學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 報社組織知識儲存與分享之研究
作者 張文強
Chang, Wen-chiang
貢獻者 鍾蔚文
Chung Wei-wen
張文強
Chang Wen-chiang
關鍵詞 報業管理
知識管理
知識資產
媒體管理
media management
knowledge management
newspaper
日期 1998
上傳時間 20-Apr-2016 14:23:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在討論報社知識管理問題,將報業管理焦點從傳統的有形資產管理,轉移到知識資產管理。知識是一種重組織資產,可做為報社長期競爭優勢來源,並提升新聞品質。而報社組織知識是以個別新聞工作者平日累積知識為基礎,知識管理工作則在轉換與整合這些個人知識,使其超越個人層次,讓報社其他成員使用。不過由於知識具有本質與型式上的差異,因此,本研究將知識區分為外顯程序性知識,與默識兩種,分別討論其管理方式,前者包含外顯程序性知識、路線情境知識、報社組織情境知識,後者則包含默識程序性知識與後設認知知識。
參考文獻 中華民國新聞評議委員會(1997).媒體資深記者制度:現況調查.台北:中
      華民國新聞評議委員會.
     王洪鈞.(1955).新聞採訪學.台北:正中.
     王惕吾.(1991).我與新聞事業.台北:聯經.
     王麗美.(1994).報人王惕吾:聯合報的故事.台北:天下文化.
     平秀琳.(1995).報業通路的產業組織經濟分析.國立政治大學新聞研究所碩
      士論文.
     自由時報.(1993).自由時報新聞採訪手冊.台北:自由時報.
     牟宗三、徐復觀、張君勱、唐君毅(1989).中國文化與世界.在周陽山(編),
      中國文化的危機與展望:當代研究與趨向.台北:時報.
     余英時.(1984).從價值系統看中國文化的現代意義.台北:時報.
     李子堅.(1998).紐約時報的風格.台北:聯經.
     李仁芳.(1995).7-ELEVEN統一超商縱橫台灣.台北:遠流.
     李仁芳、陳文玲.(1998).報業競爭規範之研究.行政院公平交易委員會研究
      計劃.
     李裕昆譯.(1994).臨界生產方式.(Womack,J.P.,Jones,D.T. & Roos,D.,
      Lean Production.) 台北:中華企業管理發展中心.
     李端君,李淑君譯(1996).混世自白書.(Neuharth,A.,Confessions of an
      S.O.B.)台北:智庫.
     林克明.(1997).知識之類型以及其創新與轉換. 國立台灣大學商學研究所碩
      士論文.
     林添貴譯.(1992).跨國報業巨人梅鐸.台北:允晨.
     林添貴譯.(1994).步步為贏.(Prichard,P.,The Making of McPaper:The
      Inside Story of USA Today.)台北:正中.
     林添貴譯.(1995).紐約時報.(Diamond,E.,Behind The Times:Inside the
      New New York Times.)台北:智庫.
     林富美.(1997).聯合報系的薪酬策略.新聞學研究第五十四集.
     岳修平譯.(1998).教學心理學.(Gagne,E.D.,Yekovich,C.W. & Yekovich,
      F.R.,The Cognitive Psychology of School Learning.)台北:
      遠流.
     花櫻芬.(1996).高科技事業中技術知識特質與知識資源吸收之研究. 國立政
      治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     胡幼偉.(1998).媒體徵才.台北:正中.
     姚正聲.(1994).歷史的創舉,技術的傳承:印務手冊編製紀實.聯合報系月
      刊第138期.
     施孝昌譯.(1997).美聯社新聞寫作指導.(Cappon,R.J.,The Word:an
      Associated Press to Good News Writing).台北:三思堂.
     施振榮.(1996).再造宏□.台北:天下文化.
     涂建豐.(1996).編輯室公約運動.新聞學研究第五十二集.
     涂瑞德.(1998).技術知識特質、產品開發團隊與組織動態能耐關係之研究.
      國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     翁秀琪.(1992).工作權與新聞記者之自主性.在翁秀琪、蔡明誠(編).大眾傳
      播法手冊.台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     許月瑛.(1998).台灣精密機械業產品創新與組織知識流通之研究.國立政治
      大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     許烺光.(1988).中國人與美國人.台北:巨流.
     張文強.(1998).報紙產業組織結構分析與再形塑:組織理論的觀點.在陳世
      敏(主編).傳播論文選集1997.台北:中華傳播學會出版.
     張作錦.(1991).一同走過來時路.台北:聯經.
     張宏源.(1996).媒體經營與規劃管理實務.台北:風雲論壇出版社.
     張韶雯.(1988).台灣地區日報新聞資料室之研究:資料室管員的觀點.國立
      政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文.
     陳天玨.(1971).編採手冊.台北:中華日報.
     陳順孝,康永欽.(1998).記實避禍的報導策略:傳播者與社會情境互動的本
      土研究. 在陳世敏(主編).傳播論文選集1997.台北:中華傳播學
      會出版.
     莊武英譯.(1995).兩種資主義之戰.(Albert,M.,Capitalism Against
      Capitalism.)台北:聯經.
     郭進隆譯.(1994).第五項修練.(Senge,P.M.,The Fifth Discipline).台
      北:天下.
     程之行.(1981).新聞寫作.台北:商務.
     彭家發.(1990).非虛構寫作疏釋.台北:商務.
     彭淮棟譯.(1984).意義.(Polanyi,M. & Harry,P.,Meaning.)台北:聯
      經.
     黃年(主編)(1991).聯合報四十年.台北:聯經.
     經濟日報社.(1997).經濟日報三十年.台北:經濟日報.
     傅梅譯.(1994).憂鬱巨人.(Carroll,P.,Big Blues:the unmaking of IBM.)
      台北:遠流.
     楊孔鑫.(1996).誰改變了艦隊街:英國報業的變遷.台北:正中.
     楊碩英.(1995). 組織學習核心課題之研究:提升組織對動態性複雜的瞭解
      與管理.國科會專題研究計劃.NSC 83-0301-H110-068.
     趙雅麗.(1999).資訊傳播科技系統與組織溝通功能之關聯研究:企業組織的
      個案分析.新聞學研究第五十九期.
     臧國仁主編.(1995).新聞「學」與「術」的對話III:新聞工作者與消息來
      源.台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     臧國仁.(1999).新聞媒體與消息來源:媒介框架與真實建構之論述.台北:
      三民.
     臧國仁、施祖琪.(1999).新聞編採手冊與媒介組織特色:風格與新聞風格.
      新聞學研究第六十期(編印中)。
     漆敬堯.(1990).「新聞特寫」與「分析新聞」稿件.台北:正中.
     樂為良譯.(1999).數位神經系統.(Gates,B.,Business @ The Speed of
      Thought.)台北:商周.
     蔣安國.(1998).擋不住的旋風?總統大選新聞報導中李連配候選人之造勢議
      題.在金溥聰(主編).總統選舉與新聞報導.台北:政治大學新聞研
      究所.
     蔣金龍.(1983).新聞資料管理.台北:幼獅.
     劉蕙苓.(1989).報紙消息來源人物之背景與處理之方式之分析.國立政治大
      學新聞研究所碩士論文.
     鄭昭明.(1993).認知心理學.台北:桂冠.
     魯樂中譯.(1997).解放型管理.(Peters,T.,Liberation Management)台
      北:時報.
     蔡淑梨,溫肇東譯.(1994).優勢領導.(Morone,J.G,Winning in High-Tech
      Markets)台北:遠流.
     賴建男.(1997).台灣IC設計業中技術知識特質與組織動態能耐之研究.國立
      政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     聯合報.(1983).聯合報系編採手冊.台北:聯合報.
     盧偉斯.(1996).組織學習的理論性探究.國立政治大學公共行政研究所博士
      論文.
     鍾蔚文、臧國仁.(1994).如何由生手到專家. 在臧國仁(編).新聞學與術的
      對話.台北:政大新聞研究所.
     鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡.(1996).傳播教育應該教些什麼?幾個極端的想法.
      新聞學研究第五十三集.
     韓定國譯.(1987).麥當勞:探索金拱門的奇蹟.(Love,J.F.,McDonald`s:
      Behind the Arches.)台北:天下.
     謝森展譯.(1986).日本報業的奇蹟:日經新聞領先群雄的真相.台北:創意
      文化.
     羅文輝.(1995).新聞記者選擇消息來源的偏向.在臧國仁(編).新聞工作者與
      消息來源. 台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     Aadne,J.H.,von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(1996). Representationism:the
      traditional approach to cooperative strategies. In von rogh,
      G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Abbott,C.& Slattery,K.(1994). Explicit news writing rules and
      intuitive good ear. Journalism Educator,45(1).
     Alexander,A.,Owers,J. & Carveth,R.(1993).Media Economics:Theory
      and Practice. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Altheide,D.(1976). Creating Reality:How TV News Distorts Events.
      Beverly Hills,C.A.:Sage.
     Anderson,D.A. & Itule,B.D.(1988). Writing the News. New York:Random
      House.
     Anderson,E.M. & Shannon,A.L.(1995). Toward a conceptualization of
      mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,A.S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     Anderson,J.R.(1982).Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychology
      Review,89.
     Anderson,J.R.(1987).Skill acquisition skill:Compilation of weak-
      method problems. Psychological Review,94.
     Anderson,J.R.,Reder,L.M. & Simon,M.A.(1996).Situated Learning and
      education. Educational Researcher,25(4).
     Argyris,C. & Schon,D.A.(1978).Organizational Learning:A Theory of
      Action Perspective. Reading,M.A.:Addison-Wesley.
     Badaeacco,K.(1992).Knowledge Link:How Firms Compete Through
      Strategies Alliance. Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
     Bagdikian,B.H.(1990).The Media Monopoly. Boston:Beacon Press.
     Barrett,C.I.(1984).Job satisfaction among newspaperwomen. Journalism
      Quarterly,61.
     Becker,L.B.,Fruit,J.W.,Caudill,S.L.,Duanwoody,S.L. & Tipton,
      L.P.(1987). The Training and Hiring of Journalists. Norwood,
      NJ:Ablex.
     Bell,C.R.(1996). Managers as Mentors. San Francisco:Berrett-Koehler
      Publishers.
     Bergen,L.A. & Weaver,D.(1988). Job satisfaction of daily newspaper
      Journalists and organization size. Newspaper Research
      Journal,9.
     Berger,P. & Luckmann,T.(1967).The Social Construction of Reality.
      New York:Penguin.
     Berkowitz,D.B.(1992). Non-routine news and newswork:exploring a
      What-a-story. Journal of Communication,42(1).
     Bernstein,R.J.(1979). The Restructuring of Social and Political
      Theory. London:Methuen.
     Besanko,D.,Dranove,D. & Shanley,M.(1996). Economics of Strategy.
      New York:John Wiley & Sons.
     Best,J.B.(1992).Cognitive Psychology. West Publishing Company.
     Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(1995).Introduction .In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances
      in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Bishop,R.L.,Sharma,K. & Brazee,R,J.(1980).Determinants of newspaper
      circulation:A pooled cross-sectional time-series study in
      the United States,1850-1970.Communication Research,
      Vol.7(1).
     Blackler,F.(1995). Knowledge,knowledge work and organizations:An
      overview and interpretation. Organization Studies,16(6).
     Blaikie,N.(1993). Approaches to Social Enquiry. Cambridge:Polity
      Press.
     Boland,Jr.,R.J.,Tenkasi,R.V. & Te`eni,D.(1994). Designing
      information technology to support distributed cognition.
      Organization Science,5(3).
     Bowman,C.(1994). Stuck in the old routines. European Management
      Journal,12(1).
     Bransford,J.D.,Vye,N.J.,Adams,L.T. & Perfetto,G.A.(1990). Learning
      skills and the acquisition of knowledge. In Jones,B.F. &
      Idol,L.(eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and Cognitive in
      Instruction. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Bredo,E.(1997). The social construction of learning. In Phye,
      G.D.(ed.),Handbook of Academic Learning:Construction of
      Knowledge. San Diego:Academic Press.
     Breed,W.(1955). Social control in the newsroom:A functional analysis.
      Social Force,33.pp.326-355.
     Brooks,B.S. ,Kennedy,G. Moen,D.R. & Ranly,D.(1992). News Reporting
      and Writing. New York:St. Martin`s Press.
     Brown,A.L.,Ash,D.,Rutherford,M,Nakagawa.,K,Gordon.,A &
      Campione,J.C.(1993). Distributed expertise in the classroom.
      In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:
      Cambridge University Press.
     Bryman,A.(1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London:
      Unwin Hyman.
     Burcak,E.H.,Hochwarter,W. &. Mathys,N.J.(1997).The new management
      development. Human Resource Planning,20(1).
     Busterna,J.C.(1991).Price discrimination as evidence of newspaper
      chain market power,Journalism Quarterly,Vol.68(1/2).
     Butterworth,G.(1993). Context and cognition in models of cognitive
      growth. In Light,P. & Butterworth,G.(eds.),Context and
      Cognition:Ways of Learning and Knowing. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Cappelli,P. & Crocker-Hefter,A.(1996). Distinctive human resources
      use firm`s core competencies. Organizational Dynamics,
      Winter.
     Chaffe,S.H.& Berger,C.R.(1987). What communication scientists do.
      In Berger,C.R. & Chaffe,S.H.(eds.),Handbook of
      Communication. Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
     Chanlder,Jr.,A.D.(1977). The Visible Hand. Cambridge:The Balknap
      Press of Harvard University Press.
     Chee,Y.S.(1995). Cognitive apprenticeship and its application to the
      teaching of Smalltalk in a multimedia interactive learning
      environment. Instructional Science,23.
     Cheit,E.F.(1991).The shaping of business management thought. In
      Easton,D. & Schelling,C.S.(eds.),Divided Knowledge. Newbury
      Park:Sage
     Chung,W.W.,Tsang,K.J.,Chen,P.L.,& Chen,S.H.(1998).Journalistic
      expertise:Proposal for a research programme. Paper submitted
      to the information system division,International
      Communication Association Conference. Jerusalem,Israel.
     CiCourel,A.V.(1990). The integration of distributed knowledge in
      collaborative medical diagnosis. In Galegher,J.,Kraut,R.E.
      & Egido,C.(eds.),Intellectual Teamwork. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Cohen,I.B.(1994a).An analysis of interactions between the natural
      sciences and the social sciences. In I.B.Cohen.(ed.),The
      Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences. Dordrecht:Kluwer
      Academic Publishers. pp.1-99
     Cohen,I.B.(1994b).The scientific revolution and the social sciences.
      In I.B.Cohen. (ed.),The Natural Sciences and the Social
      Sciences. Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
     Cohen,M.D.(1996). Individual learning and organizational routine. In
      Cohen,M.D. & Sproull,L.S.(eds.),Organizational Learning.
      Thousand Oaks:Sage.
     Cohen,M.D. & Bacdayan,P.(1994). Organizational Routines are stored
      as procedural memory. Organization Science,5(4).
     Cole,M & Engestrom,Y.(1993).A cultural-historical approach to
      distributed cognition. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed
      Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Cole,R.(1998).Introduction. California Management Review,40(3).
     Conklin,E.J.(1993).Capturing organizational memory. In Baecker,
      R.(ed.),Groupware and Computer-supported Cooperative work.
      San Mateo,C.A.:Morgan Kaufmann.
     Coulson,D.C.(1994).Impact of ownership on newspaper quality.
      Journalism Quarterly,Vol.71(2).
     Cutcher-Gershenfeld,J.,Nitta,M.,Barrett,B.J.,Belhedi,N,
      Chow,S.S.,Inaba,T.,Ishino,I.,Lin,W.,Moore,M.,
      Mothersell,W.M.,Palthe,J.,Ramanand,S.,Strolle,M.E.
      Wheaton,A.C.(1998).Knowledge-driven Work. New York:
      Oxford University Press.
     Cyert,R.M. & March,J.G.(1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm.
      Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.
     Daiute,C. & Dalton,B.(1993).Collaboration between children learning
      to write:Can novice be master? Cognition and Instruction,
      10(4).
     Davenport,T.H.(1997).Information Ecology. Oxford:Oxford University
      Press.
     Davenport,T.H. & Prusak,L.(1998).Working Knowledge. Boston:Harvard
      Business School Press.
     Davidson,J.E.,Deuser,R. & Sternbery,R.J.(1994). The role of
      metacognition in problem solving. In Matcalfe,J. &
      Shimamera,A.P.(eds.), Metacognition:Knowing about Knowing.
      Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press.
     Davis,M.(1997). Developing and using cases to teach practice ethics.
      Teaching Philosophy,11(1).
     Demers,D.(1998). Revisiting corporate newspaper structure and profit
      making. The Journal of Media Economics,11(2).
     Derry,S.J.(1990).Learning strategies for acquiring useful knowledge.
      In Jones,B.F. & Zdol,L.(eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and
      Cognitive Instruction. Hillsadle,NJ:LEA.
     Diesing,P.(1991).How does Social Science Work?.Pittsburgh,Pa:
      University of Pittsburgh Press.
     Donaldson,L.(1996). For Positivist Organization Theory. London:Sage.
     Douma,S. & Schreuder,H.(1992). Economic Approaches to Organizations.
      New York:Prince-Hall.
     Drucker,P.F.(1993). Post-Capitalist Society. Oxford:Butterworth
      Heinemann.
     Edvinsson,L.& Malone,M.S.(1997).Intellectual Capital:Realizing Your
      Company`s True Value by Finding its Hidden Roots. Happer &
      Collins Publisher.
     Eliasson,G.(1996). Firm Objectives,Controls and Organization.
      Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
     Epstein,E.J.(1980). Manufacturing the News. Austin,TX:University
      of Texas Press.
     Ericsson,K.A. & Smith,J.(Eds).(1991). Toward a General Theory of
      Expertise:Prospects and Limits. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Eriksen,B. & Mikkelsen,J.(1996). Competitive advantage and the
      concept of core competence. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),
      Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Fink,C.(1988).Strategic Newspaper Management. Carbondale,IL:
      Southern Illinois University Press.
     Fiol,C.M. & Lyles,M.A.(1985). Organizational learning. Academy of
      Management Review,10(4).
     Fish,D.(1995). Quality Mentoring for Student Teachers. London:David
      Fulton Publisher.
     Fishman,M.(1980).Manufacturing the News. Austin:University of Texas
      Press.
     Flavell,J.H.(1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring. American
      Psychology.34.
     Foss,N.J.(1996) Introduction. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),
      Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Fruin,W.M.(1997).Knowledge Works:Managing Intellectual Capital at
      Toshiba. New York:Oxford University Press.
     Furlong,J.& Maynard,T.(1995). Mentoring Student Teachers. London:
      Sage.
     Gans,H.J.(1979). Deciding the News. New York:Vintage Books.
     Glaser,R. & Chi,M.T.H.(1988). Overview. In Chi,M.T.H.,Glaser,
      R. & Farr,M.J.(eds.),The Nature of Expertise. Hillsdale,
      NJ:LEA.
     Glasser,T.L. & Ettema,J.S.(1989). Common sense and education of young
      journalist. Journalism Educator,45(1).
     Halal,W.E.(1998a). The economic imperatives of knowledge:New
      organizations for a new era. In Halal,W.E.(ed.). The Infinite
      Resource:Creating and Leading the Knowledge Enterprise.
      San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Halal,W.E.(1998b). Through the eye of a needle:The coming three
      Revolution. In Halal,W.E.(ed.) The Infinite Resource:
      Creating and Leading the Knowledge Enterprise.San Francisco:
      Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Hartman,H.J.(1998). Metacognition in teaching and learning:an
      introduction. Instruction Science,26.
     Hatch,T. & Gardner,H.(1993).Finding cognition in the classroom:
      An expanded view of human intelligence. In Salomon,
      G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Hoshmand,L.T & Polkinghorne,D.E.(1992). Redefining the science -
      Practice relationship and professional training. American
      Psychology,47(1).
     Huber,G.P.(1991).Organizational learning:the contributing processes
      and the literatures. Organization Science,2(1).
     Hughes,J.A.(1990). The Philosophy of Social Research. London:Longman.
     Inkpen,A.C.(1996). Creating knowledge through collaboration.
      California Management Review,39(1)
     de Jong,T. & Ferguson-Hessler.(1996). Types and Qualities of
      knowledge. Educational Psychologist,31(2).
     Keeble,R.(1994).The Newspaper Handbook. London:Routledge.
     Killenberg,G.M. & Anderson,R.(1989).Before the Story. N.Y.:
      St.Martin`s Press.
     Kirn,S.(1997a).Cooperative knowledge processing:Research framework
      and application perspectives. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.)
      Cooperative Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for
      Intelligent Organizations. London:Springer.
     Kirn,S.(1997b).Enhancing organizational intelligence through
      cooperative problem solving. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.)
      Cooperative Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for
      Intelligent Organizations. London:Springer.
     Klien,J.A. & Maurer,P.M.(1995).Integrators,not generalists,needed:
      a case study of integrated product development teams. In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),
      Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams.
      Greenwich,Connecticut:JAI.
     Kluwe,R.H.(1993). Knowledge and performance in complex problem
      solving. In Strube,G. & Wender,K.F.(eds.),The Cognitive
      Psychology of Knowledge. Amsterdam:North-Holland.
     Koch,T.(1991).Journalism for the 21st Century:Online Information,
      Electronic Database and the News. NY:Prager.
     Krieg,A.(1987).Spiked:How Chain Management Corrupted American`s
      Oldest Newspaper. Old Saybrook,CT:Peregrine.
     Kristof,A.L.,Brown,K.G.,Sims,Jr.,H.P. & Smith,K.A.(1995). The
      virtual team:A case study and inductive model. .In Beyerlein,
      M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     von Krogh,G.& Roos,J.(1996a).Introduction. In G. von Krogh & Roos,
      J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(1996b).Five claims on knowing. European
      Management Journal,14(4).
     von Krogh,G.& Roos,J.(1996c).Imitation of knowledge :A sociology
      of knowledge perspective. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),
      Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G., Roos,J.,Harem,T.(1996). Restructuring:Avoiding the
      phantom limb effect. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing
      Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G.,Roos,J. & Slocum,K.(1996).An essay on corporate
      epistemology. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing
      Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Lacy,S.,Sohn,A.B. & Wicks,J.L.(1993).Media Management : A Casebook
      Approach. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     LaFrance,M.(1990). The special structure of expertise. In McGraw,
      K.L. & Westphal,C.R.(eds.),Readings in Knowledge
      acquisition: Current Practices and Trends. N.Y.:Ellis
      Horwood.
     Lave,J.(1993). The practice of learning. In Chaiklin,S. & Lave,
      J.(eds.), Understanding Practice:Perspectives on Activity
      and Context,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Lave,J. & Wenger,E.(1991). Situated Learning:Legitimate Peripheral
      Participant. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Leavitt,H.J.(1989). Educating our MBAs:On teaching what we haven`t
      taught. California Management Review,30(3).
     Leonard,A.(1996).Team syntegrity:A new methodology for group work.
      European Management Journal,14(4).
     Leonard-Barton,D.(1995). Wellsprings of Knowledge. Boston:Harvard
      Business School Press.
     Levitt,B. & March,J.G.(1996).Organizational learning. In Cohen,
      M.D. & Sproull,L.S.(eds.), Organizational Learning. Thousand
      Oaks:Sage.
     Linder,J.C. & Smith,H.J.(1992). The complex case of management
      education. Harvard Business Review,Sep-Oct.
     Long,C. & Vickers-Koch,M.(1996). Using core capabilities to create
      competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics,Autumn.
     Lowes,B.,Pass,C. & Sanderson,S.(1994). Company and Market:
      Understanding Business Strategy and the Market Environment.
      Oxford:Blackwell.
     Lyles,M.,von Krogh,G.,Roos,J. & Kleine,D.(1996).The impact of
      individual and organizational learning on formation and
      management of organizational cooperation. In von Krogh,G. &
      Roos,J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge:Perspectives on
      Cooperation and Competition. London:Sage.
     Malone,T.W. & Rockart,J.F.(1997). Computers,networks and the
      cooperation. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.) Cooperative
      Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for Intelligent
      Organizations. London:Springer.
     March,J.G. & Simon,H.A.(1958).Organizations. New York:John Wiley
      & Sons.
     Marsick,V.J.(1987). New paradigm for learning in the workplace. In
      Marsick, V.J.(ed.),Learning in the work workplace. London:
      Croom Helm.
     Marsick,V.J.(1988). Learning in the workplace:The case for
      reflectivity and critical reflectivity. Adult Education
      Quarterly,38(4).
     Marsick,V.J. & Watkins,K.E.(1990). Informal and Incidental Learning
      in the Workplace. London:Routledge.
     Martin,J.,Feldman,M.S.,Hatch,M.J. & Sitkin,S.B.(1983).The
      uniqueness paradox in organizational stories. Administrative
      Science Quarterly,28.
     Maynard,T. & Furlong,J.(1995). Learning to teach and models of
      mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,A.S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     McDermott,R.(1995). Working in public-learning in action:Designing
      collaborative knowledge work teams. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     McManus,J.H.(1994).Market-Driven journalism:Let the Citizen
      Beware?. Thousand Oaks:Sage.
     Mencher,M.(1996).Basic Media Writing. Madison Dubuque,IA.:Brown &
      Benchmark.
     Mercer,N.(1993). Culture,context and the construction of knowledge
      in the classroom. In Light,P. & Butterworth,G.(eds.),Context
      and Cognition:Ways of Learning and Knowing. Hillsdale,NJ:
      LEA.
     Merrill,D.C.,Reiser,B.J.,Merrill,S.K. & Landes,S.(1995). Tutoring:
      guided learning by doing. Cognition and Instruction,13(3).
     Mintzberg,H.(1979). The Structuring of Organization:A Synthesis
      of the Research. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey:Prince-Hall.
     Mohrman,S.A.,Cohen,S.G. & Mohrman,Jr.,A.M.(1995).Designing
      Team-based Organizations. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
     Mohrman,S.A.,Mohrman,Jr.,A.M. & Cohen,S.G.(1995).Organizing
      knowledge work systems. In scientific knowledge work
      environments. In Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,
      S.T.(eds.).,Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work
      Teams. Greenwich,Connecticut:JAI.
     Moll,L.C.,Tapia,J. & Whitmore,K.F.(1993).Living knowledge :the
      social distribution of cultural resources for thinking. In
      Salomon, G.(ed.) Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:
      Cambridge University Press.
     Muller,R.(1997).Coordination in Organizations. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,
      G.(eds.), Cooperative Knowledge Processing. London:
      Springer.
     Nahapiet,J. & Ghoshal,S.(1998). Social capital,intellectual capital
      and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management
      Review,23(2).
     Narasimhan,R.(1997). Knowledge processing and commonsense.
      Knowledge-Based Systems,10.
     Niemeier,Jr.,B.A.(1988).A multifactor matrix approach to evaluating
      circulation markets. Newspaper Research Journal,Vol.9(2)
     Nonaka,I. & Takeuchi,H.(1995).The Knowledge-Creating Company. New
      York:Oxford University Press.
     Osterman,K.F. & Kottkamp,R.B.(1993).Reflective Practice for
      Educators. Newbury Park,C.A.:Corwin Press.
     Patel,V.L.,Kaufman,D.R. & Magder,S.A.(1996). The acquisition of
      medical expertise in complex dynamic environments. In
      Ericsson,K.A.(ed.),The Road to Excellence:The Acquisition
      of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences,Sports,and
      Games. Mahwah,N.J.:LEA.
     Pea,R.D.(1993). Practices of distributed intelligence and designs
      for education. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions.
      Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Perfetto,G.A.,Bransford,J.D. & Franks,J.J.(1983). Constraints on
      access in a problem solving context. Memory & Cognition,11(1).
     Perkins,D.N.(1993). Person-plus:A distributed view of thinking and
      Learning. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions.
      Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Pfeffer,J.(1981).Management as symbolic action:the creation and
      maintenance of organizational paradigms. In Cummings,L.L. &
      Staw,B.M.(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior,vol.3.
      Greenwich,C.T.:JAI.
     Pfeffer,J.(1997).New Directions for Organization Theory. New York:
      Oxford University Press.
     Picard,R.G.(1989).Media Economics:Concepts and Issues. Newbury
      Park,CA:Sage
     Picard,R.G.(1991).The effect of price increases on newspaper
      Circulation:A case study of inelasticity of demand. Newspaper
      Research Journal,Vol.12(3).
     Picard,R.G.,Winter,J.P. McCombs,M. & Lacy,S.(Eds.)(1988).Press
      Concentration and Monopoly:New Perspectives on Newspaper
      Ownership and Operation. Norwood,NJ:Ablex.
     Pinchot,G. & Pinchot,E.(1998). The intelligent organization. In
      Halal,W.E.(ed.),The Infinite Resource:Creating and Leading
      the Knowledge Enterprise. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass
      Publisher.
     Polanyi,M.(1958). Personal Knowledge. London:Routledge.
     Polanyi.,M.(1969). Tacit knowing:Its bearing on some problems of
      Philosophy. In Grene,M.(ed.),Knowing and Being. London:
      Routledge.
     Polkinghorne,D.(1983).Methodology for Human Sciences. Albany:State
      University of New York Press.
     Poon,L.W.,Welke,D.J. & Dudley,W.N.(1993). What is everyday
      cognition? In Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Pringle,P.K.,Starr,M.F. & McCavitt,W.E.(1995).Electronic Media
      Management. Boston:Focal Press.
     Puckett,J.M. Reese,H.W. & Pollina,L.K.(1993). An integration of
      life-span research in everyday cognition:four issues. In
      Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms of Everyday
      Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Purser,R.E. & Montuori,A.(1995). Varieties of knowledge work
      experience:A critical systems inquiry into the epistemologies
      and mindscapes of knowledge production. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson, D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T. (eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Quinn,J.B.(1992).Intelligence Enterprise. New York:The Free Press.
     Raelin,J.A.(1997). A model of work-based learning. Organization
      Science,8(6).
     
     Rentsch,J.R.,Heffner,T.S. & Duffy,L.T.(1994). What you know is what
      you get from experience. Group & Organization Management,
      19(4).
     Resnick,L.B.(1987).Learning in school and out. Educational
      Researcher,16(9).pp.16-20.
     Robbins,S.P.(1994).Management. Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall
     Robertson,P.(1996). Competences,transaction cost and competitive
      strategy. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),Towards a
      Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Rummelhart,D.E. & Norman,D.A.(1981). Analogical processes;in
      Learning. In Anderson,R.J.(eds.),Cognitive Skill,and Their
      Acquisition. Hillsadle,NJ:LEA.
     Salomon,G.(1993a).Editor`s introduction. In Salomon,G.(ed.),
      Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University
      Press.
     Salomon,G.(1993b). No distribution without individuals` cognition:
      a dynamic interactional view. In Salomon,G.(ed.).Distributed
      Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Schon,D.A.(1983). The Reflective Practitioner. Basic Books.
     Schon,D.A.(1987).Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San
      Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers.
     Schraw,G.(1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness.
      Instructional Science,26.
     Schulte,H.H. & Dufresne,M.P.(1994).Getting the Story. New York:
      Macmillan.
     Scribner,S.(1986). Thinking in action:Some characteristics of
      practical intelligence. In Sternberg,R.J. & Wagner,
      R.K.(eds.),Practical Intelligence:Nature and Origins of
      Competence in the Everyday World. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Shaw,R.(1995).Mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     Shoemaker,P.J. & Reese,S.D.(1991).Mediating the Message. New York:
      Longman.
     Simon,E.(1996).Distributed Information Systems. London :
      McGraw-Hill.
     Simon,H.A.(1991).Bounded rationality and organizational learning.
      Organization Science,2(1).
     Slife,B.D. & Williams,R.N.(1995). What`s Behind the Research.
      Thousand Oaks: Sage.
     Smith,G.D. & Steadman,L.E.(1981). Present value of corporate history.
      Harvard Business Review,59.
     Soljo,R. & Wyndhamn,J.(1993). Solving everyday problems in the formal
      An empirical study of the school as context for thought. In
      Chaiklin,S. & Lave,J.(eds.),Understanding Practice:
      Perspectives on Activity and Context. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Solso,R.L.(1991).Cognitive Psychology. Needham Heights,MA:Ally
      and Bacon.
     Sparrow,J.(1998).Knowledge in Organization. London:Sage.
     Squires,J.D.(1993). Read All About It:The Corporate Takeover of
      American`s Newspaper. New York:Times Books.
     Sternberg,R.J.(1998).Metacognition,abilities,and developing
      expertise:what makes and expert student. Instructional
      Science,26.
     Sternberg,R.J.,Wagner,R.K. & Okagaki,L.(1995). Practical
      intelligence:The nature and role of tacit knowledge in work
      and at school. In Puckett,.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Stewart,T.A.(1997).Intelligence Capital.New York:Doubledy/Currency.
     Taylor,G.H.(1998). Knowledge company. In Halal,W.E.(ed.),The
      Infinite Resource:Creating and Leading the Knowledge
      Enterprise. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Tenkasi,R.V.(1995). The socio-cognitive dynamics of knowledge
      creation .In scientific knowledge work environments .In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances
      in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Tjosvold,D. & Tjosvold,M.M.(1995). Cross-functional teamwork:The
      challenge of involving professionals. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Tobin,D.R.(1998).The Knowledge-Enabled Organization. New York:
      Amacom.
     Tsang,K. & Chung,W.(1994).Journalistic Expertise. Paper presented
      to Information System Division,ICA Conference,Sydney,
      Australia,July 1994.
     Tuchman,G.(1978). Making News:A Study in the Construction of Reality.
      Beverly Hill,C.A.:Sage.
     Underwood,D.(1993). When MBAs Rule the Newsroom. New York:Columbia
      Press.
     Wagner,R.K. & Sternberg,R.J.(1986). Tacit knowledge and intelligence
      in the everyday world. In Sternberg,R.J. & Wagner,R.K.
      (eds.),Practical Intelligence. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Walters,J.,Blythe,T. & White,N.(1993). PIFS:Everyday cognition
      goes to school. In Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Walsh,J.P. & Ungson,G.R.(1991). Organizational memory. Academy of
      Management Review,16(1).
     Ward,J & Hansen,K.A.(1987).Search Strategies in Mass Communication.
      New York:Longman.
     Wathne,K.,Roos,J. & von Krogh,G.(1996). Towards a theory of knowledge
      transfer in cooperative context. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,
      J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Weick,K.E.(1979).The Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading,M.A:
      Addison-Wesley..
     Weick,K.E. & Roberts,K.H.(1993). Collective mind in organizations:
      heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science
      Quarterly,38.
     Weiner,F.(1987). Introduction and overview:metacognition and
      motivation as determinants of effective learning and
      understanding. In Weiner,F. & Kluwe,R. (eds.),
      Metacognition,Motivation and Understanding. Hillsdale,NJ:
      LEA.
     Wekselberg,V. & Goggin,W.C.(1995). Knowledge work groups as social
      groups:Illustrations from the volume contributions in support
      of a cooperative theory of groups. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Whitney,D.C.,Fritzler,M.,Jones,S.,Mazzarella,S. & Rakow,
      L.(1989).Geographic and sources bias in network TV news,
      1982-1984.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,33.
     Wiig,K.M.(1994).Knowledge Management:The Central Management Focus
      for Intelligent-acting Organization. Arlington,Texas:Schema
      Press.
     Willis,J. & Willis,D.B.(1993). New Directions in Media Management.
      Boston:Ally and Bacon.
     Yakowicz,W.T.(1987). Coaching:Collegial learning in school. In
      Marsick,V.J.(ed.),Learning in the work workplace. London:
      Croom Helm.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
84451503
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001582
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鍾蔚文zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chung Wei-wenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張文強zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang Wen-chiangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張文強zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Wen-chiangen_US
dc.date (日期) 1998en_US
dc.date.accessioned 20-Apr-2016 14:23:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 20-Apr-2016 14:23:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 20-Apr-2016 14:23:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002001582en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/85662-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 84451503zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在討論報社知識管理問題,將報業管理焦點從傳統的有形資產管理,轉移到知識資產管理。知識是一種重組織資產,可做為報社長期競爭優勢來源,並提升新聞品質。而報社組織知識是以個別新聞工作者平日累積知識為基礎,知識管理工作則在轉換與整合這些個人知識,使其超越個人層次,讓報社其他成員使用。不過由於知識具有本質與型式上的差異,因此,本研究將知識區分為外顯程序性知識,與默識兩種,分別討論其管理方式,前者包含外顯程序性知識、路線情境知識、報社組織情境知識,後者則包含默識程序性知識與後設認知知識。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目 錄
     第一章 緒論
      第一節 研究動機與目的
      第二節 本研究對新聞工作知識的觀點
      第三節 本研究對知識的分類
     第二章 文獻探討
      第一節 報社知識管理的重要性
      第二節 報社組織外顯知識的管理:知識儲存機制
      第三節 報社組織默識知識的管理:知識分享機制
     第三章 研究方法
      第一節 研究方法簡述
      第二節 資料蒐集方式
     第四章 資料分析
      第一節 報社組織知識儲存方式分析
      第二節 報社組織知識分享方式分析
      第三節 小結:報社知識管理的現狀
     第五章 影響報社知識管理因素的分析
      第一節 新聞工作本質的影響
      第二節 知識觀的影響
      第三節 報社結構性因素的影響
     第六章 結論:對報社知識管理建議
      第一節 報社知識架構概念的建立
      第二節 組織知識儲存機制的建立
      第三節 組織知識分享環境與機制的建立
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001582en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 報業管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識資產zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) media managementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) knowledge managementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) newspaperen_US
dc.title (題名) 報社組織知識儲存與分享之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中華民國新聞評議委員會(1997).媒體資深記者制度:現況調查.台北:中
      華民國新聞評議委員會.
     王洪鈞.(1955).新聞採訪學.台北:正中.
     王惕吾.(1991).我與新聞事業.台北:聯經.
     王麗美.(1994).報人王惕吾:聯合報的故事.台北:天下文化.
     平秀琳.(1995).報業通路的產業組織經濟分析.國立政治大學新聞研究所碩
      士論文.
     自由時報.(1993).自由時報新聞採訪手冊.台北:自由時報.
     牟宗三、徐復觀、張君勱、唐君毅(1989).中國文化與世界.在周陽山(編),
      中國文化的危機與展望:當代研究與趨向.台北:時報.
     余英時.(1984).從價值系統看中國文化的現代意義.台北:時報.
     李子堅.(1998).紐約時報的風格.台北:聯經.
     李仁芳.(1995).7-ELEVEN統一超商縱橫台灣.台北:遠流.
     李仁芳、陳文玲.(1998).報業競爭規範之研究.行政院公平交易委員會研究
      計劃.
     李裕昆譯.(1994).臨界生產方式.(Womack,J.P.,Jones,D.T. & Roos,D.,
      Lean Production.) 台北:中華企業管理發展中心.
     李端君,李淑君譯(1996).混世自白書.(Neuharth,A.,Confessions of an
      S.O.B.)台北:智庫.
     林克明.(1997).知識之類型以及其創新與轉換. 國立台灣大學商學研究所碩
      士論文.
     林添貴譯.(1992).跨國報業巨人梅鐸.台北:允晨.
     林添貴譯.(1994).步步為贏.(Prichard,P.,The Making of McPaper:The
      Inside Story of USA Today.)台北:正中.
     林添貴譯.(1995).紐約時報.(Diamond,E.,Behind The Times:Inside the
      New New York Times.)台北:智庫.
     林富美.(1997).聯合報系的薪酬策略.新聞學研究第五十四集.
     岳修平譯.(1998).教學心理學.(Gagne,E.D.,Yekovich,C.W. & Yekovich,
      F.R.,The Cognitive Psychology of School Learning.)台北:
      遠流.
     花櫻芬.(1996).高科技事業中技術知識特質與知識資源吸收之研究. 國立政
      治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     胡幼偉.(1998).媒體徵才.台北:正中.
     姚正聲.(1994).歷史的創舉,技術的傳承:印務手冊編製紀實.聯合報系月
      刊第138期.
     施孝昌譯.(1997).美聯社新聞寫作指導.(Cappon,R.J.,The Word:an
      Associated Press to Good News Writing).台北:三思堂.
     施振榮.(1996).再造宏□.台北:天下文化.
     涂建豐.(1996).編輯室公約運動.新聞學研究第五十二集.
     涂瑞德.(1998).技術知識特質、產品開發團隊與組織動態能耐關係之研究.
      國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     翁秀琪.(1992).工作權與新聞記者之自主性.在翁秀琪、蔡明誠(編).大眾傳
      播法手冊.台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     許月瑛.(1998).台灣精密機械業產品創新與組織知識流通之研究.國立政治
      大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     許烺光.(1988).中國人與美國人.台北:巨流.
     張文強.(1998).報紙產業組織結構分析與再形塑:組織理論的觀點.在陳世
      敏(主編).傳播論文選集1997.台北:中華傳播學會出版.
     張作錦.(1991).一同走過來時路.台北:聯經.
     張宏源.(1996).媒體經營與規劃管理實務.台北:風雲論壇出版社.
     張韶雯.(1988).台灣地區日報新聞資料室之研究:資料室管員的觀點.國立
      政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文.
     陳天玨.(1971).編採手冊.台北:中華日報.
     陳順孝,康永欽.(1998).記實避禍的報導策略:傳播者與社會情境互動的本
      土研究. 在陳世敏(主編).傳播論文選集1997.台北:中華傳播學
      會出版.
     莊武英譯.(1995).兩種資主義之戰.(Albert,M.,Capitalism Against
      Capitalism.)台北:聯經.
     郭進隆譯.(1994).第五項修練.(Senge,P.M.,The Fifth Discipline).台
      北:天下.
     程之行.(1981).新聞寫作.台北:商務.
     彭家發.(1990).非虛構寫作疏釋.台北:商務.
     彭淮棟譯.(1984).意義.(Polanyi,M. & Harry,P.,Meaning.)台北:聯
      經.
     黃年(主編)(1991).聯合報四十年.台北:聯經.
     經濟日報社.(1997).經濟日報三十年.台北:經濟日報.
     傅梅譯.(1994).憂鬱巨人.(Carroll,P.,Big Blues:the unmaking of IBM.)
      台北:遠流.
     楊孔鑫.(1996).誰改變了艦隊街:英國報業的變遷.台北:正中.
     楊碩英.(1995). 組織學習核心課題之研究:提升組織對動態性複雜的瞭解
      與管理.國科會專題研究計劃.NSC 83-0301-H110-068.
     趙雅麗.(1999).資訊傳播科技系統與組織溝通功能之關聯研究:企業組織的
      個案分析.新聞學研究第五十九期.
     臧國仁主編.(1995).新聞「學」與「術」的對話III:新聞工作者與消息來
      源.台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     臧國仁.(1999).新聞媒體與消息來源:媒介框架與真實建構之論述.台北:
      三民.
     臧國仁、施祖琪.(1999).新聞編採手冊與媒介組織特色:風格與新聞風格.
      新聞學研究第六十期(編印中)。
     漆敬堯.(1990).「新聞特寫」與「分析新聞」稿件.台北:正中.
     樂為良譯.(1999).數位神經系統.(Gates,B.,Business @ The Speed of
      Thought.)台北:商周.
     蔣安國.(1998).擋不住的旋風?總統大選新聞報導中李連配候選人之造勢議
      題.在金溥聰(主編).總統選舉與新聞報導.台北:政治大學新聞研
      究所.
     蔣金龍.(1983).新聞資料管理.台北:幼獅.
     劉蕙苓.(1989).報紙消息來源人物之背景與處理之方式之分析.國立政治大
      學新聞研究所碩士論文.
     鄭昭明.(1993).認知心理學.台北:桂冠.
     魯樂中譯.(1997).解放型管理.(Peters,T.,Liberation Management)台
      北:時報.
     蔡淑梨,溫肇東譯.(1994).優勢領導.(Morone,J.G,Winning in High-Tech
      Markets)台北:遠流.
     賴建男.(1997).台灣IC設計業中技術知識特質與組織動態能耐之研究.國立
      政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文.
     聯合報.(1983).聯合報系編採手冊.台北:聯合報.
     盧偉斯.(1996).組織學習的理論性探究.國立政治大學公共行政研究所博士
      論文.
     鍾蔚文、臧國仁.(1994).如何由生手到專家. 在臧國仁(編).新聞學與術的
      對話.台北:政大新聞研究所.
     鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡.(1996).傳播教育應該教些什麼?幾個極端的想法.
      新聞學研究第五十三集.
     韓定國譯.(1987).麥當勞:探索金拱門的奇蹟.(Love,J.F.,McDonald`s:
      Behind the Arches.)台北:天下.
     謝森展譯.(1986).日本報業的奇蹟:日經新聞領先群雄的真相.台北:創意
      文化.
     羅文輝.(1995).新聞記者選擇消息來源的偏向.在臧國仁(編).新聞工作者與
      消息來源. 台北:政治大學新聞研究所.
     Aadne,J.H.,von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(1996). Representationism:the
      traditional approach to cooperative strategies. In von rogh,
      G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Abbott,C.& Slattery,K.(1994). Explicit news writing rules and
      intuitive good ear. Journalism Educator,45(1).
     Alexander,A.,Owers,J. & Carveth,R.(1993).Media Economics:Theory
      and Practice. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Altheide,D.(1976). Creating Reality:How TV News Distorts Events.
      Beverly Hills,C.A.:Sage.
     Anderson,D.A. & Itule,B.D.(1988). Writing the News. New York:Random
      House.
     Anderson,E.M. & Shannon,A.L.(1995). Toward a conceptualization of
      mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,A.S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     Anderson,J.R.(1982).Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychology
      Review,89.
     Anderson,J.R.(1987).Skill acquisition skill:Compilation of weak-
      method problems. Psychological Review,94.
     Anderson,J.R.,Reder,L.M. & Simon,M.A.(1996).Situated Learning and
      education. Educational Researcher,25(4).
     Argyris,C. & Schon,D.A.(1978).Organizational Learning:A Theory of
      Action Perspective. Reading,M.A.:Addison-Wesley.
     Badaeacco,K.(1992).Knowledge Link:How Firms Compete Through
      Strategies Alliance. Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
     Bagdikian,B.H.(1990).The Media Monopoly. Boston:Beacon Press.
     Barrett,C.I.(1984).Job satisfaction among newspaperwomen. Journalism
      Quarterly,61.
     Becker,L.B.,Fruit,J.W.,Caudill,S.L.,Duanwoody,S.L. & Tipton,
      L.P.(1987). The Training and Hiring of Journalists. Norwood,
      NJ:Ablex.
     Bell,C.R.(1996). Managers as Mentors. San Francisco:Berrett-Koehler
      Publishers.
     Bergen,L.A. & Weaver,D.(1988). Job satisfaction of daily newspaper
      Journalists and organization size. Newspaper Research
      Journal,9.
     Berger,P. & Luckmann,T.(1967).The Social Construction of Reality.
      New York:Penguin.
     Berkowitz,D.B.(1992). Non-routine news and newswork:exploring a
      What-a-story. Journal of Communication,42(1).
     Bernstein,R.J.(1979). The Restructuring of Social and Political
      Theory. London:Methuen.
     Besanko,D.,Dranove,D. & Shanley,M.(1996). Economics of Strategy.
      New York:John Wiley & Sons.
     Best,J.B.(1992).Cognitive Psychology. West Publishing Company.
     Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(1995).Introduction .In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances
      in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Bishop,R.L.,Sharma,K. & Brazee,R,J.(1980).Determinants of newspaper
      circulation:A pooled cross-sectional time-series study in
      the United States,1850-1970.Communication Research,
      Vol.7(1).
     Blackler,F.(1995). Knowledge,knowledge work and organizations:An
      overview and interpretation. Organization Studies,16(6).
     Blaikie,N.(1993). Approaches to Social Enquiry. Cambridge:Polity
      Press.
     Boland,Jr.,R.J.,Tenkasi,R.V. & Te`eni,D.(1994). Designing
      information technology to support distributed cognition.
      Organization Science,5(3).
     Bowman,C.(1994). Stuck in the old routines. European Management
      Journal,12(1).
     Bransford,J.D.,Vye,N.J.,Adams,L.T. & Perfetto,G.A.(1990). Learning
      skills and the acquisition of knowledge. In Jones,B.F. &
      Idol,L.(eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and Cognitive in
      Instruction. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Bredo,E.(1997). The social construction of learning. In Phye,
      G.D.(ed.),Handbook of Academic Learning:Construction of
      Knowledge. San Diego:Academic Press.
     Breed,W.(1955). Social control in the newsroom:A functional analysis.
      Social Force,33.pp.326-355.
     Brooks,B.S. ,Kennedy,G. Moen,D.R. & Ranly,D.(1992). News Reporting
      and Writing. New York:St. Martin`s Press.
     Brown,A.L.,Ash,D.,Rutherford,M,Nakagawa.,K,Gordon.,A &
      Campione,J.C.(1993). Distributed expertise in the classroom.
      In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:
      Cambridge University Press.
     Bryman,A.(1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London:
      Unwin Hyman.
     Burcak,E.H.,Hochwarter,W. &. Mathys,N.J.(1997).The new management
      development. Human Resource Planning,20(1).
     Busterna,J.C.(1991).Price discrimination as evidence of newspaper
      chain market power,Journalism Quarterly,Vol.68(1/2).
     Butterworth,G.(1993). Context and cognition in models of cognitive
      growth. In Light,P. & Butterworth,G.(eds.),Context and
      Cognition:Ways of Learning and Knowing. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Cappelli,P. & Crocker-Hefter,A.(1996). Distinctive human resources
      use firm`s core competencies. Organizational Dynamics,
      Winter.
     Chaffe,S.H.& Berger,C.R.(1987). What communication scientists do.
      In Berger,C.R. & Chaffe,S.H.(eds.),Handbook of
      Communication. Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
     Chanlder,Jr.,A.D.(1977). The Visible Hand. Cambridge:The Balknap
      Press of Harvard University Press.
     Chee,Y.S.(1995). Cognitive apprenticeship and its application to the
      teaching of Smalltalk in a multimedia interactive learning
      environment. Instructional Science,23.
     Cheit,E.F.(1991).The shaping of business management thought. In
      Easton,D. & Schelling,C.S.(eds.),Divided Knowledge. Newbury
      Park:Sage
     Chung,W.W.,Tsang,K.J.,Chen,P.L.,& Chen,S.H.(1998).Journalistic
      expertise:Proposal for a research programme. Paper submitted
      to the information system division,International
      Communication Association Conference. Jerusalem,Israel.
     CiCourel,A.V.(1990). The integration of distributed knowledge in
      collaborative medical diagnosis. In Galegher,J.,Kraut,R.E.
      & Egido,C.(eds.),Intellectual Teamwork. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Cohen,I.B.(1994a).An analysis of interactions between the natural
      sciences and the social sciences. In I.B.Cohen.(ed.),The
      Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences. Dordrecht:Kluwer
      Academic Publishers. pp.1-99
     Cohen,I.B.(1994b).The scientific revolution and the social sciences.
      In I.B.Cohen. (ed.),The Natural Sciences and the Social
      Sciences. Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
     Cohen,M.D.(1996). Individual learning and organizational routine. In
      Cohen,M.D. & Sproull,L.S.(eds.),Organizational Learning.
      Thousand Oaks:Sage.
     Cohen,M.D. & Bacdayan,P.(1994). Organizational Routines are stored
      as procedural memory. Organization Science,5(4).
     Cole,M & Engestrom,Y.(1993).A cultural-historical approach to
      distributed cognition. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed
      Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Cole,R.(1998).Introduction. California Management Review,40(3).
     Conklin,E.J.(1993).Capturing organizational memory. In Baecker,
      R.(ed.),Groupware and Computer-supported Cooperative work.
      San Mateo,C.A.:Morgan Kaufmann.
     Coulson,D.C.(1994).Impact of ownership on newspaper quality.
      Journalism Quarterly,Vol.71(2).
     Cutcher-Gershenfeld,J.,Nitta,M.,Barrett,B.J.,Belhedi,N,
      Chow,S.S.,Inaba,T.,Ishino,I.,Lin,W.,Moore,M.,
      Mothersell,W.M.,Palthe,J.,Ramanand,S.,Strolle,M.E.
      Wheaton,A.C.(1998).Knowledge-driven Work. New York:
      Oxford University Press.
     Cyert,R.M. & March,J.G.(1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm.
      Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.
     Daiute,C. & Dalton,B.(1993).Collaboration between children learning
      to write:Can novice be master? Cognition and Instruction,
      10(4).
     Davenport,T.H.(1997).Information Ecology. Oxford:Oxford University
      Press.
     Davenport,T.H. & Prusak,L.(1998).Working Knowledge. Boston:Harvard
      Business School Press.
     Davidson,J.E.,Deuser,R. & Sternbery,R.J.(1994). The role of
      metacognition in problem solving. In Matcalfe,J. &
      Shimamera,A.P.(eds.), Metacognition:Knowing about Knowing.
      Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press.
     Davis,M.(1997). Developing and using cases to teach practice ethics.
      Teaching Philosophy,11(1).
     Demers,D.(1998). Revisiting corporate newspaper structure and profit
      making. The Journal of Media Economics,11(2).
     Derry,S.J.(1990).Learning strategies for acquiring useful knowledge.
      In Jones,B.F. & Zdol,L.(eds.),Dimensions of Thinking and
      Cognitive Instruction. Hillsadle,NJ:LEA.
     Diesing,P.(1991).How does Social Science Work?.Pittsburgh,Pa:
      University of Pittsburgh Press.
     Donaldson,L.(1996). For Positivist Organization Theory. London:Sage.
     Douma,S. & Schreuder,H.(1992). Economic Approaches to Organizations.
      New York:Prince-Hall.
     Drucker,P.F.(1993). Post-Capitalist Society. Oxford:Butterworth
      Heinemann.
     Edvinsson,L.& Malone,M.S.(1997).Intellectual Capital:Realizing Your
      Company`s True Value by Finding its Hidden Roots. Happer &
      Collins Publisher.
     Eliasson,G.(1996). Firm Objectives,Controls and Organization.
      Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
     Epstein,E.J.(1980). Manufacturing the News. Austin,TX:University
      of Texas Press.
     Ericsson,K.A. & Smith,J.(Eds).(1991). Toward a General Theory of
      Expertise:Prospects and Limits. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Eriksen,B. & Mikkelsen,J.(1996). Competitive advantage and the
      concept of core competence. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),
      Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Fink,C.(1988).Strategic Newspaper Management. Carbondale,IL:
      Southern Illinois University Press.
     Fiol,C.M. & Lyles,M.A.(1985). Organizational learning. Academy of
      Management Review,10(4).
     Fish,D.(1995). Quality Mentoring for Student Teachers. London:David
      Fulton Publisher.
     Fishman,M.(1980).Manufacturing the News. Austin:University of Texas
      Press.
     Flavell,J.H.(1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring. American
      Psychology.34.
     Foss,N.J.(1996) Introduction. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),
      Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Fruin,W.M.(1997).Knowledge Works:Managing Intellectual Capital at
      Toshiba. New York:Oxford University Press.
     Furlong,J.& Maynard,T.(1995). Mentoring Student Teachers. London:
      Sage.
     Gans,H.J.(1979). Deciding the News. New York:Vintage Books.
     Glaser,R. & Chi,M.T.H.(1988). Overview. In Chi,M.T.H.,Glaser,
      R. & Farr,M.J.(eds.),The Nature of Expertise. Hillsdale,
      NJ:LEA.
     Glasser,T.L. & Ettema,J.S.(1989). Common sense and education of young
      journalist. Journalism Educator,45(1).
     Halal,W.E.(1998a). The economic imperatives of knowledge:New
      organizations for a new era. In Halal,W.E.(ed.). The Infinite
      Resource:Creating and Leading the Knowledge Enterprise.
      San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Halal,W.E.(1998b). Through the eye of a needle:The coming three
      Revolution. In Halal,W.E.(ed.) The Infinite Resource:
      Creating and Leading the Knowledge Enterprise.San Francisco:
      Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Hartman,H.J.(1998). Metacognition in teaching and learning:an
      introduction. Instruction Science,26.
     Hatch,T. & Gardner,H.(1993).Finding cognition in the classroom:
      An expanded view of human intelligence. In Salomon,
      G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Hoshmand,L.T & Polkinghorne,D.E.(1992). Redefining the science -
      Practice relationship and professional training. American
      Psychology,47(1).
     Huber,G.P.(1991).Organizational learning:the contributing processes
      and the literatures. Organization Science,2(1).
     Hughes,J.A.(1990). The Philosophy of Social Research. London:Longman.
     Inkpen,A.C.(1996). Creating knowledge through collaboration.
      California Management Review,39(1)
     de Jong,T. & Ferguson-Hessler.(1996). Types and Qualities of
      knowledge. Educational Psychologist,31(2).
     Keeble,R.(1994).The Newspaper Handbook. London:Routledge.
     Killenberg,G.M. & Anderson,R.(1989).Before the Story. N.Y.:
      St.Martin`s Press.
     Kirn,S.(1997a).Cooperative knowledge processing:Research framework
      and application perspectives. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.)
      Cooperative Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for
      Intelligent Organizations. London:Springer.
     Kirn,S.(1997b).Enhancing organizational intelligence through
      cooperative problem solving. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.)
      Cooperative Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for
      Intelligent Organizations. London:Springer.
     Klien,J.A. & Maurer,P.M.(1995).Integrators,not generalists,needed:
      a case study of integrated product development teams. In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),
      Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams.
      Greenwich,Connecticut:JAI.
     Kluwe,R.H.(1993). Knowledge and performance in complex problem
      solving. In Strube,G. & Wender,K.F.(eds.),The Cognitive
      Psychology of Knowledge. Amsterdam:North-Holland.
     Koch,T.(1991).Journalism for the 21st Century:Online Information,
      Electronic Database and the News. NY:Prager.
     Krieg,A.(1987).Spiked:How Chain Management Corrupted American`s
      Oldest Newspaper. Old Saybrook,CT:Peregrine.
     Kristof,A.L.,Brown,K.G.,Sims,Jr.,H.P. & Smith,K.A.(1995). The
      virtual team:A case study and inductive model. .In Beyerlein,
      M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     von Krogh,G.& Roos,J.(1996a).Introduction. In G. von Krogh & Roos,
      J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(1996b).Five claims on knowing. European
      Management Journal,14(4).
     von Krogh,G.& Roos,J.(1996c).Imitation of knowledge :A sociology
      of knowledge perspective. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),
      Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G., Roos,J.,Harem,T.(1996). Restructuring:Avoiding the
      phantom limb effect. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing
      Knowledge. London:Sage.
     von Krogh,G.,Roos,J. & Slocum,K.(1996).An essay on corporate
      epistemology. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,J.(eds.),Managing
      Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Lacy,S.,Sohn,A.B. & Wicks,J.L.(1993).Media Management : A Casebook
      Approach. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     LaFrance,M.(1990). The special structure of expertise. In McGraw,
      K.L. & Westphal,C.R.(eds.),Readings in Knowledge
      acquisition: Current Practices and Trends. N.Y.:Ellis
      Horwood.
     Lave,J.(1993). The practice of learning. In Chaiklin,S. & Lave,
      J.(eds.), Understanding Practice:Perspectives on Activity
      and Context,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Lave,J. & Wenger,E.(1991). Situated Learning:Legitimate Peripheral
      Participant. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Leavitt,H.J.(1989). Educating our MBAs:On teaching what we haven`t
      taught. California Management Review,30(3).
     Leonard,A.(1996).Team syntegrity:A new methodology for group work.
      European Management Journal,14(4).
     Leonard-Barton,D.(1995). Wellsprings of Knowledge. Boston:Harvard
      Business School Press.
     Levitt,B. & March,J.G.(1996).Organizational learning. In Cohen,
      M.D. & Sproull,L.S.(eds.), Organizational Learning. Thousand
      Oaks:Sage.
     Linder,J.C. & Smith,H.J.(1992). The complex case of management
      education. Harvard Business Review,Sep-Oct.
     Long,C. & Vickers-Koch,M.(1996). Using core capabilities to create
      competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics,Autumn.
     Lowes,B.,Pass,C. & Sanderson,S.(1994). Company and Market:
      Understanding Business Strategy and the Market Environment.
      Oxford:Blackwell.
     Lyles,M.,von Krogh,G.,Roos,J. & Kleine,D.(1996).The impact of
      individual and organizational learning on formation and
      management of organizational cooperation. In von Krogh,G. &
      Roos,J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge:Perspectives on
      Cooperation and Competition. London:Sage.
     Malone,T.W. & Rockart,J.F.(1997). Computers,networks and the
      cooperation. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,G.(eds.) Cooperative
      Knowledge Processing:The Key Technology for Intelligent
      Organizations. London:Springer.
     March,J.G. & Simon,H.A.(1958).Organizations. New York:John Wiley
      & Sons.
     Marsick,V.J.(1987). New paradigm for learning in the workplace. In
      Marsick, V.J.(ed.),Learning in the work workplace. London:
      Croom Helm.
     Marsick,V.J.(1988). Learning in the workplace:The case for
      reflectivity and critical reflectivity. Adult Education
      Quarterly,38(4).
     Marsick,V.J. & Watkins,K.E.(1990). Informal and Incidental Learning
      in the Workplace. London:Routledge.
     Martin,J.,Feldman,M.S.,Hatch,M.J. & Sitkin,S.B.(1983).The
      uniqueness paradox in organizational stories. Administrative
      Science Quarterly,28.
     Maynard,T. & Furlong,J.(1995). Learning to teach and models of
      mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,A.S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     McDermott,R.(1995). Working in public-learning in action:Designing
      collaborative knowledge work teams. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     McManus,J.H.(1994).Market-Driven journalism:Let the Citizen
      Beware?. Thousand Oaks:Sage.
     Mencher,M.(1996).Basic Media Writing. Madison Dubuque,IA.:Brown &
      Benchmark.
     Mercer,N.(1993). Culture,context and the construction of knowledge
      in the classroom. In Light,P. & Butterworth,G.(eds.),Context
      and Cognition:Ways of Learning and Knowing. Hillsdale,NJ:
      LEA.
     Merrill,D.C.,Reiser,B.J.,Merrill,S.K. & Landes,S.(1995). Tutoring:
      guided learning by doing. Cognition and Instruction,13(3).
     Mintzberg,H.(1979). The Structuring of Organization:A Synthesis
      of the Research. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey:Prince-Hall.
     Mohrman,S.A.,Cohen,S.G. & Mohrman,Jr.,A.M.(1995).Designing
      Team-based Organizations. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
     Mohrman,S.A.,Mohrman,Jr.,A.M. & Cohen,S.G.(1995).Organizing
      knowledge work systems. In scientific knowledge work
      environments. In Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,
      S.T.(eds.).,Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work
      Teams. Greenwich,Connecticut:JAI.
     Moll,L.C.,Tapia,J. & Whitmore,K.F.(1993).Living knowledge :the
      social distribution of cultural resources for thinking. In
      Salomon, G.(ed.) Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:
      Cambridge University Press.
     Muller,R.(1997).Coordination in Organizations. In Kirn,S. & O`Hare,
      G.(eds.), Cooperative Knowledge Processing. London:
      Springer.
     Nahapiet,J. & Ghoshal,S.(1998). Social capital,intellectual capital
      and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management
      Review,23(2).
     Narasimhan,R.(1997). Knowledge processing and commonsense.
      Knowledge-Based Systems,10.
     Niemeier,Jr.,B.A.(1988).A multifactor matrix approach to evaluating
      circulation markets. Newspaper Research Journal,Vol.9(2)
     Nonaka,I. & Takeuchi,H.(1995).The Knowledge-Creating Company. New
      York:Oxford University Press.
     Osterman,K.F. & Kottkamp,R.B.(1993).Reflective Practice for
      Educators. Newbury Park,C.A.:Corwin Press.
     Patel,V.L.,Kaufman,D.R. & Magder,S.A.(1996). The acquisition of
      medical expertise in complex dynamic environments. In
      Ericsson,K.A.(ed.),The Road to Excellence:The Acquisition
      of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences,Sports,and
      Games. Mahwah,N.J.:LEA.
     Pea,R.D.(1993). Practices of distributed intelligence and designs
      for education. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions.
      Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Perfetto,G.A.,Bransford,J.D. & Franks,J.J.(1983). Constraints on
      access in a problem solving context. Memory & Cognition,11(1).
     Perkins,D.N.(1993). Person-plus:A distributed view of thinking and
      Learning. In Salomon,G.(ed.),Distributed Cognitions.
      Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Pfeffer,J.(1981).Management as symbolic action:the creation and
      maintenance of organizational paradigms. In Cummings,L.L. &
      Staw,B.M.(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior,vol.3.
      Greenwich,C.T.:JAI.
     Pfeffer,J.(1997).New Directions for Organization Theory. New York:
      Oxford University Press.
     Picard,R.G.(1989).Media Economics:Concepts and Issues. Newbury
      Park,CA:Sage
     Picard,R.G.(1991).The effect of price increases on newspaper
      Circulation:A case study of inelasticity of demand. Newspaper
      Research Journal,Vol.12(3).
     Picard,R.G.,Winter,J.P. McCombs,M. & Lacy,S.(Eds.)(1988).Press
      Concentration and Monopoly:New Perspectives on Newspaper
      Ownership and Operation. Norwood,NJ:Ablex.
     Pinchot,G. & Pinchot,E.(1998). The intelligent organization. In
      Halal,W.E.(ed.),The Infinite Resource:Creating and Leading
      the Knowledge Enterprise. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass
      Publisher.
     Polanyi,M.(1958). Personal Knowledge. London:Routledge.
     Polanyi.,M.(1969). Tacit knowing:Its bearing on some problems of
      Philosophy. In Grene,M.(ed.),Knowing and Being. London:
      Routledge.
     Polkinghorne,D.(1983).Methodology for Human Sciences. Albany:State
      University of New York Press.
     Poon,L.W.,Welke,D.J. & Dudley,W.N.(1993). What is everyday
      cognition? In Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Pringle,P.K.,Starr,M.F. & McCavitt,W.E.(1995).Electronic Media
      Management. Boston:Focal Press.
     Puckett,J.M. Reese,H.W. & Pollina,L.K.(1993). An integration of
      life-span research in everyday cognition:four issues. In
      Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms of Everyday
      Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Purser,R.E. & Montuori,A.(1995). Varieties of knowledge work
      experience:A critical systems inquiry into the epistemologies
      and mindscapes of knowledge production. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson, D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T. (eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Quinn,J.B.(1992).Intelligence Enterprise. New York:The Free Press.
     Raelin,J.A.(1997). A model of work-based learning. Organization
      Science,8(6).
     
     Rentsch,J.R.,Heffner,T.S. & Duffy,L.T.(1994). What you know is what
      you get from experience. Group & Organization Management,
      19(4).
     Resnick,L.B.(1987).Learning in school and out. Educational
      Researcher,16(9).pp.16-20.
     Robbins,S.P.(1994).Management. Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall
     Robertson,P.(1996). Competences,transaction cost and competitive
      strategy. In Foss,N.J. & Knudson,C.(eds.),Towards a
      Competence Theory of the Firm. London:Routledge.
     Rummelhart,D.E. & Norman,D.A.(1981). Analogical processes;in
      Learning. In Anderson,R.J.(eds.),Cognitive Skill,and Their
      Acquisition. Hillsadle,NJ:LEA.
     Salomon,G.(1993a).Editor`s introduction. In Salomon,G.(ed.),
      Distributed Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University
      Press.
     Salomon,G.(1993b). No distribution without individuals` cognition:
      a dynamic interactional view. In Salomon,G.(ed.).Distributed
      Cognitions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
     Schon,D.A.(1983). The Reflective Practitioner. Basic Books.
     Schon,D.A.(1987).Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San
      Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers.
     Schraw,G.(1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness.
      Instructional Science,26.
     Schulte,H.H. & Dufresne,M.P.(1994).Getting the Story. New York:
      Macmillan.
     Scribner,S.(1986). Thinking in action:Some characteristics of
      practical intelligence. In Sternberg,R.J. & Wagner,
      R.K.(eds.),Practical Intelligence:Nature and Origins of
      Competence in the Everyday World. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Shaw,R.(1995).Mentoring. In Kerry,T. & Mayes,S.(eds.),Issues in
      Mentoring. London:Routledge.
     Shoemaker,P.J. & Reese,S.D.(1991).Mediating the Message. New York:
      Longman.
     Simon,E.(1996).Distributed Information Systems. London :
      McGraw-Hill.
     Simon,H.A.(1991).Bounded rationality and organizational learning.
      Organization Science,2(1).
     Slife,B.D. & Williams,R.N.(1995). What`s Behind the Research.
      Thousand Oaks: Sage.
     Smith,G.D. & Steadman,L.E.(1981). Present value of corporate history.
      Harvard Business Review,59.
     Soljo,R. & Wyndhamn,J.(1993). Solving everyday problems in the formal
      An empirical study of the school as context for thought. In
      Chaiklin,S. & Lave,J.(eds.),Understanding Practice:
      Perspectives on Activity and Context. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Solso,R.L.(1991).Cognitive Psychology. Needham Heights,MA:Ally
      and Bacon.
     Sparrow,J.(1998).Knowledge in Organization. London:Sage.
     Squires,J.D.(1993). Read All About It:The Corporate Takeover of
      American`s Newspaper. New York:Times Books.
     Sternberg,R.J.(1998).Metacognition,abilities,and developing
      expertise:what makes and expert student. Instructional
      Science,26.
     Sternberg,R.J.,Wagner,R.K. & Okagaki,L.(1995). Practical
      intelligence:The nature and role of tacit knowledge in work
      and at school. In Puckett,.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition. Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Stewart,T.A.(1997).Intelligence Capital.New York:Doubledy/Currency.
     Taylor,G.H.(1998). Knowledge company. In Halal,W.E.(ed.),The
      Infinite Resource:Creating and Leading the Knowledge
      Enterprise. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publisher.
     Tenkasi,R.V.(1995). The socio-cognitive dynamics of knowledge
      creation .In scientific knowledge work environments .In
      Beyerlein,M.M.,Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances
      in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Tjosvold,D. & Tjosvold,M.M.(1995). Cross-functional teamwork:The
      challenge of involving professionals. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Tobin,D.R.(1998).The Knowledge-Enabled Organization. New York:
      Amacom.
     Tsang,K. & Chung,W.(1994).Journalistic Expertise. Paper presented
      to Information System Division,ICA Conference,Sydney,
      Australia,July 1994.
     Tuchman,G.(1978). Making News:A Study in the Construction of Reality.
      Beverly Hill,C.A.:Sage.
     Underwood,D.(1993). When MBAs Rule the Newsroom. New York:Columbia
      Press.
     Wagner,R.K. & Sternberg,R.J.(1986). Tacit knowledge and intelligence
      in the everyday world. In Sternberg,R.J. & Wagner,R.K.
      (eds.),Practical Intelligence. Cambridge:Cambridge
      University Press.
     Walters,J.,Blythe,T. & White,N.(1993). PIFS:Everyday cognition
      goes to school. In Puckett,J.M. & Reese,H.W.(eds.),Mechanisms
      of Everyday Cognition Hillsdale,NJ:LEA.
     Walsh,J.P. & Ungson,G.R.(1991). Organizational memory. Academy of
      Management Review,16(1).
     Ward,J & Hansen,K.A.(1987).Search Strategies in Mass Communication.
      New York:Longman.
     Wathne,K.,Roos,J. & von Krogh,G.(1996). Towards a theory of knowledge
      transfer in cooperative context. In von Krogh,G. & Roos,
      J.(eds.),Managing Knowledge. London:Sage.
     Weick,K.E.(1979).The Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading,M.A:
      Addison-Wesley..
     Weick,K.E. & Roberts,K.H.(1993). Collective mind in organizations:
      heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science
      Quarterly,38.
     Weiner,F.(1987). Introduction and overview:metacognition and
      motivation as determinants of effective learning and
      understanding. In Weiner,F. & Kluwe,R. (eds.),
      Metacognition,Motivation and Understanding. Hillsdale,NJ:
      LEA.
     Wekselberg,V. & Goggin,W.C.(1995). Knowledge work groups as social
      groups:Illustrations from the volume contributions in support
      of a cooperative theory of groups. In Beyerlein,M.M.,
      Johnson,D.A. & Beyerlein,S.T.(eds.),Advances in
      Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams. Greenwich,
      Connecticut:JAI.
     Whitney,D.C.,Fritzler,M.,Jones,S.,Mazzarella,S. & Rakow,
      L.(1989).Geographic and sources bias in network TV news,
      1982-1984.Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media,33.
     Wiig,K.M.(1994).Knowledge Management:The Central Management Focus
      for Intelligent-acting Organization. Arlington,Texas:Schema
      Press.
     Willis,J. & Willis,D.B.(1993). New Directions in Media Management.
      Boston:Ally and Bacon.
     Yakowicz,W.T.(1987). Coaching:Collegial learning in school. In
      Marsick,V.J.(ed.),Learning in the work workplace. London:
      Croom Helm.
zh_TW