學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 採集式社群初探-奇摩家族成員之參與、期待、連結與認同
作者 戴美如
貢獻者 吳筱玫
戴美如
關鍵詞 虛擬社群
採集社會
弱連結
認同
日期 2001
上傳時間 15-Apr-2016 16:01:50 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在描繪出一種新的虛擬社群樣貌一採集式社群。相對於過去特定主題、長時間觀察描述以及小範圍的研究,本研究選擇了全國流量最大的網域雅虎奇摩中綜合式的的主題討論群--奇摩家族作為研究對象。研究者以自身七年的重度參與經驗出發,由Komito所提出的採集社會特質社群提供啟發,納入Weliman的社會網絡分析以及Granovetter的弱連結理論,認為一般線上討論區所形成的虛擬社群,應該是具有採集社會特性的一參與度低、期待不高、人際連結弱而認同感低,但又處於人人平等的社會之中。
參考文獻 蔡淑如(2000)。《新聞網站互動性功能設計與使用者感知行為之初探----以聯合新聞網為例》,國立交通大學傳播所碩士論文。
     邵琮淳(2000)。<網路歌迷社群的團體認同和社會負面評價對歌迷自我及文本認同的影響:以交大機械BBS站小瑪歌迷版為例>,網路與社會研討會論文。清華。
     謝豫立(2000)。,網路與社會研討會論文。清華。
     資策會(2000)。「88年我國網際網路應用調查」。網際網路資料情報中心,網址:http://www.find.org.tw。
     戴怡君(1999)。《使用網際網路進行互動者特質之探索》,南華管理學院教育社會學所碩士論文。
     酈怡德(1999)。<1998年台灣地區網路使用人口調查報告>。《廣告雜誌》,92:39-41。
     翟本瑞(1999)。<虛擬社區的社會學基礎>,「社會科學理論與本土化研討會」論文。嘉義,南華管理學院應用社會系。
     蕃薯藤(1999)。第四次台灣網際網路使用調查,網址:http://survey.yam.com/99/。
     郭欣怡(1998)。《網路世界的我和我們:網路使用者之心理特性與網路人際關係特性之初探》,國立台灣大學心理所碩士論文。
     許寶源(1996)《國民小學教師角色衝突與學校認同關係之研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
     卜慶玲(1995),《”虛擬社區”內的傳播之研究—以交通大學資科系BBS站為例》,國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
     陳福來(1990),《台灣省鄉鎮市公所公務人員組織認同之研究》,東海大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
     陳德禹(1985),<公務人員的人格特質與組織態度—台北市政府個案研究>,第四次社會科學研究會論文集。
     梁雙蓮(1984),《中央行政機關公務人員組織認同的研究》,國立台灣大學政治所博士論文。
     Barnes, J. A. (1969). Networks and political process. In J. C. Mitchell (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations. 51-76. Manchester University Press.
     Barlow, J. P. (1995). Is there a there in cyberspace? Utne Reader, 68:52-56.
     Baron, N. S. (1984). Computer mediated communication as a force in language change. Visible Language, 18(2):118-141.
     Batia M. W. (1998). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. JCMC, 3 (4). Available at http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/wiesenfeld.html.
     Baym, N. (1998). The emergence of on-line community. In S. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety 2.0:Revisiting computer-mediated communication and community. 35-68. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
     Baym, N. (1995). The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety, computer-mediated communication and community. 138-163. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
     Beniger, J. (1987). Personalization of mass media and the growth of psuedo community. Communication Research, 14:352-371.
     Blumstein, P. & Kollock, P. (1988). Personal relationships. Annual Review of Sociology, 14:467-490.
     Brown, M. E. (1969). Identification and some conditions of organizational involvement. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14:346-335.
     Constant, D., Kiesler, S. & Sproull, L. (1994). What`s mine is ours, or is it? A study of attitudes about information sharing. Information Systems Research, 5(4):400-421.
     DiMaggio, P., & Mohr, J. (1985). Cultural capital, education attainment, and marital selection. America Journal of Sociology, 90(6):1231-1261.
     Duck, S. (1983). Friends for Life. Brighton UK:Harvester.
     Etzioni, A. & Etzioni, O. (1999). Face-to-face and computer-mediated communities, a comparative analysis. The Information Society, 15(4):241-248.
     Feld, S. (1982). Social structural determinants of similarity among associates. American Sociological Review, 47:797-801.
     Fernback, J. and Thompson, B. (1995). Virtual Communities:Abort,Retry,Failure? Available at http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/VCcivil.html.
     Fischer, C. (1984). The urban experience. Orlando, FL. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Friedkin, N. E (1982). Information flow through strong and weak ties in interorganizational social networks. Social Networks, 3:273-285.
     Frankenberg, R. (1969). Communities in Britain:Social life in town and country, Harmondsworth, England:Pengiun.
     Gluckman, M (1971). Politics, law and ritual in tribal society. Oxford:Basil Balckwell.
     Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78:136-180.
     Granovetter, M. (1982). The strength of weak ties:A network theory revisited. In P. Marsden & N. Lin (Eds.), Social structure and network analysis. 105-130. Beverly Hills:Sage.
     Hagel, John III, & Armstrong, Arthur G. (1997). Net.gain, Boston:HBS Press.
     Hiltz, S. R. & Murray Turoff. (1993). The network nation. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
     Homans, G. (1961). Social behavior:Its elementary forms. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Kaplan, M.A. (1976). Alienation and Identification. N.Y.:Free Press.
     Keisler, S. & Sproull, L. S. (1986). Response effects in the electronic survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50:402-413.
     Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., McGuire, T.W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39(10): 1123-1134.
     Komito, L. (1998). The net as a foraging society:Flexible communities. The Information Society, 14(2):97-106.
     Lin, N., Ensel, WM., Vaughn, JC. (1981). Social resources and strength of ties:Structural factors in occupational status attainment. American Sociological Review, 46:393-405.
     Mantovani, G. (1994). New communication environment:From every day to virtual. London:Taylor & Francis.
     Marsden, P. V. & Hurlbert, J. S. (1988). Social resources and mobility outcomes:A replication and extension. Social Forces, 66:1038-1059.
     McCormick, N. B. & McCormick, J. W. (1992). Computer friends and foes:content of undergraduates’ electronic mail. Computers in Human Behaviors, 8:379-405.
     McLuhan, M. (1962), The Gutenberg galaxy:The making of typographic man. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
     McLaughlin, M. L., Osborne, K. K., & Smith, C. B. (1995). Standards of conduct on Usenet . In S. G. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety:Computer-mediated communication and community. 90-111. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
     McLaughin, M, Osborne, K., Ellison, N. (1997). Virtual community in a telepresence environment. In S. G. Jones(Ed.), Virtual Culture:Identity and Communication.146-168. Thousand Oaks, London:Sage.
     Mitchell, J.C. (1969). The concept and use of social networks. In Mitchell, J. C. (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations:Analyses of personal relationships in central African towns. Manchester, England:Manchester University Press.
     Myers, D. (1987). A new environment for communication play:On-line play. In G. A. Fine (Ed.), Meaningful play, playful meaning. 231-245. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics Publishers.
     Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York:Cambridge University Press.
     Parks, M. R.& Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 46:80-97.
     Patchen, M (1970). Participation, achievement and involvement on the job. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
     Perlman, D. and Beverley F. (1987). The development of intimate relationships. In D. Perlman & S. Duck (Eds.), Intimate relationships. 13-42. Newbury Park, C. A Sage.
     Reid, E.M. (1991). Electropolis:Communication and community on internet relay chat. Honors Thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia. Available at http://troll.elec.uow.edu.
     Reid, E. (1995). Virtual worlds:Culture and imagination. In S. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety:Computer-mediated communication and community. 164-183. London:Sage.
     Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community:Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
     Rheingold, H. (1999). Introduction to the virtual community, In J. Vitanza (Ed), CyberReader, 60-77. 2nd , Prentice Hall.
     Sardar, Z. (1996). Alt.civilizations.faq:Cyberspace as the darker side of the West. In Z. Sardar & J. R. Ravetz (Eds.), Cyberfutures:Culture and politics on the information superhighway. 777-794. London:Pluto Press.
     Shashkin, M & Morris, W. (1984), Organizational behavior, concept, and experiences. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Sills, D.L. (1968). International encyclopedia of the social science. New York:The Macmillon Company.
     Smith, M. A. & Kollock, P. (1998). Communities in cyberspace. New York:Routledge.
     Smolowe, J. (1994). Intimate strangers. Time, 145, Special Issue (Welcome to Cyberspace), 20-1+.
     Spears, R. & Leas. M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21(4):427-459.
     Sproull, L. & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues:Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Science, 32(11):1492-1512.
     Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections:New ways of working in the networked organization. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
     Stoll, C. (1996). Silicon snake oil:Second thoughts on the information highway. New York:Anchor Books.
     Stone, R. (1995). Sex and death among the disembodied:VR, cyberspace, and the nature of academic discourse. In S. L. Star (Ed.), The cultures of computing. 243-255. Oxford:Blackwell.
     Woodburn, J. (1982). Egalitarian Societies. Man (n.s) 17:431-451.
     Walther, J. & Burgoon, J. (1992). Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction. Human Communication Research, 19:50-88.
     Walther, J. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer- mediated interaction:a relational perspective. Communication Research, 19(1):52-90.
     Walther, J. (1995). Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication:experimental observations over time organization science. Organization Science, 6(2):186-203.
     Watson, N. (1997). Why we argue about virtual community:A case study of the Phish.Net fan community. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Virtual culture:identity and communication in cybersociety. 102-133. London:Sage.
     Wellman. (1988). The community question re-evaluated. In M. P. Smith (Ed.), Power, community and the city. 91-107. New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Books.
     Wellman, B. (1992). Which types of ties and networks give what kinds of social support? Advances in Group Processes, 9:207-235.
     Wellman, B. (1994). I was a teenage network analyst:The route from the bronx to the information highway. Connections, 17(2):28-45.
     Wellman, B., Gulia, M. (1995). Virtual communities as communities:Net surfers don’t ride alone (167-194). Communities in Cyberspace , N.Y.:Routlege.
     Wellman, B., Salaff, J. & Dimitrina, D. (1996). Computer networks as social networks:Collaborative work, telework and virtual community, Annual Review of Sociology, 22:211-238.
     Wellman, B. (1997). An electronic group is virtually a social network. In S. Kiesler (Ed.), Culture of the Internet. 179-205. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
     Wellman, B., & Potter, S. (1999). The elements of personal communities. In B. Wellman (Ed.). Networks in the global village. 49-81. Boulder, CO:Westview.
     Wellman, B. (2000). Physical place and cyberplace:The rise of networked individualism. Available at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications/individualism/article.html
     Wilkins, H. (1991). Computer talk:Long-distance conversations by computer. Written Communication, 8:56-78.
     Wireman, P. (1984). Urban neighborhoods, networks and families. Lexington, Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
     Whittaker, S., Terveen, L., Hill, W., & Cherny, L. (1998). The dynamics of mass interaction. In Proceedings of CSCW’98. 257-264. Seattle, WA:ACM Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
87451004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001109
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳筱玫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 戴美如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 戴美如zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2001en_US
dc.date.accessioned 15-Apr-2016 16:01:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 15-Apr-2016 16:01:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 15-Apr-2016 16:01:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2002001109en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/84920-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 87451004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在描繪出一種新的虛擬社群樣貌一採集式社群。相對於過去特定主題、長時間觀察描述以及小範圍的研究,本研究選擇了全國流量最大的網域雅虎奇摩中綜合式的的主題討論群--奇摩家族作為研究對象。研究者以自身七年的重度參與經驗出發,由Komito所提出的採集社會特質社群提供啟發,納入Weliman的社會網絡分析以及Granovetter的弱連結理論,認為一般線上討論區所形成的虛擬社群,應該是具有採集社會特性的一參與度低、期待不高、人際連結弱而認同感低,但又處於人人平等的社會之中。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 封面頁
     證明書
     論文摘要
     致謝詞
     目錄
     圖表目錄
     第一章 緒論
     一、虛擬社群意義大不同
     二、研究動機
     三、奇摩家族簡介
     四、研究目的
     第二章 文獻探討
     一、何謂「虛擬社群」
     (一)定義的困難
     (二)CMC文獻中的虛擬社群
     二、虛擬社群的分類
     (一)道德社群
     (二)規範社群
     (三)興趣社群
     (四)接近性社群
     三、採集社會型態的虛擬社群
     (一)範圍廣但分散的社群,無明顯社群界線
     (二)弱連結的人際網路
     (三)逐資源而居
     (四)低認同感
     (五)多重會籍、少凝聚力
     (六)有行為規範,但缺乏執行的力量
     (七)人人平等、缺乏權威
     四、組織認同理論
     五、研究問題與架構
     第三章 研究方法
     一、問卷調查對象
     二、名詞定義
     三、問卷設計
     (一)基本人口資料
     (二)參與程度
     (三)期待
     (四)認同感
     (五)人際關係
     (六)社會平等感
     四、問卷調查實施
     (一)前測
     (二)正式進行調查
     五、問卷調查資料分析
     第四章 資料分析
     一、奇摩家族採集式社群特性概述
     (一)人口變項分析
     (二)人口變項與採集式社群特性之交叉分析
     (三)奇摩家族採集式社群特性概述
     二、參與程度與其他變項之交叉分析
     (一)分組人口特徵描述
     (二)分組期待高低描述
     (三)分組社會平等程度描述
     (四)分組認同程度描述
     (五)分組人際關係程度描述
     三、各個採集式社群特質之間的相關關係
     (一)期待、社會平等感與參與程度之間的關係
     (二)參與程度與認同感以及人際關係之間的關係
     (三)參與歷史與期待、社會平等程度、參與程度以及認同感、人際關係強度之間的關係
     (四)期待高低與認同程度之間的相關關係
     (五)「獲得幫助」與弱連結之間的相關關係
     第五章 結論
     一、研究發現
     (一)期待不低
     (二)社會平等感高
     (三)參與程度低但參與歷史長
     (四)中上程度的認同感
     (五)弱連結的人際關係
     (六)小結
     二、研究限制
     (一)樣本
     (二)研究方法
     (三)測量量表
     (四)採集式社群的其他定義
     (五)研究範圍
     三、未來研究建議
     (一)期待與社會平等感
     (二)參與程度
     (三)認同感與人際關係
     四、討論
     參考書目
     附錄
     一、奇摩家族分類圖
     二、奇摩家族功能圖示
     三、奇摩家族成員數前一百名排行榜
     四、問卷設計
     五、Mayer與Allen的感情奉獻量表(ACS)
     六、Mayer與Allen的繼續奉獻量表(CCS)
     七、採集式社群問卷調查網頁
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001109en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛擬社群zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 採集社會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 弱連結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認同zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 採集式社群初探-奇摩家族成員之參與、期待、連結與認同zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡淑如(2000)。《新聞網站互動性功能設計與使用者感知行為之初探----以聯合新聞網為例》,國立交通大學傳播所碩士論文。
     邵琮淳(2000)。<網路歌迷社群的團體認同和社會負面評價對歌迷自我及文本認同的影響:以交大機械BBS站小瑪歌迷版為例>,網路與社會研討會論文。清華。
     謝豫立(2000)。,網路與社會研討會論文。清華。
     資策會(2000)。「88年我國網際網路應用調查」。網際網路資料情報中心,網址:http://www.find.org.tw。
     戴怡君(1999)。《使用網際網路進行互動者特質之探索》,南華管理學院教育社會學所碩士論文。
     酈怡德(1999)。<1998年台灣地區網路使用人口調查報告>。《廣告雜誌》,92:39-41。
     翟本瑞(1999)。<虛擬社區的社會學基礎>,「社會科學理論與本土化研討會」論文。嘉義,南華管理學院應用社會系。
     蕃薯藤(1999)。第四次台灣網際網路使用調查,網址:http://survey.yam.com/99/。
     郭欣怡(1998)。《網路世界的我和我們:網路使用者之心理特性與網路人際關係特性之初探》,國立台灣大學心理所碩士論文。
     許寶源(1996)《國民小學教師角色衝突與學校認同關係之研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
     卜慶玲(1995),《”虛擬社區”內的傳播之研究—以交通大學資科系BBS站為例》,國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
     陳福來(1990),《台灣省鄉鎮市公所公務人員組織認同之研究》,東海大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
     陳德禹(1985),<公務人員的人格特質與組織態度—台北市政府個案研究>,第四次社會科學研究會論文集。
     梁雙蓮(1984),《中央行政機關公務人員組織認同的研究》,國立台灣大學政治所博士論文。
     Barnes, J. A. (1969). Networks and political process. In J. C. Mitchell (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations. 51-76. Manchester University Press.
     Barlow, J. P. (1995). Is there a there in cyberspace? Utne Reader, 68:52-56.
     Baron, N. S. (1984). Computer mediated communication as a force in language change. Visible Language, 18(2):118-141.
     Batia M. W. (1998). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. JCMC, 3 (4). Available at http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/wiesenfeld.html.
     Baym, N. (1998). The emergence of on-line community. In S. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety 2.0:Revisiting computer-mediated communication and community. 35-68. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
     Baym, N. (1995). The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety, computer-mediated communication and community. 138-163. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
     Beniger, J. (1987). Personalization of mass media and the growth of psuedo community. Communication Research, 14:352-371.
     Blumstein, P. & Kollock, P. (1988). Personal relationships. Annual Review of Sociology, 14:467-490.
     Brown, M. E. (1969). Identification and some conditions of organizational involvement. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14:346-335.
     Constant, D., Kiesler, S. & Sproull, L. (1994). What`s mine is ours, or is it? A study of attitudes about information sharing. Information Systems Research, 5(4):400-421.
     DiMaggio, P., & Mohr, J. (1985). Cultural capital, education attainment, and marital selection. America Journal of Sociology, 90(6):1231-1261.
     Duck, S. (1983). Friends for Life. Brighton UK:Harvester.
     Etzioni, A. & Etzioni, O. (1999). Face-to-face and computer-mediated communities, a comparative analysis. The Information Society, 15(4):241-248.
     Feld, S. (1982). Social structural determinants of similarity among associates. American Sociological Review, 47:797-801.
     Fernback, J. and Thompson, B. (1995). Virtual Communities:Abort,Retry,Failure? Available at http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/VCcivil.html.
     Fischer, C. (1984). The urban experience. Orlando, FL. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Friedkin, N. E (1982). Information flow through strong and weak ties in interorganizational social networks. Social Networks, 3:273-285.
     Frankenberg, R. (1969). Communities in Britain:Social life in town and country, Harmondsworth, England:Pengiun.
     Gluckman, M (1971). Politics, law and ritual in tribal society. Oxford:Basil Balckwell.
     Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78:136-180.
     Granovetter, M. (1982). The strength of weak ties:A network theory revisited. In P. Marsden & N. Lin (Eds.), Social structure and network analysis. 105-130. Beverly Hills:Sage.
     Hagel, John III, & Armstrong, Arthur G. (1997). Net.gain, Boston:HBS Press.
     Hiltz, S. R. & Murray Turoff. (1993). The network nation. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
     Homans, G. (1961). Social behavior:Its elementary forms. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Kaplan, M.A. (1976). Alienation and Identification. N.Y.:Free Press.
     Keisler, S. & Sproull, L. S. (1986). Response effects in the electronic survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50:402-413.
     Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., McGuire, T.W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39(10): 1123-1134.
     Komito, L. (1998). The net as a foraging society:Flexible communities. The Information Society, 14(2):97-106.
     Lin, N., Ensel, WM., Vaughn, JC. (1981). Social resources and strength of ties:Structural factors in occupational status attainment. American Sociological Review, 46:393-405.
     Mantovani, G. (1994). New communication environment:From every day to virtual. London:Taylor & Francis.
     Marsden, P. V. & Hurlbert, J. S. (1988). Social resources and mobility outcomes:A replication and extension. Social Forces, 66:1038-1059.
     McCormick, N. B. & McCormick, J. W. (1992). Computer friends and foes:content of undergraduates’ electronic mail. Computers in Human Behaviors, 8:379-405.
     McLuhan, M. (1962), The Gutenberg galaxy:The making of typographic man. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
     McLaughlin, M. L., Osborne, K. K., & Smith, C. B. (1995). Standards of conduct on Usenet . In S. G. Jones (Ed.), CyberSociety:Computer-mediated communication and community. 90-111. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
     McLaughin, M, Osborne, K., Ellison, N. (1997). Virtual community in a telepresence environment. In S. G. Jones(Ed.), Virtual Culture:Identity and Communication.146-168. Thousand Oaks, London:Sage.
     Mitchell, J.C. (1969). The concept and use of social networks. In Mitchell, J. C. (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations:Analyses of personal relationships in central African towns. Manchester, England:Manchester University Press.
     Myers, D. (1987). A new environment for communication play:On-line play. In G. A. Fine (Ed.), Meaningful play, playful meaning. 231-245. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics Publishers.
     Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York:Cambridge University Press.
     Parks, M. R.& Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 46:80-97.
     Patchen, M (1970). Participation, achievement and involvement on the job. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
     Perlman, D. and Beverley F. (1987). The development of intimate relationships. In D. Perlman & S. Duck (Eds.), Intimate relationships. 13-42. Newbury Park, C. A Sage.
     Reid, E.M. (1991). Electropolis:Communication and community on internet relay chat. Honors Thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia. Available at http://troll.elec.uow.edu.
     Reid, E. (1995). Virtual worlds:Culture and imagination. In S. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety:Computer-mediated communication and community. 164-183. London:Sage.
     Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community:Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
     Rheingold, H. (1999). Introduction to the virtual community, In J. Vitanza (Ed), CyberReader, 60-77. 2nd , Prentice Hall.
     Sardar, Z. (1996). Alt.civilizations.faq:Cyberspace as the darker side of the West. In Z. Sardar & J. R. Ravetz (Eds.), Cyberfutures:Culture and politics on the information superhighway. 777-794. London:Pluto Press.
     Shashkin, M & Morris, W. (1984), Organizational behavior, concept, and experiences. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Sills, D.L. (1968). International encyclopedia of the social science. New York:The Macmillon Company.
     Smith, M. A. & Kollock, P. (1998). Communities in cyberspace. New York:Routledge.
     Smolowe, J. (1994). Intimate strangers. Time, 145, Special Issue (Welcome to Cyberspace), 20-1+.
     Spears, R. & Leas. M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21(4):427-459.
     Sproull, L. & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues:Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Science, 32(11):1492-1512.
     Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections:New ways of working in the networked organization. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
     Stoll, C. (1996). Silicon snake oil:Second thoughts on the information highway. New York:Anchor Books.
     Stone, R. (1995). Sex and death among the disembodied:VR, cyberspace, and the nature of academic discourse. In S. L. Star (Ed.), The cultures of computing. 243-255. Oxford:Blackwell.
     Woodburn, J. (1982). Egalitarian Societies. Man (n.s) 17:431-451.
     Walther, J. & Burgoon, J. (1992). Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction. Human Communication Research, 19:50-88.
     Walther, J. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer- mediated interaction:a relational perspective. Communication Research, 19(1):52-90.
     Walther, J. (1995). Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication:experimental observations over time organization science. Organization Science, 6(2):186-203.
     Watson, N. (1997). Why we argue about virtual community:A case study of the Phish.Net fan community. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Virtual culture:identity and communication in cybersociety. 102-133. London:Sage.
     Wellman. (1988). The community question re-evaluated. In M. P. Smith (Ed.), Power, community and the city. 91-107. New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Books.
     Wellman, B. (1992). Which types of ties and networks give what kinds of social support? Advances in Group Processes, 9:207-235.
     Wellman, B. (1994). I was a teenage network analyst:The route from the bronx to the information highway. Connections, 17(2):28-45.
     Wellman, B., Gulia, M. (1995). Virtual communities as communities:Net surfers don’t ride alone (167-194). Communities in Cyberspace , N.Y.:Routlege.
     Wellman, B., Salaff, J. & Dimitrina, D. (1996). Computer networks as social networks:Collaborative work, telework and virtual community, Annual Review of Sociology, 22:211-238.
     Wellman, B. (1997). An electronic group is virtually a social network. In S. Kiesler (Ed.), Culture of the Internet. 179-205. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
     Wellman, B., & Potter, S. (1999). The elements of personal communities. In B. Wellman (Ed.). Networks in the global village. 49-81. Boulder, CO:Westview.
     Wellman, B. (2000). Physical place and cyberplace:The rise of networked individualism. Available at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications/individualism/article.html
     Wilkins, H. (1991). Computer talk:Long-distance conversations by computer. Written Communication, 8:56-78.
     Wireman, P. (1984). Urban neighborhoods, networks and families. Lexington, Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
     Whittaker, S., Terveen, L., Hill, W., & Cherny, L. (1998). The dynamics of mass interaction. In Proceedings of CSCW’98. 257-264. Seattle, WA:ACM Press.
zh_TW