學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 青年臉書使用與政治參與之關聯性研究: 論臉書政治資訊性使用、政治表達性使用、以及 與政治人物連結之角色
The Youth`s Usage of Facebook for Political Activism: The Role of Political Information, Expression, and Connection with Political Actors
作者 劉佩茹
Liu, Pei Ju
貢獻者 方念萱
Fang, Nein Husan
劉佩茹
Liu, Pei Ju
關鍵詞 臉書
青年
政治參與
政治資訊性使用
政治表達性使用
與政治人物連結
Facebook
youth
political participation
political information use
political expression use
connection with public political actors
日期 2015
上傳時間 1-Apr-2016 10:43:42 (UTC+8)
摘要 摘要
在政治傳播學術界中,青年使用社群媒體與線下政治參與的關聯性研究逐漸引發關注。然而,過去的研究由於臉書使用定義不一,致使研究結果互不相同。臉書是台灣民眾最廣泛使用的社群媒體之一,本論文透過不同面向的臉書使用情況來檢視臉書如何對台灣年輕人的政治參與產生影響。本研究探討台灣18歲至35歲的青年,他們在臉書上找尋政治資訊、表達政治意見、以及與政治人物間的連結互動等行為如何影響其線下的政治參與。
本研究採用線上問卷調查法,有效樣本共703份。研究結果顯示如果使用者在臉書上經常發表政治意見、與政治人物互動頻繁,他們在線下就會越積極地參與政治活動。。另外其他控制變項如內在政治效能、線下政治討論以及電視新聞使用也是影響線下政治參與的因素。此研究結果顯示,臉書可以成為青年和政治人物之間的橋樑。未來研究可以針對不同層面的臉書使用來檢視社群媒體和線下政治參與兩者間的關聯性。
The effect of social networking sites in relation to the youth’s offline political participation has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. However, previous research showed inconsistent results. Given Facebook is the most used social networking site in Taiwan, this thesis attempts to adopt a multidimensional approach to examine the roles of various aspects of political activities on Facebook and their effects on offline political participation among Taiwanese youth. This study examines whether Facebook use for information, Facebook use for expression, and connection with public political actors on Facebook are related to Taiwan’s youth offline political participation. Using an online questionnaire, a total of 703 Taiwanese respondents, aged 18 to 35, participated in this study. Findings of this study suggest that Facebook for expression and connection with public political actors has significant and positive association with offline political participation. Aside from focal independent variables, some other control variables exerted significant influence on offline political participation, such as internal efficacy, offline political discussion, and TV news use. An implication of these results is the possibility to utilize Facebook as a bridge between young adults and public political actors. Future researchers can continue to refine the dimensionality of social media usage to examine its relationship with offline political participation.
參考文獻 Andolina, M., Keeter, S., Zukin, C., & Jenkins, K. (2003). A guide to the index of civic and political engagement. Retrieved from http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/IndexGuide.pdf.
Banaji, S. (2008). The trouble with civic: a snapshot of young people`s civic and political engagements in twenty-first-century democracies. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(5), 543-560.
Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. (2010). MyFaceTube politics: Social networking web sites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1): 24–44.
Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age. In W., Lance Bennett (Ed), Civic life online: Learning how digital media can engage youth (pp.1-24). NY: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Bimber, B., Flanagin, A. J., & Stohl, C. (2005). Reconceptualizing collective action in the contemporary media environment. Communication Theory, 15, 365-388. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00340.x.
boy D.M. and Ellison N.B. (2007) Social Network Sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13(1):210-230.
Boyle, M. P., & Schmierbach, M. (2009). Media use and protest. Communi-cation Quarterly, 57(1), 1–17.
Campbell, A., Gurin G., & Miller, W.E. (1954). The Voter decides. Evanston, IL:Row, Peterson.
Campbell, A.,Converse,P.E.,Miller,W.,&Stokes,D.(1960). The American voter. New York:Wiley.

Campbell, S., & Kwak, N. (2010). Mobile communication and civic life: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 536–555. doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2010.01496.x.
Caers, R., De Feyter, T., De Couck, M., Stough, T., Vigna, C., & Du Bois, C. (2013). Facebook: A literature review. New Media & Society, 15(6), 982-1002.
Chao, V. Y. (2014, April 15).How technology revoluntionized Taiwan`s sunflower movement. The diplomat. Retrieved from: http://thediplomat.com/2014/04/how-technology-revolutionized-taiwans-sunflower-movement/.
Chen, C.F. (2014, August 23). Donations pour in for ALS patients, viral marketing touted. Central News Agency. Retrieved from:
http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201408230008.aspx.
Chen, L.H. & Huang, H.H. (2007). Socialization Agents, College Experience, Political Efficacy and Political Participation among College Students in Taiwan. Eastern Asia Studies 38(1), 1-48.
Chen, L.H & Chen Y.N. (2013) Media Use and Political Efficacy among University Students in Taiwan. Journal of Communication & Culture (12), p.3-40
Chen, Y.-J. (2013). A comparative study of campaign and non-campaign Facebook strategies: The case of Taiwan’s Legislators. Unpublished master’s thesis, Graduate Institute of Public Administration, National Chengchi University.
Cho, J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., McLeod, D. M., Scholl, R. M., & Gotlieb, M. R. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing an O-S-R-O-R model of communica¬tion effects. Communication Theory, 19, 66-88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x.
Chung, J. (2014, June 13).Taiwanese love social networks, especially Facebook: survey. Central News Agency. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201406130148-1.aspx.
Conway, M. M. (1985). Political participation in the United States. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535-1546. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.012.
Dillman, Don A. 2000. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. New
York: John Wiley.
Ekman, J., & Amnå, E. (2012). Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22(3), 283-300.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Endersby, J.W., & Towle,M. J. (1996). Tailgate partisanship: Political and social expression through bumper stickers. The Social Science Journal, 33(3), 307–319.
Eveland, W. P., Jr. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177-193.
Eveland Jr, W. P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-237.
Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2009). Blogs, journalism and political participation. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), Journalism and citizenship: New agendas (pp. 108–123). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gil De Zúñiga, H., Puig-I-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 11(4), 553-574. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Veenstra, A., Vraga, E., & Shah, D. (2010). Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(1), 36-51.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3).
Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., & Valenzuela, S. (2011). The mediating path to a stronger citizenship: Online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement. Communication Research, 38(3), 397-421.
Gil de Zúñiga, Bachmann, Hsu, & Brundidge (2013). Expressive versus consumptive blog use: implications for interpersonal discussion and political participation. International Journal of Communication,7: 22.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612-634.
Halpern, D. (2013). Towards a networked public sphere: how social media triggers civic engagement through news consumption and political discussion. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Hill,J. (April 20, 2015). Taiwan 2012 Elections: How has Social Media Been Utilized?. TechOrange. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/fM4rQj.

Hsiao Yi-ching (2009). “Measuring Party Identification in Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study”. Journal of Electoral Studies 9(1):67-93
Hsiao, A. (March 31, 2014). ‘Black-clad army’ rallies for democracy in Taipei. Taipei Times. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/03/31/2003586928.
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2014). Credibility of Social Network Sites for Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication 19 ,957–974.
Jung N, Kim Y, & Gil de Zúñiga H (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication & Society 14(4): 407–430.
Kaid, L. L., McKinney, M. S., & Tedesco, J. C. (2007). Political information efficacy and young voters. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1093–1111.
Katz E, Lazarsfeld PF. (1955) Personal influence. New York:Free Press.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students` use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election.Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students` use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Livingstone, S., Bober, M., & Helsper, E. J. (2005). Active participation or just more information? Young people’s take-up of opportunities to act and interact on the Internet. Information, Communication & Society, 8, 287-314.
Lam, S. S., Chen, X. P., & Schaubroeck, J. (2002). Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy. Academy of Management Journal,45(5), 905-1005.
Lane, R. E. (1959). Political life: why and how people get involved in political life. Chicago, Markham.
Lee, F. L. F. (2006). Collective efficacy, support for democracy, and political participation in Hong Kong. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18, 297–317.
Lupia, A., & Sin, G. (2003).Which public goods are endangered? How evolving
communication technologies affect the logic of collective action. Public Choice, 11(3),315–331. doi:10.1023/B:PUCH.0000003735.07840.c7.
Lupia, A., & Philpot, T. S. (2005). Views from inside the Net: How websites affect young adults’ political interest. The Journal of Politics, 67, 1122-1142.
McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315-336.
Miller, A. H., & Wattenberg, M. P.. (1983). Measuring Party Identification: Independent or No Partisan Preference?. American Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 106–121. http://doi.org/10.2307/2111055.
Norris, P. (1996). Does television erode social capital? A reply to Putnam. Political Science and Politics, 29(3), 474–480. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/420827.
Olmstead, Mitchell, & Rosenstiel (2011). “Navigating News Online.” Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/files/legacy/NIELSEN%20STUDY%20-%20Copy.pdf.
Olmstead, Mitchell, & Rosenstiel, (2012).Social Media: A growing role in news discovery and distribution. The Pew Research Center`s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retried from: http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2012/digital-news-gains-audience-but-loses-more-ground-in-chase-for-revenue/.
Park N., Kee K., & Valenzuela S (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 12(6): 729–733.
Park, C. S. (2013). Does Twitter motivate involvement in politics? Tweeting, opinion leadership, and political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior,29(4), 1641-1648.
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The virtual geographies of social networks: A comparative analy¬sis of Facebook, LinkedIn and A Small World. New Media & Society, 11, 199-220. doi:10.1177/1461444808099577.
Pew Internet & American Life (2014). Cell Phones, Social Media and Campaign 2014. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2014/10/PI_CellPhonesSocialMediaCampaign2014_110314.pdf.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America`s declining social capital.Journal of democracy, 6(1), 65-78.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., & Yoon, S. H. (2001). Communication, Context, and Community An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences.Communication Research, 28(4), 464-506.

Shah, D., Cho, J., Eveland, W., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling Internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32(5), 531–565.
Shih T.-J. (2014). Social Media and Political Participation in Taiwan. In Willnat, L. , Aw, A., Social Media, Culture, and Politics in Asia, p.84-105. New York: Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Socialbakers (2014). Retrieved from http://www.socialbakers.com/statistics/.
Somaiya Ravi (2014, Oct. 26) How Facebook Is Changing the Way Its Users Consume Journalism. The New York Times. Retrieved from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/business/media/how-facebook-is-changing-the-way-its-users-consume-journalism.html?_r=1.
Stanyer, J. (2005). The British public and political attitude expression: The emergence of a self-expressive political culture? Contemporary Politics, 11(1), 19–32.
Stever, G. S., & Lawson, K. (2013). Twitter as a Way for Celebrities to Communicate with Fans: Implications for the Study of Parasocial Interaction. North American journal of psychology, 15(2).
Sun, J.-W. (2008). College Students’ Attitude and Behavior in Offline Civic Participation. Unpublished master’s thesis, Graduate Institute of Adult Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773. doi:10.1177/0894439313490625.
Teorell, J., Torcal, M., & Montero, J. R. (2007). Political participation: Mapping the terrain. Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative perspective, 17, 334-357.
Ternes A, Mittelstadt A., & Towers I (2014) Using Facebook for Political Action? Social Networking Sites and Political Participation of Young Adults. Arab J Bus Manage. Rev 3: 24. doi:10.4172/2223-5833.100024.
Tsai, C. H., & Chao, S. C. (2008). Nonpartisans and Party System of Taiwan Evidence from 1996, 2000 and 2004 Presidential Elections. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 43(6), p.615-641.
Utz, S. (2009). The potential benefits of campaigning via social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 221-243. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01438.x.
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students` Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation1. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875-901.
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior: The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920-942.
Verba, S., and N. H. Nie (1972). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It`s Complicated: Facebook Users` Political Participation in the 2008 Election. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(3), 107-114. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
Wang, T.-L.(2013). Facebook Election? The Impact of Social Media on Political Participation in Taiwan’s 2012 Presidential Elections. Soochow Journal of Political Science, 31(1),1-52.
Willnat, L. , Aw, A.,(2014). Social Media, Culture, and Politics in Asia. New York: Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting Dissemination of News Content in Social Media: A Focus on Reception, Friending, and Partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212-232.
Wu, J.-C. (2013). The Influence of Sina Weibo Use for News on Online Civic Participation: Take “Ningbo PX protest” and “2013 Southern Weekly incident” for Example. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Taiwan Academy for Information Society, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2013). Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 1461444813518390.
Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The Revolution Will be Networked: The Influence of Social Networking Sites on Political Attitudes and Behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92. doi: 10.1177/0894439309335162.
Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli-Carpini,M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. NewYork:Oxford University Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
101461006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1014610062
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 方念萱zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Fang, Nein Husanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉佩茹zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Pei Juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉佩茹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Pei Juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2016 10:43:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Apr-2016 10:43:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2016 10:43:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1014610062en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/83551-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101461006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘要
在政治傳播學術界中,青年使用社群媒體與線下政治參與的關聯性研究逐漸引發關注。然而,過去的研究由於臉書使用定義不一,致使研究結果互不相同。臉書是台灣民眾最廣泛使用的社群媒體之一,本論文透過不同面向的臉書使用情況來檢視臉書如何對台灣年輕人的政治參與產生影響。本研究探討台灣18歲至35歲的青年,他們在臉書上找尋政治資訊、表達政治意見、以及與政治人物間的連結互動等行為如何影響其線下的政治參與。
本研究採用線上問卷調查法,有效樣本共703份。研究結果顯示如果使用者在臉書上經常發表政治意見、與政治人物互動頻繁,他們在線下就會越積極地參與政治活動。。另外其他控制變項如內在政治效能、線下政治討論以及電視新聞使用也是影響線下政治參與的因素。此研究結果顯示,臉書可以成為青年和政治人物之間的橋樑。未來研究可以針對不同層面的臉書使用來檢視社群媒體和線下政治參與兩者間的關聯性。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The effect of social networking sites in relation to the youth’s offline political participation has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. However, previous research showed inconsistent results. Given Facebook is the most used social networking site in Taiwan, this thesis attempts to adopt a multidimensional approach to examine the roles of various aspects of political activities on Facebook and their effects on offline political participation among Taiwanese youth. This study examines whether Facebook use for information, Facebook use for expression, and connection with public political actors on Facebook are related to Taiwan’s youth offline political participation. Using an online questionnaire, a total of 703 Taiwanese respondents, aged 18 to 35, participated in this study. Findings of this study suggest that Facebook for expression and connection with public political actors has significant and positive association with offline political participation. Aside from focal independent variables, some other control variables exerted significant influence on offline political participation, such as internal efficacy, offline political discussion, and TV news use. An implication of these results is the possibility to utilize Facebook as a bridge between young adults and public political actors. Future researchers can continue to refine the dimensionality of social media usage to examine its relationship with offline political participation.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One: Introduction 1
1.1 Study background 1
1.2 Purpose of research 6
1.3 Organization of chapters 8
Chapter Two: Literature review 9
2.1 Defining political participation 9
2.2 Facebook and political activities 11
2.2.1 Facebook use for political information 13
2.2.2 Facebook use for political expression 17
2.2.3 Connection with public political actors on Facebook 20
2.3 Psychological and behavioral antecedents of political participation 23
Chapter Three: Methodology 27
3.1 Sampling and data collection 27
3.2 Measurement 29
3.3 Survey questionnaire design and statistical analysis 36
Chapter Four: Result 37
4.1 Descriptive analysis 37
4.1 Statistical analysis 47
Chapter Five: Discussion 52
5.1 Implications of results 52
5.2 Limitation of the study and future research 57
Appendix Reference 60
Appendix 1 Survey Questionnaire 69
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1489264 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1014610062en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臉書zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 青年zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治參與zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治資訊性使用zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治表達性使用zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 與政治人物連結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Facebooken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) youthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) political participationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) political information useen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) political expression useen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) connection with public political actorsen_US
dc.title (題名) 青年臉書使用與政治參與之關聯性研究: 論臉書政治資訊性使用、政治表達性使用、以及 與政治人物連結之角色zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Youth`s Usage of Facebook for Political Activism: The Role of Political Information, Expression, and Connection with Political Actorsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andolina, M., Keeter, S., Zukin, C., & Jenkins, K. (2003). A guide to the index of civic and political engagement. Retrieved from http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/IndexGuide.pdf.
Banaji, S. (2008). The trouble with civic: a snapshot of young people`s civic and political engagements in twenty-first-century democracies. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(5), 543-560.
Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. (2010). MyFaceTube politics: Social networking web sites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1): 24–44.
Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age. In W., Lance Bennett (Ed), Civic life online: Learning how digital media can engage youth (pp.1-24). NY: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Bimber, B., Flanagin, A. J., & Stohl, C. (2005). Reconceptualizing collective action in the contemporary media environment. Communication Theory, 15, 365-388. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00340.x.
boy D.M. and Ellison N.B. (2007) Social Network Sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13(1):210-230.
Boyle, M. P., & Schmierbach, M. (2009). Media use and protest. Communi-cation Quarterly, 57(1), 1–17.
Campbell, A., Gurin G., & Miller, W.E. (1954). The Voter decides. Evanston, IL:Row, Peterson.
Campbell, A.,Converse,P.E.,Miller,W.,&Stokes,D.(1960). The American voter. New York:Wiley.

Campbell, S., & Kwak, N. (2010). Mobile communication and civic life: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 536–555. doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2010.01496.x.
Caers, R., De Feyter, T., De Couck, M., Stough, T., Vigna, C., & Du Bois, C. (2013). Facebook: A literature review. New Media & Society, 15(6), 982-1002.
Chao, V. Y. (2014, April 15).How technology revoluntionized Taiwan`s sunflower movement. The diplomat. Retrieved from: http://thediplomat.com/2014/04/how-technology-revolutionized-taiwans-sunflower-movement/.
Chen, C.F. (2014, August 23). Donations pour in for ALS patients, viral marketing touted. Central News Agency. Retrieved from:
http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201408230008.aspx.
Chen, L.H. & Huang, H.H. (2007). Socialization Agents, College Experience, Political Efficacy and Political Participation among College Students in Taiwan. Eastern Asia Studies 38(1), 1-48.
Chen, L.H & Chen Y.N. (2013) Media Use and Political Efficacy among University Students in Taiwan. Journal of Communication & Culture (12), p.3-40
Chen, Y.-J. (2013). A comparative study of campaign and non-campaign Facebook strategies: The case of Taiwan’s Legislators. Unpublished master’s thesis, Graduate Institute of Public Administration, National Chengchi University.
Cho, J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., McLeod, D. M., Scholl, R. M., & Gotlieb, M. R. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing an O-S-R-O-R model of communica¬tion effects. Communication Theory, 19, 66-88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x.
Chung, J. (2014, June 13).Taiwanese love social networks, especially Facebook: survey. Central News Agency. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201406130148-1.aspx.
Conway, M. M. (1985). Political participation in the United States. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535-1546. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.012.
Dillman, Don A. 2000. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. New
York: John Wiley.
Ekman, J., & Amnå, E. (2012). Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22(3), 283-300.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Endersby, J.W., & Towle,M. J. (1996). Tailgate partisanship: Political and social expression through bumper stickers. The Social Science Journal, 33(3), 307–319.
Eveland, W. P., Jr. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177-193.
Eveland Jr, W. P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-237.
Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2009). Blogs, journalism and political participation. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), Journalism and citizenship: New agendas (pp. 108–123). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gil De Zúñiga, H., Puig-I-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 11(4), 553-574. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Veenstra, A., Vraga, E., & Shah, D. (2010). Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(1), 36-51.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3).
Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., & Valenzuela, S. (2011). The mediating path to a stronger citizenship: Online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement. Communication Research, 38(3), 397-421.
Gil de Zúñiga, Bachmann, Hsu, & Brundidge (2013). Expressive versus consumptive blog use: implications for interpersonal discussion and political participation. International Journal of Communication,7: 22.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612-634.
Halpern, D. (2013). Towards a networked public sphere: how social media triggers civic engagement through news consumption and political discussion. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Hill,J. (April 20, 2015). Taiwan 2012 Elections: How has Social Media Been Utilized?. TechOrange. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/fM4rQj.

Hsiao Yi-ching (2009). “Measuring Party Identification in Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study”. Journal of Electoral Studies 9(1):67-93
Hsiao, A. (March 31, 2014). ‘Black-clad army’ rallies for democracy in Taipei. Taipei Times. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/03/31/2003586928.
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2014). Credibility of Social Network Sites for Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication 19 ,957–974.
Jung N, Kim Y, & Gil de Zúñiga H (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication & Society 14(4): 407–430.
Kaid, L. L., McKinney, M. S., & Tedesco, J. C. (2007). Political information efficacy and young voters. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1093–1111.
Katz E, Lazarsfeld PF. (1955) Personal influence. New York:Free Press.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students` use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election.Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students` use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.
Livingstone, S., Bober, M., & Helsper, E. J. (2005). Active participation or just more information? Young people’s take-up of opportunities to act and interact on the Internet. Information, Communication & Society, 8, 287-314.
Lam, S. S., Chen, X. P., & Schaubroeck, J. (2002). Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy. Academy of Management Journal,45(5), 905-1005.
Lane, R. E. (1959). Political life: why and how people get involved in political life. Chicago, Markham.
Lee, F. L. F. (2006). Collective efficacy, support for democracy, and political participation in Hong Kong. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18, 297–317.
Lupia, A., & Sin, G. (2003).Which public goods are endangered? How evolving
communication technologies affect the logic of collective action. Public Choice, 11(3),315–331. doi:10.1023/B:PUCH.0000003735.07840.c7.
Lupia, A., & Philpot, T. S. (2005). Views from inside the Net: How websites affect young adults’ political interest. The Journal of Politics, 67, 1122-1142.
McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315-336.
Miller, A. H., & Wattenberg, M. P.. (1983). Measuring Party Identification: Independent or No Partisan Preference?. American Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 106–121. http://doi.org/10.2307/2111055.
Norris, P. (1996). Does television erode social capital? A reply to Putnam. Political Science and Politics, 29(3), 474–480. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/420827.
Olmstead, Mitchell, & Rosenstiel (2011). “Navigating News Online.” Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/files/legacy/NIELSEN%20STUDY%20-%20Copy.pdf.
Olmstead, Mitchell, & Rosenstiel, (2012).Social Media: A growing role in news discovery and distribution. The Pew Research Center`s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retried from: http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2012/digital-news-gains-audience-but-loses-more-ground-in-chase-for-revenue/.
Park N., Kee K., & Valenzuela S (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 12(6): 729–733.
Park, C. S. (2013). Does Twitter motivate involvement in politics? Tweeting, opinion leadership, and political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior,29(4), 1641-1648.
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The virtual geographies of social networks: A comparative analy¬sis of Facebook, LinkedIn and A Small World. New Media & Society, 11, 199-220. doi:10.1177/1461444808099577.
Pew Internet & American Life (2014). Cell Phones, Social Media and Campaign 2014. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2014/10/PI_CellPhonesSocialMediaCampaign2014_110314.pdf.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America`s declining social capital.Journal of democracy, 6(1), 65-78.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., & Yoon, S. H. (2001). Communication, Context, and Community An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences.Communication Research, 28(4), 464-506.

Shah, D., Cho, J., Eveland, W., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling Internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32(5), 531–565.
Shih T.-J. (2014). Social Media and Political Participation in Taiwan. In Willnat, L. , Aw, A., Social Media, Culture, and Politics in Asia, p.84-105. New York: Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Socialbakers (2014). Retrieved from http://www.socialbakers.com/statistics/.
Somaiya Ravi (2014, Oct. 26) How Facebook Is Changing the Way Its Users Consume Journalism. The New York Times. Retrieved from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/business/media/how-facebook-is-changing-the-way-its-users-consume-journalism.html?_r=1.
Stanyer, J. (2005). The British public and political attitude expression: The emergence of a self-expressive political culture? Contemporary Politics, 11(1), 19–32.
Stever, G. S., & Lawson, K. (2013). Twitter as a Way for Celebrities to Communicate with Fans: Implications for the Study of Parasocial Interaction. North American journal of psychology, 15(2).
Sun, J.-W. (2008). College Students’ Attitude and Behavior in Offline Civic Participation. Unpublished master’s thesis, Graduate Institute of Adult Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773. doi:10.1177/0894439313490625.
Teorell, J., Torcal, M., & Montero, J. R. (2007). Political participation: Mapping the terrain. Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative perspective, 17, 334-357.
Ternes A, Mittelstadt A., & Towers I (2014) Using Facebook for Political Action? Social Networking Sites and Political Participation of Young Adults. Arab J Bus Manage. Rev 3: 24. doi:10.4172/2223-5833.100024.
Tsai, C. H., & Chao, S. C. (2008). Nonpartisans and Party System of Taiwan Evidence from 1996, 2000 and 2004 Presidential Elections. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 43(6), p.615-641.
Utz, S. (2009). The potential benefits of campaigning via social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 221-243. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01438.x.
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students` Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation1. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875-901.
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior: The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920-942.
Verba, S., and N. H. Nie (1972). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It`s Complicated: Facebook Users` Political Participation in the 2008 Election. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(3), 107-114. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
Wang, T.-L.(2013). Facebook Election? The Impact of Social Media on Political Participation in Taiwan’s 2012 Presidential Elections. Soochow Journal of Political Science, 31(1),1-52.
Willnat, L. , Aw, A.,(2014). Social Media, Culture, and Politics in Asia. New York: Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting Dissemination of News Content in Social Media: A Focus on Reception, Friending, and Partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212-232.
Wu, J.-C. (2013). The Influence of Sina Weibo Use for News on Online Civic Participation: Take “Ningbo PX protest” and “2013 Southern Weekly incident” for Example. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Taiwan Academy for Information Society, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2013). Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 1461444813518390.
Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The Revolution Will be Networked: The Influence of Social Networking Sites on Political Attitudes and Behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92. doi: 10.1177/0894439309335162.
Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli-Carpini,M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. NewYork:Oxford University Press.
zh_TW