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題名 俄羅斯政治菁英流動之研究(1991-1996年)
作者 許峻郎
貢獻者 彼薩列夫
許峻郎
關鍵詞 菁英
菁英循環
菁英重製
政治菁英
俄羅斯
日期 2000
上傳時間 18-Apr-2016 16:34:06 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文主要是探討從一九九一年到一九九六年俄羅斯政治菁英變動的情況。俄羅斯菁英的變動主要是根基於兩個主要的因素,一為戈巴契夫的改革,另一則為九一年的蘇聯解體。本篇文章主要是利用兩個面向去探討俄羅斯菁英變動的情形,一為菁英結構的分化,另一則為菁英政治態度的凝結度。同時我們認為利用職官名錄身份來測量新菁英是否為重製的標準是不妥當的。我們認為職官名錄應視為一政治階層,而非菁英團體。本篇論文研究的結果顯示,現今俄羅斯菁英的組成已經與過去蘇聯時期的菁英有所不同,尤其是新進角色—專業人員的加入更是重要。由此,可以得知俄羅斯菁英已經產生循環的現象。
In this thesis we want to find out the situation of the change of the Russian political elite from 1991 to 1996. The change of Russian elite is influenced by two causes: one is the Gorbachev’s reform, the other is the collapse of the Sovit Union in 91’. In this thesis we use two dimensions, the differentiation of elite’s structure and the unity of elite’s political attitude, to find out in Russia the circulation of elite happens or not, and meanwhile we also argue the nomenklatura is used to be as a standard to measure the level of reproduction of elite is not appropriate. We think the nomenklatura is a political stratification, not a political elite group. The result of the study shows that the proportion of the Russian elite has been changed, is different from that of the Sovit Union. The character of New Comer, has been joined in the Russian elite group is the evident of the circulation of Russian elite has happened.
參考文獻 中文部份
     尹慶耀,《蘇維埃帝國的消亡》,(台北:五南,民國八十三年)。
     王正泉編,《從列寧到戈巴爾喬夫—蘇聯政治體制的轉變》,(北京,中國人民大學出版社,1988)。
     宋錦海,遠方,《新權貴—俄羅斯金融工業集團的崛起》,(北京:新華初版社,1998)。
     呂亞力,《政治發展與民主》,(台北:五南,民國七十七年)。
     佟剛,「俄羅斯金融工業集團的特點與性質分析—兼與李建民同治商榷」,《東歐中亞研究》,第1期,1999。
     邢廣程、徐運朴,「關於社會主義社會中的黨」,劉克明、吳仁彰編,《從列寧到戈巴契夫:蘇聯社會主義理論的演變》,(北京:東方初版社,1992)。
     李中杰,徐耀心,魏力,《社會主義改革史》,(北京:春秋版社,1988)。
     拉斯威爾(Harold D. Lasswell), 鯨鯤、和敏譯,《政治:論權勢人物的成長、時機和方法》(Politics: Who Gets What, When, How), (台北市,時報出版社:民國八十年)。
     吳玉山,《共產世界的變遷-四個共產政權的比較》,(台北:東大,民國八十四年)。
     洪川筑,《戈巴契夫的改造(perestroika)之研究— 1985年三月至1990年三月》,(國立台灣大學:政治學研究所,民國七十九年)。
     寇健文,「政治繼承與共黨政權結構穩定性的比較研究」,《問題與研究》,第39卷,第三期,民國八十九年。
     格拉斯曼(Roland Glassman),高琳譯,「合法性與製造的領袖魅力」,《憲政思潮》,第四十八期,十二月,民國六十八年。
     許嘉猷,《社會階層化與社會流動》,(台北市:三民,民國七十五年)。
     許嘉猷,「台灣階級結構」,《中國社會學刊》(第十一期,春季)。
     郭武平,《戈巴契夫的「改造」:理想與實踐》,(台北:國立政治大學東亞研究所,民國八十三年)。
     畢英賢,《俄羅斯》,(台北:國立政治大學國際關係中心,民國八十三年)。
     畢英賢,「一九八八年蘇聯政經改革與難題」,《問題與研究》,一九八九年第六期。
     陳秉璋,《政治社會學》,(台北:三民,民國八十一年)。
     陳明通,《威權體制下台灣地方政治菁英的流動(1945-1986)》,(台北,台灣大學政治學研究所七十九年博士論文)。
     張華葆,《社會階層》,(台北:三民,民國七十六年)。
     自張佑之,《蘇聯領導人的權力轉移》,(台北:國立政治大學,民國七十三年)。
     彭懷恩,《菁英民主理論評介》(台北:正中書局,民國七十二年)。
     趙春山,《蘇聯領導權力的轉移—從列寧到戈巴契夫》,(台北:桂冠,民國七十九年)。
     龍冠海,《社會學》,(台北:三民書局,民國七十二年)。
     《史達林選集》,下卷,(北京:新華書局,1980)。
     《列寧全集》,第31卷,(北京:新華書店,1985)。
     英文部份
     Almond, Garbiel A. and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nation, (Princeton University Press, 1963).
     Bachrach, Peter, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, (Boston, Little, Brown and Company: 1967).
     Babayeva, Liliya V., “Elite Conceptions of Russia’s Present and Future”, John Higley , Jan Pakulski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski eds. Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe, ( New York: St Martin Press, 1998).
     Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee, Voting: Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidental Campaign, (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966).
     Bialer, Seweryn, Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Chang in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
     Bottomore, Tom, Elites and Society: (NY: Routledge, 1993).
     Bunce, Valerite and John M.Echols , “Soviet Poltics in Brezehnev Era:‘Pluralism’ or ‘Corporatism’? ”, in Donald Kelly eds., Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era, (New York: Praeger, 1980).
     Burnham, James, The Mangerial Revolution, (New York: John Day, 1941).
     Dahl, Robert A., Who Governs? Democracy and Power in American City (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1979).
     Durverger, Maurice, The Study of Politics, trans. By Robert Wagner, (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1966).
     Ferrero, Gugliemo, The Principles of Power: The Great Political Crisis of History, trans. By Theodore R. Jaeckel ( New York: G. P. Putnam, 1942).
     Giddens, A. “Elites in the British class Structure”, in P. Stanworth and A. Giddens, Elites and Power in the British Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
     Harasymiw, Bohdan, “Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol.2, No.3, 1969.
     Bohdan Harasymiw, PoliticalElite Recruitment in the Soviet Union (New York: St.Martin’s Press).
     Higley, John, Jon Pakuski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, “Introduction: Elite Change and Democratic Regimes in Eastern Europe”, Postcommunist Elite, and Democracy in Eastern Europe, eds. John Higley, Jon Pakuski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowsk, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).
     Hough, Jerry F., Soviet Leadership in Transition, (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1980).
     Hough, Jerry F., “The Creation Gap and the Brezhnev Succession”, Problems of Communism, Vol. 28, July- August, 1979.
     Hunter, Floyd, Community Power Structure: a Study of Decision Makers, (New York: Anchor Book Doubledly & Company, Inc, 1963).
     Kryshtanovskaia, Olga and Stephen White, “From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite”, Europe-Asia Studies 48, No.4 ( July 1996).
     Lane, David and Cameron Ross, The Transition from Communism to Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, ( New York : St. Martin Press, 1998).
     Lasswell, Harold D., Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, eds. Dwaine Marvick (Chicago, the University of Chicago:1977).
     Lasswell, Harold D. and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Heaven, Yale University press: 1950).
     Lasswell, Harold D., Daniel Lerner and C. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites, (California: Stanford University Press, 1954).
     Marsh, Robert M., The Mandarins: The Circulation of Elites in China, (The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961).
     Marx, Karl and F. Engles, “Historical Materialism, Idealism and the Division of Lobor”, The German Ideology, (New York: International Publishers, 1947).
     Marx, Karl and F. Engles, The Communist Manifesto (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc, 1955).
     Meyer, Alfred G., “The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet Political System.” in Gary K. Bertsch and Thomas W. Ganschow, Comparative Communism: The Soviet, Chinese, and Yugoslav Models (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976).
     Michels, Robert, Political Parties- A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, (New York: Free Press: 1962).
     Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite, (NY, Oxford: 1956).
     Mosca, Gaetano, The Ruling Class (Elementi di Scienza Politica), trans. Hannah D. Khan, (NY, McGraw-Hill: 1939).
     Pareto, Vilfredo, “The Theory of Elite Circulation”, eds. Joseph Lopreato and Lionel S. Lewis, Social Stratification: A Reader (New York: Harper & Row: 1974).
     Pareto, Vilfredo, The Mind and Society – A Treatise on General Sociology, Vol. 3, trans. Andrew Bongiorno and Arthur Livingston (New York: Brace and Company, 1983).
     Pfautz, Harold W., “The Current Literature on Social Stratification Critique and Bibliography .” American Journal Review, vol.58.
     Putnam, Robert D., The Comparative Study of Political Elites, (New Jersy: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs).
     Sartori, Goovanni, Democratic Theory, (New York, 1968).
     Schumpeter, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
     Sorokin, Pitrim A., Social Cultural Mobility, (London: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1959).
     Weber, Max, “Class, Status and Party”, Essays in Sociology, trans. By H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills,(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946).
     Weber, Max, “Status Group and Classes”, Economy and Society, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978).
     Willerton, John P., “Post-Soviet Cilentelist Norms at the Russian Federal Level”, Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics, eds. Graeme Gill, (New York: St. Martin Press, 1998).
     The Current Digest.
     俄文期刊及書籍
     Gorbachev, Mikhail Perestroika i Novoe Myshlenie: Dela Nashei Strany i Dela Vsevo Mira (Moskva: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1987).
     Kisovskaia, N. K., “ Predprinimateli I Osnovn’ie Politicheskie Partii Rosii (1991-1995 gg.)”, Mirovaia Ekonomia u Meizhdunaridn’I Otnosheinia, No.3., 1997.
     N. P. Pishulin, “Politicheiskoei Lideirstvo I Eleiktroal’n’ii Protseiss”, Polis, No.5, 1998.
     Sogrin,V. Politicheskaya istoriya sovremennoi Rossi 1985-1994 ot Gorbacheva do El’tsina, (Moskva: Progress- Akademiya, 1994).
     Starodubrovskaya, I., “Finansovo-prom’ishlenn’ie grup’pp’I: Illuzin i Real’nost’”, Vopros’i Ekonomiki, 1995, No.5, 1995.
     Kto est’ chto, (Moscow: Catallaxy, 1993).
     俄文報紙
     Izvestia
     Pravda
     Kosmol’skaia Gazeta
     Nezavisimaia Gazeta
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
85263003
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001660
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 彼薩列夫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許峻郎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 許峻郎zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2000en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Apr-2016 16:34:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Apr-2016 16:34:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Apr-2016 16:34:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2002001660en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/85559-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85263003zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文主要是探討從一九九一年到一九九六年俄羅斯政治菁英變動的情況。俄羅斯菁英的變動主要是根基於兩個主要的因素,一為戈巴契夫的改革,另一則為九一年的蘇聯解體。本篇文章主要是利用兩個面向去探討俄羅斯菁英變動的情形,一為菁英結構的分化,另一則為菁英政治態度的凝結度。同時我們認為利用職官名錄身份來測量新菁英是否為重製的標準是不妥當的。我們認為職官名錄應視為一政治階層,而非菁英團體。本篇論文研究的結果顯示,現今俄羅斯菁英的組成已經與過去蘇聯時期的菁英有所不同,尤其是新進角色—專業人員的加入更是重要。由此,可以得知俄羅斯菁英已經產生循環的現象。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this thesis we want to find out the situation of the change of the Russian political elite from 1991 to 1996. The change of Russian elite is influenced by two causes: one is the Gorbachev’s reform, the other is the collapse of the Sovit Union in 91’. In this thesis we use two dimensions, the differentiation of elite’s structure and the unity of elite’s political attitude, to find out in Russia the circulation of elite happens or not, and meanwhile we also argue the nomenklatura is used to be as a standard to measure the level of reproduction of elite is not appropriate. We think the nomenklatura is a political stratification, not a political elite group. The result of the study shows that the proportion of the Russian elite has been changed, is different from that of the Sovit Union. The character of New Comer, has been joined in the Russian elite group is the evident of the circulation of Russian elite has happened.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 封面頁
     證明書
     致謝詞
     論文摘要
     目錄
     第一章 緒論
     第一節 研究背景與目的
     第二節 題目的定義、時間範圍與研究假設
     第三節 研究架構、研究方法與章節安排
     第二章 文獻檢閱與探討
     第一節 相關的概念檢閱
     第二節 相關理論的檢閱
     第三節 相關研究檢閱
     第四節 小結
     第三章 俄羅斯政治菁英合法性及其甄選管道
     第一節 俄羅斯政治菁英之合法性
     第二節 俄羅斯菁英甄選管道
     第三節 小結
     第四章 俄羅斯政治菁英群體異化程度
     第一節 產生的起點 — 戈巴契夫的改革
     第二節 1991~1993年俄羅斯政治菁英異化的程度
     第三節 1993 ~ 1995年俄羅斯菁英異化的程度
     第四節 新經濟菁英—金融工業集團份子
     第五節 小結
     第五章 俄羅斯政治菁英意識凝結度
     第一節 蘇聯戈巴契夫時期政治菁英意識
     第二節 俄羅斯政治菁英的意識
     第三節 蘇聯政治菁英與俄羅斯政治菁英意識之比較
     第四節 小結
     第六章 結論
     參考文獻
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001660en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菁英zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菁英循環zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菁英重製zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治菁英zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄羅斯zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 俄羅斯政治菁英流動之研究(1991-1996年)zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部份
     尹慶耀,《蘇維埃帝國的消亡》,(台北:五南,民國八十三年)。
     王正泉編,《從列寧到戈巴爾喬夫—蘇聯政治體制的轉變》,(北京,中國人民大學出版社,1988)。
     宋錦海,遠方,《新權貴—俄羅斯金融工業集團的崛起》,(北京:新華初版社,1998)。
     呂亞力,《政治發展與民主》,(台北:五南,民國七十七年)。
     佟剛,「俄羅斯金融工業集團的特點與性質分析—兼與李建民同治商榷」,《東歐中亞研究》,第1期,1999。
     邢廣程、徐運朴,「關於社會主義社會中的黨」,劉克明、吳仁彰編,《從列寧到戈巴契夫:蘇聯社會主義理論的演變》,(北京:東方初版社,1992)。
     李中杰,徐耀心,魏力,《社會主義改革史》,(北京:春秋版社,1988)。
     拉斯威爾(Harold D. Lasswell), 鯨鯤、和敏譯,《政治:論權勢人物的成長、時機和方法》(Politics: Who Gets What, When, How), (台北市,時報出版社:民國八十年)。
     吳玉山,《共產世界的變遷-四個共產政權的比較》,(台北:東大,民國八十四年)。
     洪川筑,《戈巴契夫的改造(perestroika)之研究— 1985年三月至1990年三月》,(國立台灣大學:政治學研究所,民國七十九年)。
     寇健文,「政治繼承與共黨政權結構穩定性的比較研究」,《問題與研究》,第39卷,第三期,民國八十九年。
     格拉斯曼(Roland Glassman),高琳譯,「合法性與製造的領袖魅力」,《憲政思潮》,第四十八期,十二月,民國六十八年。
     許嘉猷,《社會階層化與社會流動》,(台北市:三民,民國七十五年)。
     許嘉猷,「台灣階級結構」,《中國社會學刊》(第十一期,春季)。
     郭武平,《戈巴契夫的「改造」:理想與實踐》,(台北:國立政治大學東亞研究所,民國八十三年)。
     畢英賢,《俄羅斯》,(台北:國立政治大學國際關係中心,民國八十三年)。
     畢英賢,「一九八八年蘇聯政經改革與難題」,《問題與研究》,一九八九年第六期。
     陳秉璋,《政治社會學》,(台北:三民,民國八十一年)。
     陳明通,《威權體制下台灣地方政治菁英的流動(1945-1986)》,(台北,台灣大學政治學研究所七十九年博士論文)。
     張華葆,《社會階層》,(台北:三民,民國七十六年)。
     自張佑之,《蘇聯領導人的權力轉移》,(台北:國立政治大學,民國七十三年)。
     彭懷恩,《菁英民主理論評介》(台北:正中書局,民國七十二年)。
     趙春山,《蘇聯領導權力的轉移—從列寧到戈巴契夫》,(台北:桂冠,民國七十九年)。
     龍冠海,《社會學》,(台北:三民書局,民國七十二年)。
     《史達林選集》,下卷,(北京:新華書局,1980)。
     《列寧全集》,第31卷,(北京:新華書店,1985)。
     英文部份
     Almond, Garbiel A. and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nation, (Princeton University Press, 1963).
     Bachrach, Peter, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, (Boston, Little, Brown and Company: 1967).
     Babayeva, Liliya V., “Elite Conceptions of Russia’s Present and Future”, John Higley , Jan Pakulski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski eds. Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe, ( New York: St Martin Press, 1998).
     Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee, Voting: Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidental Campaign, (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966).
     Bialer, Seweryn, Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Chang in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
     Bottomore, Tom, Elites and Society: (NY: Routledge, 1993).
     Bunce, Valerite and John M.Echols , “Soviet Poltics in Brezehnev Era:‘Pluralism’ or ‘Corporatism’? ”, in Donald Kelly eds., Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era, (New York: Praeger, 1980).
     Burnham, James, The Mangerial Revolution, (New York: John Day, 1941).
     Dahl, Robert A., Who Governs? Democracy and Power in American City (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1979).
     Durverger, Maurice, The Study of Politics, trans. By Robert Wagner, (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1966).
     Ferrero, Gugliemo, The Principles of Power: The Great Political Crisis of History, trans. By Theodore R. Jaeckel ( New York: G. P. Putnam, 1942).
     Giddens, A. “Elites in the British class Structure”, in P. Stanworth and A. Giddens, Elites and Power in the British Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
     Harasymiw, Bohdan, “Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol.2, No.3, 1969.
     Bohdan Harasymiw, PoliticalElite Recruitment in the Soviet Union (New York: St.Martin’s Press).
     Higley, John, Jon Pakuski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, “Introduction: Elite Change and Democratic Regimes in Eastern Europe”, Postcommunist Elite, and Democracy in Eastern Europe, eds. John Higley, Jon Pakuski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowsk, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).
     Hough, Jerry F., Soviet Leadership in Transition, (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1980).
     Hough, Jerry F., “The Creation Gap and the Brezhnev Succession”, Problems of Communism, Vol. 28, July- August, 1979.
     Hunter, Floyd, Community Power Structure: a Study of Decision Makers, (New York: Anchor Book Doubledly & Company, Inc, 1963).
     Kryshtanovskaia, Olga and Stephen White, “From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite”, Europe-Asia Studies 48, No.4 ( July 1996).
     Lane, David and Cameron Ross, The Transition from Communism to Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, ( New York : St. Martin Press, 1998).
     Lasswell, Harold D., Harold D. Lasswell on Political Sociology, eds. Dwaine Marvick (Chicago, the University of Chicago:1977).
     Lasswell, Harold D. and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Heaven, Yale University press: 1950).
     Lasswell, Harold D., Daniel Lerner and C. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites, (California: Stanford University Press, 1954).
     Marsh, Robert M., The Mandarins: The Circulation of Elites in China, (The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961).
     Marx, Karl and F. Engles, “Historical Materialism, Idealism and the Division of Lobor”, The German Ideology, (New York: International Publishers, 1947).
     Marx, Karl and F. Engles, The Communist Manifesto (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc, 1955).
     Meyer, Alfred G., “The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet Political System.” in Gary K. Bertsch and Thomas W. Ganschow, Comparative Communism: The Soviet, Chinese, and Yugoslav Models (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976).
     Michels, Robert, Political Parties- A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, (New York: Free Press: 1962).
     Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite, (NY, Oxford: 1956).
     Mosca, Gaetano, The Ruling Class (Elementi di Scienza Politica), trans. Hannah D. Khan, (NY, McGraw-Hill: 1939).
     Pareto, Vilfredo, “The Theory of Elite Circulation”, eds. Joseph Lopreato and Lionel S. Lewis, Social Stratification: A Reader (New York: Harper & Row: 1974).
     Pareto, Vilfredo, The Mind and Society – A Treatise on General Sociology, Vol. 3, trans. Andrew Bongiorno and Arthur Livingston (New York: Brace and Company, 1983).
     Pfautz, Harold W., “The Current Literature on Social Stratification Critique and Bibliography .” American Journal Review, vol.58.
     Putnam, Robert D., The Comparative Study of Political Elites, (New Jersy: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs).
     Sartori, Goovanni, Democratic Theory, (New York, 1968).
     Schumpeter, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
     Sorokin, Pitrim A., Social Cultural Mobility, (London: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1959).
     Weber, Max, “Class, Status and Party”, Essays in Sociology, trans. By H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills,(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946).
     Weber, Max, “Status Group and Classes”, Economy and Society, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978).
     Willerton, John P., “Post-Soviet Cilentelist Norms at the Russian Federal Level”, Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics, eds. Graeme Gill, (New York: St. Martin Press, 1998).
     The Current Digest.
     俄文期刊及書籍
     Gorbachev, Mikhail Perestroika i Novoe Myshlenie: Dela Nashei Strany i Dela Vsevo Mira (Moskva: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1987).
     Kisovskaia, N. K., “ Predprinimateli I Osnovn’ie Politicheskie Partii Rosii (1991-1995 gg.)”, Mirovaia Ekonomia u Meizhdunaridn’I Otnosheinia, No.3., 1997.
     N. P. Pishulin, “Politicheiskoei Lideirstvo I Eleiktroal’n’ii Protseiss”, Polis, No.5, 1998.
     Sogrin,V. Politicheskaya istoriya sovremennoi Rossi 1985-1994 ot Gorbacheva do El’tsina, (Moskva: Progress- Akademiya, 1994).
     Starodubrovskaya, I., “Finansovo-prom’ishlenn’ie grup’pp’I: Illuzin i Real’nost’”, Vopros’i Ekonomiki, 1995, No.5, 1995.
     Kto est’ chto, (Moscow: Catallaxy, 1993).
     俄文報紙
     Izvestia
     Pravda
     Kosmol’skaia Gazeta
     Nezavisimaia Gazeta
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