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題名 中文對話中的異議現象
Disagreement in Mandarin Chinese Conversation作者 林智怡
Lin, Zhi-Yi貢獻者 李櫻
Li, Ying Cherry Dr.
林智怡
Lin, Zhi-Yi關鍵詞 異議
中文對話
語用策略
語言特徵
合作 原則
禮貌原則
性別
衝突對話
disagreement
Mandarin Chinese conversation
pragmatic strategies
linguistic features
CP
PP
gender
conflict talk日期 1998 上傳時間 27-四月-2016 11:13:50 (UTC+8) 摘要 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 提 要
Abstract參考文獻 Bibliography Adger, Carolyn Temple. 1984. Communicative competence in the culturally diverse classroom: negotiating norms for linguistic interaction. In Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, linguistics. Georgetown University. Albee, E. 1962. Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York: Atheneum. Aries, Elizabeth. 1976. Interaction patterns and themes of male, female and mixed groups. Small Group Behavior 7 (1): 7- 18. Atkinson, Maxwell, and Heritage, John. 1984. Preference organization. In Structure of Social Action, Atkinson and Heritage (eds.): 53-56. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Azuma, H., Hess, R. D., Kashin-gawa, K., and Conroy, M. 1980. Maternal control strategies and the child’s cognitive development: a cross-cultural paradox and its interpretation. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology. Leipzig. Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine. Beebe, L., & cummings, M. 1985. Speech act performance: A function of the data collection procedure? Paper presented at TESOL ’85, New York. Beebe, Leslie M. & Tomoko Takahashi. 1989. Sociolinguistic variation in face-threatening speech acts: chastisement and disagreement. In The Dynamic Interlanguage: Empirical Studies in Second Language Variation, Eisenstein, Mirian R.. (ed.):199-218. New York: Plenum Press. Bilmes, Jack. 1988. The concept of preference in conversation analysis. In Language in society 17: 161-181. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1990. You don’t touch lettuce with your fingers: Parental politensess in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics: Politeness, 259-288. Boggs, Stephen T. 1978. The Development of verbal disputing in part-Hawaiian children. Language in Society, 7: 325-344. Brenneis, Donald. 1988. Language and disputing. Annual Review of Anthropology, 17: 221-237. Brenneis, Donald & Laura Lein. 1977. You fruithead: a sociolinguistic approach to children’s dispute settlement. In Child Discourse, S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds.): 49-65. New York: Academic Press. Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1978/1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coates, Jennifer. 1989. Gossip revisited: language in all- female groups. In Women in Their Speech Communities, Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron (eds.): 94-121. London: Longman. Edelsky, Carole. 1981. Who’s got the floor? Language in Society 10: 383-421. Eisenberg, Ann R. and Catherine Garvey. 1981. Children’s use of verbal strategies in resolving conflicts. Discourse Processes, 4: 149-170. Fraser, Bruce. 1975. The concept of politeness. Paper presented at the 1985 NWAVE Meeting. Georgetown University. ---. 1990. Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics. 14: 219-236. Fraser, Bruce and William Nolen. 1981. The association of deference with linguistic form. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 27: 93-109. Genishi, Celia and Marianna di Paolo. 1982. Learning through argument in a preschool. In Communicating in the Classroom, L.C. Wilkinson (ed.): 49-68. New York: Academic Press. Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ---. 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books. Goodwin Charles and M.H. Goodwin. 1990. Interstitial argument. In Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations, Grimshaw, Allen D. (ed.): 85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodwin, Marjorie Harness. 1978. Conversational practices in a peer group of urban black children. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. ---. 1980a. He-said-she said: formal cultural procedures for the construction of a gossip dispute activity. American Ethnologist, 7: 674-695. ---. 1980b. Directive / response speech sequences in girls’ and boys’ task activities. In Women and Language in Literature and Society, S. McConnell-Ginet, R. Borker, and N. Furman (eds.): 157-173. New York: Praeger. ---. 1982. Processes of dispute management among urban black children. American Ethnologist, 9: 76-69. Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Speech Act. Vol. 3 of Syntax and Semantics, P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.). New York: Academic Press. Grimshaw, Allen D. 1990. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gu, Yueguo. 1990. Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237-257. Gunthner, Susanne. 1993. The Negotiation of Dissent in Intercultural Communication—an analysis of a Chinese-German conversation. Paper presented on the 4th International Pragmatics Conference. Kobe Japan. Ho, D.Y. F. 1975. On the Concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology 81.4: 867-884. Holmes, Janet. 1995. Women, Men, and Politeness. New York: Longman. Hu, Hsien Chin. 1944. The Chinese Concept of ‘face’. American Anthropologist 46: 45-64. Huang, Shuanfan. 1984. Two studies on prototype semantics: xiao (filial piety) and mei mianzi (loss of face). A paper presented to the International Symposium on Psychological Aspects of the Chinese Language. Hong Kong, July 2-5, 1984. Hymes, Dell. 1972. On communicative competence. In Sociolinguistics, J. B. Pride and Janet Homes (eds.): 269- 293. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Kalick, Susan. 1975. ‘…like Ann’s gynaecologist or the time I was almost raped’—personal narratives in women’s rape groups. Journal of American Folklore 88: 3-11. Kasper, Gabriele. 1990. Linguistic politeness: current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics: Politeness, 193-218. Knoblauch, Hubert. 1991. The taming of foes: the avoidance of asymmetry I informal discussions. In Asymmetries in Dialogue, Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa (eds.): 166-195. Hemel Hempstead: Barnes and Noble. Kotthoff, Helga. 1993. Disagreement and concession in disputes: On the context sensitivity of preference structures. Language in Society 22: 193-216. Krainer, Elizabeth. 1988. Challenges in a psychotherapy group. In Proceedings of the fourteenth Annual Meeting f the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 100-113. Kuo, Sai-hua. 1992. Formulaic opposition markers in Chinese conflict talk. Georgetown-University-Round-Table-on- Languages-and-Linguistics: 388-402. ---. 1997. Cooperation and competition in collaborative narration. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Language and Social Psychology, Ottawa, Canada, May 16-20, 1997. Lakoff, Robin. 1973. The logic of politeness: or, miniding your p’s and q’s. In Papers from the ninth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, C. Corum et al. (eds.): 292- 305. Chicago Linguistic Society. ---. 1975. Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper and Row. ---. 1977. What you can do with words: Politeness, pragmatics, and performatives. In Proceedings of The Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions, and Implicatures, A. Rogers, B. Wall and J. Murphy (eds.): 79-105. Arlington: Center of Applied Linguistics. Lee David A. & Jennifer J. Peck. 1995. Troubled waters: Argument as sociability revisited. In Language in Society 24: 29-52. Leech, Geoffrey. 1977. Langage and tact. L.A.U.T. Paper 46. Reprinted as Leech 1980, Language and Tact. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ---. 1980. Explorations in Semantics and Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ---. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman. Leet-Pellegrini, H. M. 1980. Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise. In Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, Howard Giles, Peter Robinson and Philip Smith (eds.): 97-104. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Lein, L., & Brenneis, D. 1978. Children’s disputes in three speech communities. Language in Society, 7: 299-323. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liao, Chao-chih. 1994. A Study on the Strategies, Maxims, and Development of Refusal in Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: The Crane Publishing CO., LTD. Lii-shih, Yu-hwei E. 1986. Conversational Politeness and Foreign Language Teaching. Taipei: Crane. Lii-shih, Yu-hwei E. 1994. What do “Yes” and “No” really mean in Chinese? In Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1994, James E. Alatis (ed.), 128- 149. Maltz, Daniel N. and Borker, Ruth A. 1982. A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In Language and Social Identity, John J. Gumperz (ed.): 196-216. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maynard, Douglas W. 1985a. How children start arguments. Language in Society, 14: 1-29. ---. 1985b. On the functions of social conflict among children. American Sociological Review, 50: 207-223. Megaree, E. I. 1969. Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership. In Journal of Applied Psychology 53, 5: 377-382. Munro, Fran. 1987. Female and male participation in small-group interaction in the ESOL classroom. Unpublished terms project. Graduate Diploma in TESOL. Sydney: Sydney College of Advanced Education. Muntigl, Peter and William, Turnbull. 1998. Conversational structures and facework in arguing. Journal of Pragmatics 29: 225-256. Naotsuka, Reiko, Nancy Sakamoto et al. 1981. Mutual Understanding of Different Cultures. Osaka: Taishukan. Pilkington, Jane. 1992. ‘Don’t try to make out that I’m nice!’ The different strategies women and men use when gossiping. Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics 5: 37- 60. Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: some features of preferred / dispreferred turn shapes. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage. Eds. Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. 57- 101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Richards, Jack C. and M. Sukwiwat. 1983. Language transfer and conversational competence. Applied Linguistics 4.2: 113-125. Sacks, Harvey. 1973. The preference for agreement in natural conversation. Paper presented at the Linguistic Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Schick Case, Susan. 1988. Cultural differences, not deficiencies: an analysis of managerial women’s language. In Women’s Careers: Pathways and Pitfalls, Suzanna Rose and Laurie Larwood (eds.): 41-63. New York: Praeger. Schiffrin, Deborah. 1984. Jewish argument as sociability. Language in Society, 13: 311-335. ---. 1985. Everyday argument: the organization of diversity in talk. In Handbook of Discourse Analysis 3: Discourse and Dialogue, T. van Dijk (ed.): 35-46. London: Academic Press. ---. 1987. Discourse Markers. New York: Cambridge University Press. Schmidt, Richards W. 1980. Review of questions and politeness in social interaction. In RELC 11(2): 100-114. Sell, Roger D. 1991. The politeness of literary texts. In Literary Pragmatics, R. Sell (ed.): 208-224. London: Routledge. Shils, Edward. 1968. Deference. In Social Stratification, J. A. Jackson (ed.): 104-132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Simmel, George. 1949. The sociology of sociability. In American Journal of Sociology 55: 254-261. Stubbe, Maria. 1991. Talking at cross-purposes: the effect of gender on New Zealand primary schoolchildren’s interaction strategies in pair discussions. MA thesis. Wellington: Victoria University. Swacker, Marjorie. 1979. Women’s verbal behaviour at learned and profesinoal conferences. In The Sociology of the Languages of American Women, Berry-Lou Dubois and Isobel Crouch (eds.): 155-160. San Antonio, Tex.: Trinity University. Tannen Deborah. 1984. Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk among Friends. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation. ---. 1986. That’s Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Your relations with Others. New York: William Morrow; London: J. M. Dent. ---. 1990. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: William Morrow. ---. 1993. What’s in a frame?: Surface evidence for underlying expectations. In Framing in Discourse: 14-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Vuchinich, Samuel. 1988. The sequential organization of closing in verbal family conflict. In Conflict Talk, A.D. Grimshaw (ed.): 118-138. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wang, Yu-fang. 1997. Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. In Proceedings of the First Symposium on Discourse and Syntax in Chinese and Formosan Languages: 103- 134. Taipei: NTU. Watts, Richard J. 1992. Linguistic politeness and polite verbal behavior: reconsidering claims for university. In Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 59: Politeness in Language, Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (eds.). Mouton De Gruyter. Watzlawick, Paul, Janet H. beavin, and don D. Jackson. 1967. Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: W.W. Norton. West, Candace and A. Garcia. 1988. Conversational shift work: a study of topical transitions between women and men. Social Problem 35.5: 551-75. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
85555007資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001660 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李櫻 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Li, Ying Cherry Dr. en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 林智怡 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Zhi-Yi en_US dc.creator (作者) 林智怡 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Zhi-Yi en_US dc.date (日期) 1998 en_US dc.date.accessioned 27-四月-2016 11:13:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 27-四月-2016 11:13:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-四月-2016 11:13:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002001660 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/86236 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 85555007 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 提 要 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract en_US dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. v List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii List of Conventions for Data Transcription . . . . . . . .. .ix Chinese Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x English Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Preference Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Face and Politeness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.1 Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.2 Politeness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.3 Four Views on Politeness . . . . . . . . . . .15 2.2.4 Linguistic Politeness. . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2.3 Disagreement Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 2.3.2 Pragmatic Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . .21 2.3.3 Linguistic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.4 Gender Differences in Disagreement . . . . . .24 Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Review of Methods Used in Disagreement Studies . . . 29 3.2 Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2.1 Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 3.2.2 Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.3 Data Transcription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.4 Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Chapter 4 Data Analysis 4.1 Pragmatic Strategies in Disagreement . . . . . . . . 33 4.1.1 Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 4.1.2 Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1.3 Challenge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 4.1.4 Clarification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 4.1.5 Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.1.6 Evasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 4.1.7 Partial Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.8 Suggestion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.9 Analysis of the Pragmatic Strategies . . . . .38 4.2 Linguistic Features in Disagreement . . . . . . . . .44 4.2.1 Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 4.2.2 Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 4.2.3 Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 4.2.4 Pre-Announcement Marker. . . . . . . . . . . .47 4.2.5 Contrast Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2.6 Modal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2.7 Interjection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 4.2.8 Qualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.9 Interruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 4.2.10 Long Pause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.11 Analysis of the Linguistic Features . . . . .51 4.3 Linguistic Maxims in Disagreement . . . . . . . . . .62 4.4 Gender in Disagreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 4.4.1 Gender in Disagreement Frequency . . . . . . 74 4.4.2 Gender in the Pragmatic Strategies of Disagreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 4.4.3 Gender in the Linguistic Features of Disagreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.4.4 Gender in the Maxim Violation of Disagreement.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Chapter 5 Conclusion 5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001660 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 異議 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中文對話 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語用策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言特徵 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合作 原則 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禮貌原則 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 衝突對話 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) disagreement en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin Chinese conversation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) pragmatic strategies en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) linguistic features en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) CP en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) PP en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) gender en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) conflict talk en_US dc.title (題名) 中文對話中的異議現象 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Disagreement in Mandarin Chinese Conversation en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bibliography Adger, Carolyn Temple. 1984. Communicative competence in the culturally diverse classroom: negotiating norms for linguistic interaction. In Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, linguistics. Georgetown University. Albee, E. 1962. Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York: Atheneum. Aries, Elizabeth. 1976. Interaction patterns and themes of male, female and mixed groups. Small Group Behavior 7 (1): 7- 18. Atkinson, Maxwell, and Heritage, John. 1984. Preference organization. In Structure of Social Action, Atkinson and Heritage (eds.): 53-56. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Azuma, H., Hess, R. D., Kashin-gawa, K., and Conroy, M. 1980. Maternal control strategies and the child’s cognitive development: a cross-cultural paradox and its interpretation. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology. Leipzig. Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine. Beebe, L., & cummings, M. 1985. Speech act performance: A function of the data collection procedure? Paper presented at TESOL ’85, New York. Beebe, Leslie M. & Tomoko Takahashi. 1989. Sociolinguistic variation in face-threatening speech acts: chastisement and disagreement. In The Dynamic Interlanguage: Empirical Studies in Second Language Variation, Eisenstein, Mirian R.. (ed.):199-218. New York: Plenum Press. Bilmes, Jack. 1988. The concept of preference in conversation analysis. In Language in society 17: 161-181. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1990. You don’t touch lettuce with your fingers: Parental politensess in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics: Politeness, 259-288. Boggs, Stephen T. 1978. The Development of verbal disputing in part-Hawaiian children. Language in Society, 7: 325-344. Brenneis, Donald. 1988. Language and disputing. Annual Review of Anthropology, 17: 221-237. Brenneis, Donald & Laura Lein. 1977. You fruithead: a sociolinguistic approach to children’s dispute settlement. In Child Discourse, S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds.): 49-65. New York: Academic Press. Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1978/1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coates, Jennifer. 1989. Gossip revisited: language in all- female groups. In Women in Their Speech Communities, Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron (eds.): 94-121. London: Longman. Edelsky, Carole. 1981. Who’s got the floor? Language in Society 10: 383-421. Eisenberg, Ann R. and Catherine Garvey. 1981. Children’s use of verbal strategies in resolving conflicts. Discourse Processes, 4: 149-170. Fraser, Bruce. 1975. The concept of politeness. Paper presented at the 1985 NWAVE Meeting. Georgetown University. ---. 1990. Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics. 14: 219-236. Fraser, Bruce and William Nolen. 1981. The association of deference with linguistic form. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 27: 93-109. Genishi, Celia and Marianna di Paolo. 1982. Learning through argument in a preschool. In Communicating in the Classroom, L.C. Wilkinson (ed.): 49-68. New York: Academic Press. Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ---. 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books. Goodwin Charles and M.H. Goodwin. 1990. Interstitial argument. In Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations, Grimshaw, Allen D. (ed.): 85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodwin, Marjorie Harness. 1978. Conversational practices in a peer group of urban black children. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. ---. 1980a. He-said-she said: formal cultural procedures for the construction of a gossip dispute activity. American Ethnologist, 7: 674-695. ---. 1980b. Directive / response speech sequences in girls’ and boys’ task activities. In Women and Language in Literature and Society, S. McConnell-Ginet, R. Borker, and N. Furman (eds.): 157-173. New York: Praeger. ---. 1982. Processes of dispute management among urban black children. American Ethnologist, 9: 76-69. Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Speech Act. Vol. 3 of Syntax and Semantics, P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.). New York: Academic Press. Grimshaw, Allen D. 1990. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gu, Yueguo. 1990. Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237-257. Gunthner, Susanne. 1993. The Negotiation of Dissent in Intercultural Communication—an analysis of a Chinese-German conversation. Paper presented on the 4th International Pragmatics Conference. Kobe Japan. Ho, D.Y. F. 1975. On the Concept of Face. American Journal of Sociology 81.4: 867-884. Holmes, Janet. 1995. Women, Men, and Politeness. New York: Longman. Hu, Hsien Chin. 1944. The Chinese Concept of ‘face’. American Anthropologist 46: 45-64. Huang, Shuanfan. 1984. Two studies on prototype semantics: xiao (filial piety) and mei mianzi (loss of face). A paper presented to the International Symposium on Psychological Aspects of the Chinese Language. Hong Kong, July 2-5, 1984. Hymes, Dell. 1972. On communicative competence. In Sociolinguistics, J. B. Pride and Janet Homes (eds.): 269- 293. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Kalick, Susan. 1975. ‘…like Ann’s gynaecologist or the time I was almost raped’—personal narratives in women’s rape groups. Journal of American Folklore 88: 3-11. Kasper, Gabriele. 1990. Linguistic politeness: current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics: Politeness, 193-218. Knoblauch, Hubert. 1991. The taming of foes: the avoidance of asymmetry I informal discussions. In Asymmetries in Dialogue, Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa (eds.): 166-195. Hemel Hempstead: Barnes and Noble. Kotthoff, Helga. 1993. Disagreement and concession in disputes: On the context sensitivity of preference structures. Language in Society 22: 193-216. 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