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題名 時貌標記「著」在漢語動詞時貌分類體系中的句法語意表現
A Syntax-semantic Analysis of Aspect Marker ZHE in Aspectual Classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs
作者 厲亞敏
貢獻者 賴惠玲
厲亞敏
關鍵詞 「著」
漢語
時貌
句法
語意
日期 2016
上傳時間 1-Apr-2016 10:38:22 (UTC+8)
摘要 漢語中的「著」是一個使用廣泛的時貌標記詞，對它的語意識解依託于整個漢語動詞時貌分類體系，該體系隨著Peck、Lin & Sun（2013）的研究所做的調整日趨精確與完善，與此相關的各種語言事實也應該得到新的描述與解釋。
因此，本文藉助語料庫豐富的真實語料，通過量化分析與質化分析，並在參考各種已有理論與學說的基礎上，對語料的時貌、「著」的分佈進行概括和描述，發掘導致語言事實的原因，還原影響的過程，預測普遍的規律。
本文認為漢語中決定時貌的基礎與根本是動詞的時貌類型，對於時貌標記「著」而言，未完成性與持續性是它能夠與狀態、活動、短促、開放量度動詞搭配的原因，同時，由於語言內部的互動與關聯，句子的每個成分與句子的整體句式都以不同程度和方式影響時貌，本文也做了詳細的分析和討論。
Zhe plays a significant role in aspectual classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs as an aspect marker. After Peck, Lin & Sun (2013) introduced Scale as an aspectual attribute into the classification; it brings us new perspectives and knowledge. Moreover, new interpretations of aspect and performance of Zhe are needed.
We base our study on corpus. Corpus with its abundant data provides us a more efficient and scientific way to do research. We describe performance of aspect and its marker Zhe on the basis of our observation and previous theories. We also explore the reasons and rules behind language facts.
Our research shows that Zhe usually co-occur with four verb’s categories: state, activity, semelfactive and open-scale verbs, due to its imperfectivity and durativity. For influence from sentence elements, the thesis also provides analysis and conclusion.
參考文獻 陳平（1988）。論現代漢語時間系統的三元結構。中國語文，第6期，頁401-422.
戴耀晶（1997）。現代漢語時體系統研究。杭州：浙江教育出版社。
范芳蓮（1963）。存在句。中國語文，第5期，頁386-395.
黃昌寧、李涓子（2002）。語料庫語言學。北京：商務印書館。
劉寧生（1985）。動詞的語義範疇：「動作」與「狀態」。漢語學習，第1期，頁16-19.
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡（2001）。實用現代漢語語法（增訂本）。北京：商務印書館。
聶文龍（1989）。存在和存在句的分類。中國語文，第2期，頁95-104.
潘海華（1997）。詞彙映射理論在漢語詞彙語法中的應用。現代外語，第4期，頁1-16.
稅昌錫（2011）。事件過程與存現構式中「了」和「著」。語言科學，第3期，頁231-245.
宋玉柱（1995）。語法論稿。北京：北京語言學院出版社。
楊惠中（2002）。語料庫語言學導論。上海：上海出版社。
姚蘭（2010）。語料庫之發展沿革與漢語語料庫之興起。華文世界，第106期，頁4-19.
朱德熙（1982）。語法講義。北京：商務印書館。



Beavers, John. 2008. Scalar complexity and the structure of events. Event Structures in Linguistics Form and Interpretation, ed. by Johannes D lling, Tatjana HeydeZybatow & Martin Sch fer, 245-265. Berlin & New York: Water de Gruyter.
Chan, Marjorie K. M. 1980. Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese: an analytical-semantic approach to the study of the morphemes LE, ZAI, ZHE and NE. Journals of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 15 (3):33-79.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dowty, David R. 1979. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Hay, Jennifer, Christopher Kennedy, and Beth Levin. 1999. Scalar structure underlies telicity in “degree achievement”. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistics Theory (SALT) IX, ed. by Tanya Matthews & Devon Strolovitch, 127-144. Ithaca: CLC Publications, Cornell University.
Henne, Henry, Ole Bjorn Rongen & Lars. Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Her, One-Soon. 1990. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii dissertation.
Hwang, Hui-hua & Tai, James H.-Y. 2014. Temporal Sequence Structure and the Aspect Marker -Zhe in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 42 (1): 39-54.
Kearns, Kate. 2000. Semantics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kennedy, Christopher, and Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure and the semantic typology of gradable predicate. Language 81.2: 345-381.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2012. The composition of incremental change. Telicity, Change, and State: A Cross-categorial View of Event Struture, ed. by Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally, 103-121. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume I. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A. 1981. Mandarin Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Dejin and Cheng Meizhen. 1988. A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners. Beijing: Sinalingua.
Ma, Jing-heng. 1985. A study of the mandarin suffix ZHE. JCLTA 20.3: 23-50.
Peck, Jeeyoung, Lin, Jingxia, & Sun, Chaofen. 2013. Aspectual Classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs: A Perspective of Scale Structure. Language and Linguistics 14.4:663-700.
Olsen, Mari Broman. 1994. The semantics and pragmatics of lexical aspect features. Studies in the Linguistics Science 24. 1-2: 361-375.
Radden, Günter, and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English grammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect (2nd edition). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Tai, James H. –Y. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese : Vendler’s four categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics, ed. by David Testen, Veena Mishra & Joseph Drogo, 289-296. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Talmy, Leonard. 1996. Fictive Motion in Language and “Ception”. In Language and Space, ed. by Paul Bloom, Mary Peterson, Lynn Nadel & Merrill Garrett,211-276. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1979. Progressive aspect in Chinese. Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages. 11:1-12.
Tiee, Henry Hung-Yeh. 1986. A Reference Grammar of Chinese Sentences. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka. 2008. Lexicalized meaning and the internal temporal structure of events. Theoretical and Crosslinguistic Approaches to the Semantics of Aspect, ed. by Susan Rothstein, 13-42. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. 2010. Reflections on manner/result complementarity. Lexical Semantics, Syntax, and Event Structure, ed. by Malka Rappaport Hovav, Edit Doron & Ivy Sichel, 21-38. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Verbs and times. Linguistics in Philosophy, 97-121. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Verkuyl, Henk J. 1989. Aspectual classes and aspectual composition. Linguistics and Philosophy 12. 1:39-94.
Xiao, Richard, & Tony McEnery. 2004. Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-Based Study. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Yeh, Meng. 1993. The Stative Situation and the Imperfective Zhe in Mandarin. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association ⅩⅩⅧ.1: 69-98.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
102555013
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1025550131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 厲亞敏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 厲亞敏zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2016 10:38:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Apr-2016 10:38:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2016 10:38:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1025550131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/83523-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102555013zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 漢語中的「著」是一個使用廣泛的時貌標記詞，對它的語意識解依託于整個漢語動詞時貌分類體系，該體系隨著Peck、Lin & Sun（2013）的研究所做的調整日趨精確與完善，與此相關的各種語言事實也應該得到新的描述與解釋。
因此，本文藉助語料庫豐富的真實語料，通過量化分析與質化分析，並在參考各種已有理論與學說的基礎上，對語料的時貌、「著」的分佈進行概括和描述，發掘導致語言事實的原因，還原影響的過程，預測普遍的規律。
本文認為漢語中決定時貌的基礎與根本是動詞的時貌類型，對於時貌標記「著」而言，未完成性與持續性是它能夠與狀態、活動、短促、開放量度動詞搭配的原因，同時，由於語言內部的互動與關聯，句子的每個成分與句子的整體句式都以不同程度和方式影響時貌，本文也做了詳細的分析和討論。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Zhe plays a significant role in aspectual classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs as an aspect marker. After Peck, Lin & Sun (2013) introduced Scale as an aspectual attribute into the classification; it brings us new perspectives and knowledge. Moreover, new interpretations of aspect and performance of Zhe are needed.
We base our study on corpus. Corpus with its abundant data provides us a more efficient and scientific way to do research. We describe performance of aspect and its marker Zhe on the basis of our observation and previous theories. We also explore the reasons and rules behind language facts.
Our research shows that Zhe usually co-occur with four verb’s categories: state, activity, semelfactive and open-scale verbs, due to its imperfectivity and durativity. For influence from sentence elements, the thesis also provides analysis and conclusion.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機與目的 1
1.2研究問題與語料來源 9
1.3論文架構 9
第二章 文獻回顧 11
2.1時貌分類體系研究 11
2.1.1 Vendler體系12
2.1.1.1 Vendler（1967）12
2.1.1.2 Comrie (1976) 14
2.1.1.3 Tai (1984) 15
2.1.1.4陳平（1988）16
2.1.1.5 Smith（1997）17
2.1.1.6 Xiao & McEnery (2004) 18
2.1.2「量度」概念的提出和發展 20
2.1.2.1 Hay、Kennedy & Levin (1999) 21
2.1.2.2 Rappaport Hovav & Levin (2010) 22
2.1.2.3 Peck、Lin & Sun (2013) 22
2.1.3小結 24
2.2時貌標記「著」的研究 25
2.2.1 Smith (1991,1997) 26
2.2.2 Yeh (1993) 27
2.2.3 Xiao & McEnery (2004) 29
2.2.4 Hwang & Tai (2014) 30
2.2.5小結 31
第三章 研究方法 33
3.1以語料庫為本的研究方法 33
3.1.1語料庫研究方法 33
3.1.2研究流程設計 34
3.2語料來源 34
3.3語料收集、抽樣和編碼 35
3.4分析方法 37
3.4.1量化分析 37
3.4.2質化分析 37
3.5小結 37
第四章 分析和討論 38
4.1目標動詞 38
4.1.1概述 38
4.1.2狀態動詞、活動動詞 40
4.1.3短促動詞 43
4.1.4開放量度動詞 45
4.1.5小結 45
4.2句子成分 46
4.2.1主語和謂語 46
4.2.1.1語料中的主謂分析 46
4.2.1.2小結 54
4.2.2謂語 55
4.2.2.1目標動詞和其他動詞 55
4.2.2.2小結 65
4.2.3狀語 66
4.2.3.1狀語概述 66
4.2.3.2語料中的狀語分析 67
4.2.3.3小結 70
4.2.4賓語 71
4.2.4.1賓語概述 71
4.2.4.2語料中的賓語分析74
4.2.4.3小結 76
4.2.5補語 76
4.2.5.1補語概述 76
4.2.5.2語料中的補語分析 81
4.2.5.3小結 83
4.2.6定語 84
4.3其他因素 85
4.3.1其他時貌標記 85
4.3.2特殊句式 86
4.3.3小結 88
4.4研究結果總概 88
第五章 結論和建議 90
5.1 研究結果 90
5.1.1目標動詞 90
5.1.2其他動詞 92
5.1.3句子成分 93
5.1.4處所倒裝句 94
5.2研究貢獻和限制 95
5.2.1研究貢獻 95
5.2.2研究限制 95
5.3未來研究方向 96
5.4結語 97
參考文獻 98		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2347297 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1025550131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 「著」zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 漢語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時貌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 句法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語意zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 時貌標記「著」在漢語動詞時貌分類體系中的句法語意表現zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Syntax-semantic Analysis of Aspect Marker ZHE in Aspectual Classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳平（1988）。論現代漢語時間系統的三元結構。中國語文，第6期，頁401-422.
戴耀晶（1997）。現代漢語時體系統研究。杭州：浙江教育出版社。
范芳蓮（1963）。存在句。中國語文，第5期，頁386-395.
黃昌寧、李涓子（2002）。語料庫語言學。北京：商務印書館。
劉寧生（1985）。動詞的語義範疇：「動作」與「狀態」。漢語學習，第1期，頁16-19.
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡（2001）。實用現代漢語語法（增訂本）。北京：商務印書館。
聶文龍（1989）。存在和存在句的分類。中國語文，第2期，頁95-104.
潘海華（1997）。詞彙映射理論在漢語詞彙語法中的應用。現代外語，第4期，頁1-16.
稅昌錫（2011）。事件過程與存現構式中「了」和「著」。語言科學，第3期，頁231-245.
宋玉柱（1995）。語法論稿。北京：北京語言學院出版社。
楊惠中（2002）。語料庫語言學導論。上海：上海出版社。
姚蘭（2010）。語料庫之發展沿革與漢語語料庫之興起。華文世界，第106期，頁4-19.
朱德熙（1982）。語法講義。北京：商務印書館。



Beavers, John. 2008. Scalar complexity and the structure of events. Event Structures in Linguistics Form and Interpretation, ed. by Johannes D lling, Tatjana HeydeZybatow & Martin Sch fer, 245-265. Berlin & New York: Water de Gruyter.
Chan, Marjorie K. M. 1980. Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese: an analytical-semantic approach to the study of the morphemes LE, ZAI, ZHE and NE. Journals of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 15 (3):33-79.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dowty, David R. 1979. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Hay, Jennifer, Christopher Kennedy, and Beth Levin. 1999. Scalar structure underlies telicity in “degree achievement”. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistics Theory (SALT) IX, ed. by Tanya Matthews & Devon Strolovitch, 127-144. Ithaca: CLC Publications, Cornell University.
Henne, Henry, Ole Bjorn Rongen & Lars. Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Her, One-Soon. 1990. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii dissertation.
Hwang, Hui-hua & Tai, James H.-Y. 2014. Temporal Sequence Structure and the Aspect Marker -Zhe in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 42 (1): 39-54.
Kearns, Kate. 2000. Semantics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kennedy, Christopher, and Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure and the semantic typology of gradable predicate. Language 81.2: 345-381.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2012. The composition of incremental change. Telicity, Change, and State: A Cross-categorial View of Event Struture, ed. by Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally, 103-121. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume I. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A. 1981. Mandarin Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Dejin and Cheng Meizhen. 1988. A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners. Beijing: Sinalingua.
Ma, Jing-heng. 1985. A study of the mandarin suffix ZHE. JCLTA 20.3: 23-50.
Peck, Jeeyoung, Lin, Jingxia, & Sun, Chaofen. 2013. Aspectual Classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs: A Perspective of Scale Structure. Language and Linguistics 14.4:663-700.
Olsen, Mari Broman. 1994. The semantics and pragmatics of lexical aspect features. Studies in the Linguistics Science 24. 1-2: 361-375.
Radden, Günter, and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English grammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect (2nd edition). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Tai, James H. –Y. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese : Vendler’s four categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics, ed. by David Testen, Veena Mishra & Joseph Drogo, 289-296. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Talmy, Leonard. 1996. Fictive Motion in Language and “Ception”. In Language and Space, ed. by Paul Bloom, Mary Peterson, Lynn Nadel & Merrill Garrett,211-276. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1979. Progressive aspect in Chinese. Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages. 11:1-12.
Tiee, Henry Hung-Yeh. 1986. A Reference Grammar of Chinese Sentences. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka. 2008. Lexicalized meaning and the internal temporal structure of events. Theoretical and Crosslinguistic Approaches to the Semantics of Aspect, ed. by Susan Rothstein, 13-42. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. 2010. Reflections on manner/result complementarity. Lexical Semantics, Syntax, and Event Structure, ed. by Malka Rappaport Hovav, Edit Doron & Ivy Sichel, 21-38. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Verbs and times. Linguistics in Philosophy, 97-121. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Verkuyl, Henk J. 1989. Aspectual classes and aspectual composition. Linguistics and Philosophy 12. 1:39-94.
Xiao, Richard, & Tony McEnery. 2004. Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-Based Study. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Yeh, Meng. 1993. The Stative Situation and the Imperfective Zhe in Mandarin. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association ⅩⅩⅧ.1: 69-98.		zh_TW