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題名 以負向對比歷程探討酬賞價值降低之神經行為機制
Investigation of the Neurobehavioral Mechanisms for Reward Reduction via Using the Procedure of Successive Contrast
作者 莊豐榮
Chuang, Feng-Jung
貢獻者 廖瑞銘
莊豐榮
Chuang, Feng-Jung
關鍵詞 比較行為
動機
情緒
邊緣系統
抗焦慮症藥物
Comparison behavior
Motivation
Emotion
Limbic systems
Anxiolytic
日期 2001
上傳時間 15-Apr-2016 16:03:13 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究以連續性負向對比（successive negative contrast, SNC）動物行為模式進行比較行為所涉及的心理歷程及神經生理系統之探究。實驗首先建立以大白鼠在舔舐不同濃度蔗糖液所引發的連續性負向對比效果之模式，繼而探討飢餓動機在此模式中所扮演的角色，並且以benzodiazepines受體促進劑diazepam進行週邊及中樞注射，期望對此模式之神經行為機制有進一步的發現，並釐清benzodiazepines在當中所扮演的角色。實驗一是為了建立本實驗室大白鼠在舔舐蔗糖液由較高濃度（32﹪）降為較低濃度（4﹪）時產生的連續性負向對比行為的表現，從結果發現剝奪吃食的大白鼠或自由吃食的大白鼠皆有連續性負向對比行為的效果產生，剝奪吃食的大白鼠在減抑負向對比的行為效果比自由吃食的大白鼠還快，而自由吃食的大白鼠在連續性負向對比的行為保持上會持續較久。實驗二是操弄吃食狀態的調換，以檢視大白鼠在負向對比效果表現是否隨飢餓驅力的高低而變化，就結果而言，剝奪吃食改為自由吃食組大白鼠之連續性負向對比行為的產生只發生在蔗糖液濃度變化後的第一、二天，而自由吃食改為剝奪吃食組大白鼠會發生在蔗糖液濃度變化後的四天。實驗三大白鼠進行diazepam腹腔注射，結果發現能有效減抑負向對比效果，但只發生在蔗糖液濃度改變後的第二天。實驗四進行大白鼠腹腔注射diazepam 5 mg/kg以檢視其是否因增加對蔗糖液的喜好因素而減抑了連續性負向對比的效果，結果顯示大白鼠在第一、二天負向對比的效果就不明顯，不過受藥物作用的影響，可以發現舔水次數或舔水量等指標都有增加趨勢，此可解釋為diazepam增加對蔗糖液的喜好得影響。實驗五進行了內側杏仁體及背側海馬體的diazepam微量注射，結果發現蔗糖液濃度改變後第一天，上述兩部位的藥物注射後皆產生負向對比效果，但第二天只有注射內側杏仁體大白鼠減抑了負向對比效果，而背側海馬體大白鼠則繼續保持負向對比效果。綜觀上述結果顯示以舔舐蔗糖液濃度差異所引發連續性負向對比效果所涉及的心理歷程及神經生理系統有其複雜性，benzodiazepines受體促進劑diazepam的藥物測試結果發現會影響此行為模式。
The present study successive negative contrast (SNC) investigated what psychological processes and neural systems were involved in the comparison behavior. The SNC effect induced by rat’s licking different concentrations of sucrose solution was established and the effect in diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) as well as experimental manipulation of food deprivation were observed. In Experiment 1, the SNC effect was induced when the sucrose solution shifted from 32% down to 4%.This effect was observed across the consecutive 4 post-shift days in the free-feeding subjects; however, such effect was gradually diminished in the food-deprived subjects. Experiment 2 manipulated the food deprivation states to study how the hunger drive would affect the SNC. The results revealed that the food-deprived subjects in the pre-shift session show the SNC effect only on the second day of post-shift session with food supplied freely. However, the SNC effects were observed in the consecutive four post-shift days in the subject with free-feeding in the pre-shift session but was then altered into the state of food-deprivation. In Experiment 3, the SNC effect was attenuated by systemic injection of diazepam with the observation of the reduced licking suppression on the second post-shift day. In Experiment 4, with similar manipulation of food supply, diazepam was found to enhance the sucrose licking in addition to its reduction of the SNC effect. The central loci for diazepam to attenuate the SNC effect were investigated in Experiment 5. Although the SNC effect was attenuated by diazepam infused into the medial amygdala or the dorsal hippocampus, the time courses to observe such reduction were different for drug infused into both sites. The study indicates that（a）the SNC effect on licking can be reliably induced by decreasing the sucrose concentration,（b）such effect is attenuated by diazepam via central neural mechanisms. However, further research is needed to determine whether the attenuation of SNC by diazepam is based on the anxiety suppression or appetite enhancement process.
參考文獻 Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theory: An analysis of dispositional learning and memory. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Becker, H. C., Jarvis, M. F., Wagner, G. C. & Flaherty C. F. (1984). Medial and lateral amygdalectomy differentially influences consummatory negative contrast. Physiology & behavior, 33, 707-712.
     Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates for wanting and liking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 1-25.
     Berridge, K. C. & Pecina, S. (1995). Benzodiazepines, appetites, and taste palatability. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 19(1), 121-131.
     Berridge, K. C. & Treit, D. (1986). Chlordiazepoxide directly enhances positive ingestive reactions in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 24, 217-221.
     Braestrup, C. & Squires, R. F. (1977). Specific benzodiazepines receptors in rat brain characterized by high-affinity【3H】diazepam binding. Biochemistry, 74(9), 3805-3809.
     Cooper, S. J. (1980). Effects of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam on feeding performance in a food-preference test. Pscchopharmacology, 69, 73-78.
     Cooper, S. J. & Estall, L. B. (1985). Behavioural pharmacology of food, water and salt intake in relation to drug actions at benzodiazepines receptors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 9, 5-19.
     Crespi, L. P. (1942). Quantitative variation in incentive and performance in the white rat. The American Journal of Psychology, 40, 467-517 .
     Flaherty, C. F. (1982). Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward. Animal learning & behavior, 10, 409-440.
     Flaherty, C. F. (1996). Incentive relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Flaherty, C. F., Becker, H. C., Checke, S., Rowan, G. A. & Grigson, P. S. (1992). Effect of chlorpromazine and haloperidol on negative contrast. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 42, 111-117.
     Flaherty, C. F., Coppotelli, C., Hsu, D. & Otto, T. (1998). Excitotoxic of the hippocampus disrupt runway but not consummatory contrast. Behavioural Brain Research, 93, 1-9.
     Flaherty, C. F. & Driscoll, C. D. (1980). Amobarbital sodium reduces successive gustatory contrast. Psychopharmacology, 69, 161-162.
     Flaherty, C. F., Greenwood, A., Martin, J. & Leszczuk, M. (1998). Relationship of negative contrast to animal models of fear and anxiety. Animal Learning & Behavior, 26(4), 397-407.
     Flaherty, C. F., Grigson, P. S., Demetrikopoulos, M. K., Weaver, M. S., Krauss K. L. & Rowan, G. A. (1990). Effect of serotonergic drugs on negative contrast in consummatory Behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 36, 799-806.
     Flaherty, C. F., Rowan, G. A., Emerich, D. F. & Walsh, T. J. (1989). Effects of Intrahippocampal administration of colchicine on incentive contrast on radial maze performance. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103(2), 319-328.
     Gray,J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Grisson, P. S. & Flaherty, C. F. (1991). Cyproheptadine prevents the inital occurrence of successive negative contrast. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 40, 433-442.
     Grigson, P. S., Spector, A. C. & Norgren, R. (1993). Microstructural analysis of successive negative contrast in free-feeding and deprived rats. Physiology & Behavior, 54, 909-916.
     Grigson, P. S., Spector, A. C. & Norgren, R. (1994). Lesions of the pontine parabrachial nuclei eliminate successive negative contrast in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108(4), 714-723.
     Helmstetter, F. J. (1993). Stress-induced hypoalgesia and defensive freezing are attenuated by application of diazepam to the amygdala. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 44, 433-438.
     Mitchell, C. & Flaherty, C. F. (1998). Temporal dynamics of corticosterone elevation in successive negative contrast. Physiology & Behavior, 64(3), 287-292.
     Nagy, J., Zambo, K. & Desci, L. (1979). Anti-anxiety action of diazepam after intra-amygdaloid application in the rat. Neuropharmacology, 18, 573-576.
     Niehoff, D. L. & Kuhar, M. J. (1983). Benzodiazepines receptors: localization in rat amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 3(10), 2091-2097.
     Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. (1986). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Australia: Academic Press.
     Pecina, S. & Berridge, K. C. (1996). Brainstem mediates diazepam enhancement of palatability and feeding: microinjections into fourth ventricle versus lateral ventricle. Brain Research, 727, 22-30.
     Pecoraro, N. C., Timberlake W. D. & Tinsley, M. (1999). Incentive downshifts from evoke search repertoires in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25(2), 153-167.
     Petersen, E. N., Braestrup, C. & Jougen Scheel-Kruger. (1985). Evidence that the anticonflict of midazolam in amygdala is mediated by the specific benzodiazepines receptors. Neuroscience Letters, 53, 285-288.
     Rago, L. K., Kiivet, R. A. K. & Harro, J. E. (1986). Benzodiazepines binding sites in mice forebrain and kidneys: evidence for similar regulation by GABA agonists. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 24, 1-3.
     Richard, J. G. & Mohler, H. (1984). Benzodiazepines receptors. Neuropharmacology, 23(2B), 233-242.
     Salinas, J. A., Parent, M. B. & McGaugh, J. L. (1996). Ibitenic acid lesions of the amygdala basolateral complex or central nucleus differentially effect the response to reductions in reward. Brain Research, 742, 283-293.
     Salinas, J. A. & White, N. (1998). Contributions of the hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum to the response elicited by reward reduction. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112(4), 812-826.
     Salminen, O., Lahtinen, S. & Ahtee, L. (1996). Expression of fos protein in various rat brain areas following acute nicotine and diazepam. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 54(1), 241-248.
     Sandra, N. A., File, E., Fernandes, C., Gonzalez, L. E. & Barnes, N. M. (1997). Evidence that the median raphe nucleus-dorsal hippocampal pathway mediates diazepam withdrawal-induced anxiety. Psychopharmacology, 130, 228-234.
     Schwartz, G. J. & Grill, H. J. (1984). Relationships between taste reactivity and intake in the neurologucally intack rat. Chem. Senses, 9, 249-272.
     Shibata, K., Kataoka, Y., Gomita, Y. & Ueki, S. (1982). Localization of the site of the anticonflict of benzodiazepines in the amygdaloid nucleus of rats. Brain Research, 234, 442-446.
     Shibata, S., Yamashita, K., Yamamoto, E., Ozaki, T. & Ueki, S. (1989). Effects of benzodiazepines and GABA antagonists on anticonflict effects of antianxiety drugs injected into the rat amygdala in a water-lick supression test. Psychopharmacology, 54(1), 241-248.
     Souza, E. B., Goeders, N. E. & Kuhar, M. J. (1986). Benzodiazepines receptors in rat brain are altered by adrenalectomy. Brain Research, 381, 176-181.
     Treit, D., Berridge, K. C. & Schultz, C. (1987). The direct enhancement of positive palatability by chlordiazepoxide is antagonized by Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 26, 709-714.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001148
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 廖瑞銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 莊豐榮zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chuang, Feng-Jungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 莊豐榮zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chuang, Feng-Jungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2001en_US
dc.date.accessioned 15-Apr-2016 16:03:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 15-Apr-2016 16:03:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 15-Apr-2016 16:03:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2002001148en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/84957-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以連續性負向對比（successive negative contrast, SNC）動物行為模式進行比較行為所涉及的心理歷程及神經生理系統之探究。實驗首先建立以大白鼠在舔舐不同濃度蔗糖液所引發的連續性負向對比效果之模式，繼而探討飢餓動機在此模式中所扮演的角色，並且以benzodiazepines受體促進劑diazepam進行週邊及中樞注射，期望對此模式之神經行為機制有進一步的發現，並釐清benzodiazepines在當中所扮演的角色。實驗一是為了建立本實驗室大白鼠在舔舐蔗糖液由較高濃度（32﹪）降為較低濃度（4﹪）時產生的連續性負向對比行為的表現，從結果發現剝奪吃食的大白鼠或自由吃食的大白鼠皆有連續性負向對比行為的效果產生，剝奪吃食的大白鼠在減抑負向對比的行為效果比自由吃食的大白鼠還快，而自由吃食的大白鼠在連續性負向對比的行為保持上會持續較久。實驗二是操弄吃食狀態的調換，以檢視大白鼠在負向對比效果表現是否隨飢餓驅力的高低而變化，就結果而言，剝奪吃食改為自由吃食組大白鼠之連續性負向對比行為的產生只發生在蔗糖液濃度變化後的第一、二天，而自由吃食改為剝奪吃食組大白鼠會發生在蔗糖液濃度變化後的四天。實驗三大白鼠進行diazepam腹腔注射，結果發現能有效減抑負向對比效果，但只發生在蔗糖液濃度改變後的第二天。實驗四進行大白鼠腹腔注射diazepam 5 mg/kg以檢視其是否因增加對蔗糖液的喜好因素而減抑了連續性負向對比的效果，結果顯示大白鼠在第一、二天負向對比的效果就不明顯，不過受藥物作用的影響，可以發現舔水次數或舔水量等指標都有增加趨勢，此可解釋為diazepam增加對蔗糖液的喜好得影響。實驗五進行了內側杏仁體及背側海馬體的diazepam微量注射，結果發現蔗糖液濃度改變後第一天，上述兩部位的藥物注射後皆產生負向對比效果，但第二天只有注射內側杏仁體大白鼠減抑了負向對比效果，而背側海馬體大白鼠則繼續保持負向對比效果。綜觀上述結果顯示以舔舐蔗糖液濃度差異所引發連續性負向對比效果所涉及的心理歷程及神經生理系統有其複雜性，benzodiazepines受體促進劑diazepam的藥物測試結果發現會影響此行為模式。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study successive negative contrast (SNC) investigated what psychological processes and neural systems were involved in the comparison behavior. The SNC effect induced by rat’s licking different concentrations of sucrose solution was established and the effect in diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) as well as experimental manipulation of food deprivation were observed. In Experiment 1, the SNC effect was induced when the sucrose solution shifted from 32% down to 4%.This effect was observed across the consecutive 4 post-shift days in the free-feeding subjects; however, such effect was gradually diminished in the food-deprived subjects. Experiment 2 manipulated the food deprivation states to study how the hunger drive would affect the SNC. The results revealed that the food-deprived subjects in the pre-shift session show the SNC effect only on the second day of post-shift session with food supplied freely. However, the SNC effects were observed in the consecutive four post-shift days in the subject with free-feeding in the pre-shift session but was then altered into the state of food-deprivation. In Experiment 3, the SNC effect was attenuated by systemic injection of diazepam with the observation of the reduced licking suppression on the second post-shift day. In Experiment 4, with similar manipulation of food supply, diazepam was found to enhance the sucrose licking in addition to its reduction of the SNC effect. The central loci for diazepam to attenuate the SNC effect were investigated in Experiment 5. Although the SNC effect was attenuated by diazepam infused into the medial amygdala or the dorsal hippocampus, the time courses to observe such reduction were different for drug infused into both sites. The study indicates that（a）the SNC effect on licking can be reliably induced by decreasing the sucrose concentration,（b）such effect is attenuated by diazepam via central neural mechanisms. However, further research is needed to determine whether the attenuation of SNC by diazepam is based on the anxiety suppression or appetite enhancement process.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 封面頁
     證明書
     致謝詞
     論文摘要
     目次
     附錄圖表說明
     壹、 緒論
     一、 前言
     二、 連續性負向對比行為模式
     三、 連續性負向對比行為模式假說
     四、 連續性負向對比行為的神經機制探討
     五、 Benzodiazepines的神經機制及行為藥理作用
     六、 研究問題
     貳、 研究方法
     一、 受試
     二、 實驗儀器
     三、 週邊藥物注射
     四、 腦部立體固定儀手術
     五、 顱內藥物注射
     六、 資料分析
     參、 實驗一
     肆、 實驗二
     伍、 實驗三
     陸、 實驗四
     柒、 實驗五
     捌、 綜合討論
     參考文獻
     附錄圖表		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001148en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較行為zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 邊緣系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 抗焦慮症藥物zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comparison behavioren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Motivationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Emotionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Limbic systemsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anxiolyticen_US
dc.title (題名) 以負向對比歷程探討酬賞價值降低之神經行為機制zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Investigation of the Neurobehavioral Mechanisms for Reward Reduction via Using the Procedure of Successive Contrasten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theory: An analysis of dispositional learning and memory. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Becker, H. C., Jarvis, M. F., Wagner, G. C. & Flaherty C. F. (1984). Medial and lateral amygdalectomy differentially influences consummatory negative contrast. Physiology & behavior, 33, 707-712.
     Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates for wanting and liking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 1-25.
     Berridge, K. C. & Pecina, S. (1995). Benzodiazepines, appetites, and taste palatability. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 19(1), 121-131.
     Berridge, K. C. & Treit, D. (1986). Chlordiazepoxide directly enhances positive ingestive reactions in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 24, 217-221.
     Braestrup, C. & Squires, R. F. (1977). Specific benzodiazepines receptors in rat brain characterized by high-affinity【3H】diazepam binding. Biochemistry, 74(9), 3805-3809.
     Cooper, S. J. (1980). Effects of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam on feeding performance in a food-preference test. Pscchopharmacology, 69, 73-78.
     Cooper, S. J. & Estall, L. B. (1985). Behavioural pharmacology of food, water and salt intake in relation to drug actions at benzodiazepines receptors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 9, 5-19.
     Crespi, L. P. (1942). Quantitative variation in incentive and performance in the white rat. The American Journal of Psychology, 40, 467-517 .
     Flaherty, C. F. (1982). Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward. Animal learning & behavior, 10, 409-440.
     Flaherty, C. F. (1996). Incentive relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Flaherty, C. F., Becker, H. C., Checke, S., Rowan, G. A. & Grigson, P. S. (1992). Effect of chlorpromazine and haloperidol on negative contrast. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 42, 111-117.
     Flaherty, C. F., Coppotelli, C., Hsu, D. & Otto, T. (1998). Excitotoxic of the hippocampus disrupt runway but not consummatory contrast. Behavioural Brain Research, 93, 1-9.
     Flaherty, C. F. & Driscoll, C. D. (1980). Amobarbital sodium reduces successive gustatory contrast. Psychopharmacology, 69, 161-162.
     Flaherty, C. F., Greenwood, A., Martin, J. & Leszczuk, M. (1998). Relationship of negative contrast to animal models of fear and anxiety. Animal Learning & Behavior, 26(4), 397-407.
     Flaherty, C. F., Grigson, P. S., Demetrikopoulos, M. K., Weaver, M. S., Krauss K. L. & Rowan, G. A. (1990). Effect of serotonergic drugs on negative contrast in consummatory Behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 36, 799-806.
     Flaherty, C. F., Rowan, G. A., Emerich, D. F. & Walsh, T. J. (1989). Effects of Intrahippocampal administration of colchicine on incentive contrast on radial maze performance. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103(2), 319-328.
     Gray,J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Grisson, P. S. & Flaherty, C. F. (1991). Cyproheptadine prevents the inital occurrence of successive negative contrast. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 40, 433-442.
     Grigson, P. S., Spector, A. C. & Norgren, R. (1993). Microstructural analysis of successive negative contrast in free-feeding and deprived rats. Physiology & Behavior, 54, 909-916.
     Grigson, P. S., Spector, A. C. & Norgren, R. (1994). Lesions of the pontine parabrachial nuclei eliminate successive negative contrast in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108(4), 714-723.
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