Other Pro-Israel Lobby : The Mearsheimer and Walt Controversy and the Rise of J-Street (Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, 2013).
Tuch, Hans, Communicating with the world: US public diplomacy overseas (London: Macmillan, 1990).
Waltz, Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, (Long Grove: Waveland
Press, 2010).

（二）期刊
Attias, Shay, “Israel’s New Peer-to-Peer Diplomacy” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol.7, No.4, (2012): 473–482.
Berrigan, Frida, “Made in the USA: American Military Aid to Israel,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Spring 2009): 6-21.
Cashman, Greer Fay, “PR Chief: Don’t Use the Word Hasbara,” Jerusalem Post, Vol. 22, (January 2004).
Chapnick, Adam, “the Middle Power,” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, (1999): 73–82.
Entman, Robert, “Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: the US Case,” The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2008): 87–102.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Media-Broker Diplomacy: When Journalists Become Mediators,” Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 22, No. 2, (2005): 99–120.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel’s Foreign Policy,” Israel Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 4, (2006): 715–747.
Gilboa, Eytan, “Obama and Israel: A Preliminary Assessment,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 3, No.5, (2009): 51–58.
Gilboa, Eytan, and Shai, Nachman, “Rebuilding Public Diplomacy : the Case of Israel,” Trials of Engagement: the Future of US Public Diplomacy, (2011): 33–54..
Henrikson, Alan, “Niche Diplomacy in the World Public Arena: The Global ‘Corners’ of Canada and Norway,” The New Public Diplomacy, (2005): 6–89.
the Israel Knesset, “Abba Eban to the Knesset,” Divrei HaKnesset, Vol. 68, (1973): 4863-4864.
Keohane, Robert, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in Internatinal Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 23, No.2, (1969): 291–310.
Lieberman, Robert C., “The ‘Israel lobby’ and American politics,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol.7, No.2, (2009): 235–257.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., “Is It Love or the Lobby? Explaining America’s Special Relationship with Israel,” Security Studies, Vol.18, No.1,
(2009): 58–78.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M., “The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy,” Middle East Policy, Vol.13 No.3, (2006): 29–87.
Mearsheimer, John J., and Walt, Steven M.,”The blind man and the elephant in the room: Robert Lieberman and the Israel Lobby,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, (2009): 259–273.
Nye, Joseph S., “Public diplomacy and soft power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.616, No. 1, (2008): 94–109.
Roy, Sarah, “Reflections on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in U.S. Public Discourse: Legitimizing Dissent,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2010).
Spiegel, Steven, “the American - Israeli Relationship : Past and Future,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol.11, (2008): 15–27.


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