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題名 進口防衛措施之研究 -以汽車產業為例
Import Safeguard Measures - Automobile Industry
作者 柳權峰
Leou, Chung-Fung
貢獻者 蔡英文
Tsai, Lng-Ｗen
柳權峰
Leou, Chung-Fung
關鍵詞 汽車業
非關稅措施
原產地規則
自製率
進口防衛措施
共識要點
automobile
NTBs
rules of origin
local content
import relief
consus
日期 1996
上傳時間 28-Apr-2016 11:34:16 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文探討的動機在於美-日或歐-日有關汽車產品存在已久的貿易摩擦，以及鉅額的貿易赤字等問題，如何有效運用進口救濟措施來達到改善上述問題的嚴重性。一般而言，汽車產業的救濟措施通常採取關稅或配額的形式，唯關稅在歷年GATT談判回合中均朝向逐年減讓的趨勢，所以其重要性在此不予討論，主要則針對汽車的配額措施，或進口數量限制以及認定汽車身分國籍的原產地規則加以論述，以期我國在未來加入GATT之時可提供政府作為汽車產業防禦措施之參考。
參考文獻 一、中文部份
     l.經濟部國貿局，貿易政策能否使美國產業恢復活力， 1987 。
     2 . 經濟部國貿局，關稅暨貿易總協定條文，78 年8 月，2 版(中英對照)。
     3. 經濟部國貿局，烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判協定?防衛協定(中英對照本)。
     4. 經濟部國貿局，烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判協定?與貿易有關之投資措施協定(中英對照本)。
     5 經濟部國貿局，第五次GATT 烏拉圭回合談判研討會會議資料(上)， 83 年5 月。
     6. 日本產業結構審議會， 1992 年度不公平貿易報告書，工業簡訊。
     7. 工商時報，八十四年六月二十九日二版。
     8. 中美日韓歐等國汽車工業發展之比較，八十年度經濟部工業局專案計畫。
     9. 台灣銀行銀季刊， 44 卷， 3 期， 82 , 9 。
     10 邱政宗，美國對外貿易法制體系與體制觀察，載經建會出版經社法制論叢， 10 期， 81 年7 月。
     1 1 .經濟部貿易調查委員會，各國進口救濟制度與我國進口救濟制度之比較研究， 1995 。
     12. 何俊輝，「產業政策的工具運用分析與實例探討?以我國加入GATT 以後汽車工業發展策略之調整為例」，工業簡訊，
     第23 卷， 1993 年1 月。
     13. 玉梅君，「台灣區汽車工業調查報告續篇(四)」，台灣區工業調查報告(164) ，台北銀行經濟研究室編印，民國83 年6月。
     14. 歐嘉瑞，「從市場供需面研析我國加入關稅暨貿易總協定後汽車業之相關因應措施」，台灣銀行季刊，第44 卷第3 期，民國82 年9 月。
     15. 經濟部工業局83 年度專案計畫執行成果報告，「關稅暨貿易總協定之相關規範對我國汽車工業之影響及今後因應措施之研究計畫」，第5 章，氏囡83 年6 月。
     16. 黃紫華，日本汽車產業發展方向，臺彎經濟研究院，83 年3月。
     17. 進口救濟論叢，第7 期， 84 年12 月。
     18. 經濟部工業局82 年度專案計畫執行成果報告，「歐體原產地及自製率規定對我國電子工業之影響」，82 年6 月。
     二、西文部份
     (一)期刊
     1. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmain , " Grey Area Trade Policy and the Rule of Law " ,Journal of World Trade, Vo1.22 no.2 April 1988.
     2. Preusse, Henz Gert, " Voluntary Export Restraints-An
     Effective Means Against a Spread of Neo-Proctionism ?"
     Journal of World Trade, Vo1.25 No.2, April 1991.
     3. Robert E. Scott, " The Effects of Protection on a Domestic Oligopoly: The Case of the U.S. Auto Market" , Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol.16, No.3, 1994.
     4. Cullison, A.E., "Japan Won,t Renew US Car Export Ceiling." Journal of Commerce ,31, Jan. 1985.
     5. Holusha, John. "Rise in Car Exports Confirmed by Japan ", The New York Times, Mar. 29,1985.
     6. Stokes, Bruce. "Protection for a Price ", National Journal, Apr. 4,1992.
     7. Stephen R. Twigge, "International Investment and Production Collaboration Amongst Subcontractors: The Case of the UK Car Industry" ,World Competition, Vol.4, No.3, 1992.
     8. Aaditya Mattoo and Petros C. Mavroidis , " The EC-Japan
     Consensus on Cars: Interaction Between Trade and Competition
     Policy" ,The World Economy, Vol.l8, May, 1995.
     9. Ira Nikelsberg, "The Ability to Use Israel,s Preferential Trade Status With the United States and the European Community to Overcome Potential Trade Barriers" , Geo. Wash. J. Int,1. & Econ ,Vo1.24, 1990.
     10.Alejandro Ogarrio & Leonel P. Castro, "Mexico-United States Relations: Economic Integration and Foreign Investment", Hous. J. Int,l L. ,Vol.12, 1990.
     11. Roundtable discussion " The North American Free Trade
     Agreement: In Whose Best Interest ?" , NW. J. Int,l &
     Bus. ,Vol.12.
     12.Cheryl Schechter & David Brill, " Maquiladoras: Will the
     Program Continue?" ,ST. MARY,s L.J. ,Vo1.23, 1992.
     13. Fre deric P. Cantin and Andreas F. Lowenfe Id , " Rules of Origin , The Canda- U.S. FT A and The Honda Case " , The
     American Society of International Law, Vo1.87, No.3 July.1993.
     14. Max Gates, "Free Trade Talks in Mexico to Work Out Vehicle Pact" ,Automotive News, July 27, 1992.
     15. Lindsay Chappell, " Japanese transplants decry increase in content levels; Costly Changes in Tooling Needed", Automotive News, Aug. 17, 1992.
     16. " NAFT A Negotiations Struggle With Rules of Origin for
     Autos" ,Int,l Trade Rep. , Apr. 29 , 1992 (BNA).
     17. "Canada May Accept U.S. Auto Proposal In N AFT A for 60
     percent Content Rule", Int, I Trade Daily, June 10, 1992, (BNA).
     18. "Japan Seeks Assurance That NAFTA Will Not Affect GATT
     Obligations" ,lnt, I Trade Re!2. , Aug. 19, 1992 (BNA).
     19. " Trade in Auto Parts, Rules of Origin Likely to be Major Issues in NAFTA Talks" , Int,l Trade Rep. , July. 10, 1991 (BNA).
     20 .Keith Bradsher, "North American Trade Talks Focus on Car
     Paris" ,N.Y. Times, Aug. 8, 1992.
     21.Lindsay Chappell, GM Suzuki get break on trade content,
     Automotive News, Sept. 28,1992.
     22.Stephen O. Spinks . Brussels, "EC Rules of Origin: Neutral or Projectionist? in 1992" , The External Impact of European Unification, Part 2 , Vol.3, No.5, May 31, 1991.
     23. Maxwell, " Formulating Rules of Origin for Imported
     Merchandise:Transforming the Substantial Transformation
     Test" ,Geo. Wash. J. Int,l & Econ. , Vo1.23, 1990.
     24. "Commission Action on Rules of Origin Will Affect U.S.Assembled Photocopiers" , lnt,l Trade Rep.(BNA) No.6 ,Feb . 8, 1989.
     25 . "Origin of Photocopiers defined" ,Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH) Vo1.625, Feb. 23,1989.
     26 . "Revised Rules of Origin for Photocopiers Said to be Aimed at Richo,s U.S. Assembly", Int,l Trade Rep. (BNA) No.29, July, 19, 1989.
     27. "Senate Task Force Urges Greater Monitoring, Coordination of 1992 Plans by U.S. Government 11 ,lnt,l Trade Rep. (BNA), No.44 , Nov. 8 , 1989.
     28.Brussels And Paris, " When Made-in-Europe isn,t" , The
     Economist, Oct. 8 ,1988.
     29.Edwin A. Vermulst, " 1992: Rules of Origin as Commercial
     Policy Instruments-Revisited" , Journal of World Trade, 26
     J. W.T. 6, Dec.
     30.Holmer & Bello, "Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 : The Reagan Record" , N.C.J. lnt,l L. & Corn. Reg., Vol.13 ,1988.
     31.Lussenburg, " New EEC Safeguard Measures : Regulation
     288/82" , 16 Case W. Res. J. Int,l L., 1984.
     32.Behney, " Escape Clause Relief in the EEC and the United
     States: Different Approaches to the Dilemma of Adjustment to a New World Trading Environment", N.C.J. Int,l L. & Corn. Reg., Vol.lS, 1990.
     (二)書籍
     1. John H. Jackson , the World Trading System, Cambridge, MA. MITPress, 1992 。
     2. J. Jackson, World Trade and The Law of GATT, § 23.3 0
     3. J. Michael Finger & Audrezej Olechowki , the Uruguay Round, A Handbook on the Multilateral Trade Negotiations, The World Bank, 1987 。
     4. Feenstra, Robert C. "Voluntary Export Restraint in U.S.
     Autos, 1980-1981 : Quality, Employment and Welfare Effects",
     in The Structure and Evolution of Recent U.S. Trade Policy,
     1984.
     5. Robert E. Scott, SHORT-SIGHTED SOLUTIONS: Trade and
     Energy Policies for the U.S. Auto Industry, Garland Pub, Inc. NEW YORK & LONDON, 1994 。
     6. Crandall, Robert W., "The Cost of Protectionism." , Import Quotas and the Automobile Industry, The Brookings Review (Summer) , 1984 。
     7. E.L.M. Volker, Protectionism And The European Community,
     " Import Relief Measures Taken by The European Economic
     Community and the Member States" ,and The Legal Remedies
     Available to Private, ch.3 ,1987
     8. Robert B. Cohen, Trade Policy In 1980 , William, ch.16, "The prospects for Trade and Protectionism in the Auto Industry" ,1984
     9. Bhagwati, Jagdish , " Trade, Growth and the Balance of
     Payment: Essays in Honor of Gottfried HaberleI`." , On the
     equivalence of tariffs and quotas, In Robert E. Baldwin et al. (eds.), , 1965, Chicago: Rand McNally
     10.Emerson, M., Aujean , M., Catinet., M., Goybet, P. and
     Jacquemin, A. The Economics of 1992 , Oxford University Press., 1988
     11. Shibata, H . The Impact of Voluntary Export Restraints on the Exporter`s Economy, " A Theory and the Case of Japanese Automobile Industry" , 1991
     12. Nicholas A Zaimis, 1992: European Practice Library, EC Rules of Origin, Chancery Law Publishing
     13.Jetro, 1993 Report on Unfair Trade Policies by Major Trading Partners, 1993
     14. David Senko, Import Practice, Customs and International Trade Law,2ded.1991
     15. Spair, A. , "Does 1992 Come Before or After 1990 ?" in R. Jones and A . Krueger (eds.) , The Political Economy of Trade Policy, London: Basil Blackwell, 1990 0
     (三)官方出版品
     1. Nogues , J .J.A. Olechosky and L.A. Winters, the Extent of Non-tariff Barriers to imports of Industrial countries, World Bank Staff Working, 1986 0
     2. GATT, Gray Area Measures, MTN. GNG/NG9/W6.
     3. WTO,WT/DS61l,1995,5,22 。
     4. WTO, FOCUS No.3 。
     5. U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1110, Certain Motor Vehicles and Certain Chassis and Bodies Therefor: Report to the President on Inv. No. TA-20-44, 1980.
     6. U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1203, "Automotive Trade
     Statistics 1964-80" ,U.S. Factory Sales, Retail Sales, Imports, Exports, Apparent Consumption. Suggested Retail Prices, and U.S. Bilateral Trade Balances With Eight Major Producing Countries 8 , 1981.
     7. U.S. Int`l Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1648, "A Review of Recent Developments in the U.S. Automobile Industry Including an Assessment of the Japanese Voluntary Restraint Agreements" , Washington, Feb. 1985.
     8. USITC, Pub. Report No.2063 Washington , D.C. : U.S.
     International Trade Commission , " The U.S. automobile
     Industry: Monthly Report on Selected Economic Indicators" .
     9. U.S Int`1 Trade Comm., Pub. No.2204, "The Effects of Greater Economic Integration Within the European Community on the United States" ,Ch.11 .
     10.U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No. 746, "Wrapper Tobacco
     report to The President on Inv. No. TA-201-3" ,1976.
     11.O.J.1975 ,L29/26 。
     12. O.J.1977 ,L242/5 。
     13. O.J.1982 , L35/l 。
     14. O.J.1982, C243/17 。
     15. O.J.1986 ,C213/1。
     16. O.J.1986, C91/3 。
     17. O.J.1986 ,C161/3。
     18. O.J. 1968 ,L148/1 。
     19. O.J.1987 , L256 。
     20. Trade Policy Review of EEC, 1993。
     21.ECR, Case 41/76, Donckerwolcke v. Procureur de la
     Republique, 1976(para. 29) 。
     22.Barker & Mckenzie , Single European Market Reporter, Jan.92 。
     23.Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-618,88 Stat. 1978 (codified at 19 U.S.C. 2101-2487,1982) 。
     24.H.R. Rep. No. 571, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 45,1973 。
     25.Council Regulation (EEC) No.288/82 on common rules for
     imports, Feb. 5, 1982,25 O.J. Eur. Comm. No.L35 , 1982 。
     26.Revenue Canada, Customs and Excise No.4568-6-5/Honda
     (engine) Feb. 27,1992 。
     27.U.S. Customs Service, Memorandum HQ 000160 , Feb. 27,1992．
     28. U.S. Customs Service, Memorandum HQ 089427 , Dec. 9,1991．
     29. United States-Canada free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, Pub. L. No.100-449, § 202(c)(3),102 Stat. 1851,1988 。
     30.EC Regulation No.3285/94。
     31. Staff of Subcomm. on Trade of the House Comm. On `Nays and Means, 96th Cong., 2D Sess., Auto Situation: 1980。
     32.U.S. Dep`t Of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Highlights of U.S. Exports and Imports, Dec. 1980。
     33.United Shoe Workers v. Bedell, 506 F.2d, (D.C. Cir. 1974) 。
     34.Federal Reserve Bulletin, July. 1980。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
83351008
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002002755
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡英文zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Lng-Ｗenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 柳權峰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Leou, Chung-Fungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 柳權峰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Leou, Chung-Fungen_US
dc.date (日期) 1996en_US
dc.date.accessioned 28-Apr-2016 11:34:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 28-Apr-2016 11:34:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 28-Apr-2016 11:34:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002002755en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/87284-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 83351008zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文探討的動機在於美-日或歐-日有關汽車產品存在已久的貿易摩擦，以及鉅額的貿易赤字等問題，如何有效運用進口救濟措施來達到改善上述問題的嚴重性。一般而言，汽車產業的救濟措施通常採取關稅或配額的形式，唯關稅在歷年GATT談判回合中均朝向逐年減讓的趨勢，所以其重要性在此不予討論，主要則針對汽車的配額措施，或進口數量限制以及認定汽車身分國籍的原產地規則加以論述，以期我國在未來加入GATT之時可提供政府作為汽車產業防禦措施之參考。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章緒論..........1
     第一節研究動機與目的..........1
     第二節研究方法、範圍暨限制..........3
     第三節論文架構..........4
     第貳章美、歐汽車貿易設限措施及其影響..........6
     第一節灰色領域措施之適法性..........6
     第一目灰色領域措施之定義與特色..........7
     第二目採取灰色領域措施之原因與影響..........8
     第三目灰色領域措施與GATT規範之衡突..........10
     第二節美國有關汽車業之非關稅貿易措施..........12
     第一目汽車貿易設限措施之演進..........12
     第二目自動設限措施的效果..........18
     第三節美日汽車貿易爭端之解決..........23
     第一目背景分析..........23
     第二目美日汽車貿易摩擦之互動..........27
     第三目WTO爭端解決程序所扮演角色..........28
     第四節歐體有關汽車業之貿易設限措施..........30
     第一目1980年代歐體設限措施..........30
     第二目設限措施對歐體產業之影響(產業面分析)..........40
     第三目1990年代歐體汽車貿易政策整合之影響..........46
     第五節歐體與日本間汽車協議-共識要點..........51
     第一目共識要點簽訂過程..........51
     第二目共識要點之內容..........53
     第三目對歐體-日本共識要點之檢討..........55
     第六節非關稅貿易政策之經濟分析..........57
     第一目一般均衡模型..........57
     第二目部份均衡模型..........59
     第參章原產地規則與自製率規定..........74
     第一節NAFTA之原產地規則..........74
     第一目NAFTA之背景、發展暨演進..........74
     第二目NAFTA原產地規則之目的與分析..........81
     第三目NAFTA有關汽車之原產地規則..........85
     第四目北美汽車產業之影響層面..........90
     第二節歐體之原產地規則..........94
     第一目歐體原產地之基礎規定..........94
     第二目自製率Vs原產地規則97
     第三目原產地規則與特定貿易措施..........98
     第三節與貿易相關之投資措施(TRIMs)..........104
     第一目TRIMs概要說明..........104
     第二目亞洲各國汽車自製率規定..........108
     第三目建議措施..........110
     第肆章進口防衛措施之選擇..........122
     第一節美國進口救濟措施之運用..........123
     第一目防衛條款之演進..........123
     第二目1974年貿易法中之逃避條款..........124
     第三目防禦措施的採行..........126
     第二節歐盟進口救濟措施之運用..........128
     第一目歐盟防衛救款之沿革(288/82號規則)..........128
     第二目目前進口救濟之法源依據(3285/94號規則)..........131
     第三節案例分析(Certain Motor Vehicle案)..........134
     第一目背景介紹..........134
     第二目國內產業之定義..........136
     第三目因果關係..........138
     第伍章國內汽車產業之調整措施..........150
     第一節前言..........150
     第一目GATT之緣起與基本原則..........150
     第二目烏拉圭回合談判解析..........152
     第二節國內現行汽車產業政策及其與GATT基本原則之探討..........154
     第一目現行「汽車工業發展策略」概要..........154
     第二目現行汽車工業各相關措施與GATT基本原則之探討..........157
     第三節國內汽車產業供需及競爭力分析..........159
     第一目供給面分析..........159
     第二目需求面分析..........162
     第三目市場面分析..........162
     第四節加入WTO後對國內汽車產業之影響及業者因應之道..........164
     第一目對國內汽車產業的影響層面..........164
     第二目汽車業者因應調適之道..........170
     第陸章結與建議..........176
     第一節結論..........176
     第二節建議..........178
     附件一NAFTA第403條規定..........181
     附件二之一各國汽車產業之關稅措施..........185
     附件二之二各國汽車產業之非關稅措施..........187
     附件三汽車工業發展策略(核定本)..........190
     參考文獻..........196		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002002755en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 汽車業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非關稅措施zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原產地規則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自製率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 進口防衛措施zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共識要點zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) automobileen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) NTBsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) rules of originen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) local contenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) import reliefen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) consusen_US
dc.title (題名) 進口防衛措施之研究 -以汽車產業為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Import Safeguard Measures - Automobile Industryen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部份
     l.經濟部國貿局，貿易政策能否使美國產業恢復活力， 1987 。
     2 . 經濟部國貿局，關稅暨貿易總協定條文，78 年8 月，2 版(中英對照)。
     3. 經濟部國貿局，烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判協定?防衛協定(中英對照本)。
     4. 經濟部國貿局，烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判協定?與貿易有關之投資措施協定(中英對照本)。
     5 經濟部國貿局，第五次GATT 烏拉圭回合談判研討會會議資料(上)， 83 年5 月。
     6. 日本產業結構審議會， 1992 年度不公平貿易報告書，工業簡訊。
     7. 工商時報，八十四年六月二十九日二版。
     8. 中美日韓歐等國汽車工業發展之比較，八十年度經濟部工業局專案計畫。
     9. 台灣銀行銀季刊， 44 卷， 3 期， 82 , 9 。
     10 邱政宗，美國對外貿易法制體系與體制觀察，載經建會出版經社法制論叢， 10 期， 81 年7 月。
     1 1 .經濟部貿易調查委員會，各國進口救濟制度與我國進口救濟制度之比較研究， 1995 。
     12. 何俊輝，「產業政策的工具運用分析與實例探討?以我國加入GATT 以後汽車工業發展策略之調整為例」，工業簡訊，
     第23 卷， 1993 年1 月。
     13. 玉梅君，「台灣區汽車工業調查報告續篇(四)」，台灣區工業調查報告(164) ，台北銀行經濟研究室編印，民國83 年6月。
     14. 歐嘉瑞，「從市場供需面研析我國加入關稅暨貿易總協定後汽車業之相關因應措施」，台灣銀行季刊，第44 卷第3 期，民國82 年9 月。
     15. 經濟部工業局83 年度專案計畫執行成果報告，「關稅暨貿易總協定之相關規範對我國汽車工業之影響及今後因應措施之研究計畫」，第5 章，氏囡83 年6 月。
     16. 黃紫華，日本汽車產業發展方向，臺彎經濟研究院，83 年3月。
     17. 進口救濟論叢，第7 期， 84 年12 月。
     18. 經濟部工業局82 年度專案計畫執行成果報告，「歐體原產地及自製率規定對我國電子工業之影響」，82 年6 月。
     二、西文部份
     (一)期刊
     1. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmain , " Grey Area Trade Policy and the Rule of Law " ,Journal of World Trade, Vo1.22 no.2 April 1988.
     2. Preusse, Henz Gert, " Voluntary Export Restraints-An
     Effective Means Against a Spread of Neo-Proctionism ?"
     Journal of World Trade, Vo1.25 No.2, April 1991.
     3. Robert E. Scott, " The Effects of Protection on a Domestic Oligopoly: The Case of the U.S. Auto Market" , Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol.16, No.3, 1994.
     4. Cullison, A.E., "Japan Won,t Renew US Car Export Ceiling." Journal of Commerce ,31, Jan. 1985.
     5. Holusha, John. "Rise in Car Exports Confirmed by Japan ", The New York Times, Mar. 29,1985.
     6. Stokes, Bruce. "Protection for a Price ", National Journal, Apr. 4,1992.
     7. Stephen R. Twigge, "International Investment and Production Collaboration Amongst Subcontractors: The Case of the UK Car Industry" ,World Competition, Vol.4, No.3, 1992.
     8. Aaditya Mattoo and Petros C. Mavroidis , " The EC-Japan
     Consensus on Cars: Interaction Between Trade and Competition
     Policy" ,The World Economy, Vol.l8, May, 1995.
     9. Ira Nikelsberg, "The Ability to Use Israel,s Preferential Trade Status With the United States and the European Community to Overcome Potential Trade Barriers" , Geo. Wash. J. Int,1. & Econ ,Vo1.24, 1990.
     10.Alejandro Ogarrio & Leonel P. Castro, "Mexico-United States Relations: Economic Integration and Foreign Investment", Hous. J. Int,l L. ,Vol.12, 1990.
     11. Roundtable discussion " The North American Free Trade
     Agreement: In Whose Best Interest ?" , NW. J. Int,l &
     Bus. ,Vol.12.
     12.Cheryl Schechter & David Brill, " Maquiladoras: Will the
     Program Continue?" ,ST. MARY,s L.J. ,Vo1.23, 1992.
     13. Fre deric P. Cantin and Andreas F. Lowenfe Id , " Rules of Origin , The Canda- U.S. FT A and The Honda Case " , The
     American Society of International Law, Vo1.87, No.3 July.1993.
     14. Max Gates, "Free Trade Talks in Mexico to Work Out Vehicle Pact" ,Automotive News, July 27, 1992.
     15. Lindsay Chappell, " Japanese transplants decry increase in content levels; Costly Changes in Tooling Needed", Automotive News, Aug. 17, 1992.
     16. " NAFT A Negotiations Struggle With Rules of Origin for
     Autos" ,Int,l Trade Rep. , Apr. 29 , 1992 (BNA).
     17. "Canada May Accept U.S. Auto Proposal In N AFT A for 60
     percent Content Rule", Int, I Trade Daily, June 10, 1992, (BNA).
     18. "Japan Seeks Assurance That NAFTA Will Not Affect GATT
     Obligations" ,lnt, I Trade Re!2. , Aug. 19, 1992 (BNA).
     19. " Trade in Auto Parts, Rules of Origin Likely to be Major Issues in NAFTA Talks" , Int,l Trade Rep. , July. 10, 1991 (BNA).
     20 .Keith Bradsher, "North American Trade Talks Focus on Car
     Paris" ,N.Y. Times, Aug. 8, 1992.
     21.Lindsay Chappell, GM Suzuki get break on trade content,
     Automotive News, Sept. 28,1992.
     22.Stephen O. Spinks . Brussels, "EC Rules of Origin: Neutral or Projectionist? in 1992" , The External Impact of European Unification, Part 2 , Vol.3, No.5, May 31, 1991.
     23. Maxwell, " Formulating Rules of Origin for Imported
     Merchandise:Transforming the Substantial Transformation
     Test" ,Geo. Wash. J. Int,l & Econ. , Vo1.23, 1990.
     24. "Commission Action on Rules of Origin Will Affect U.S.Assembled Photocopiers" , lnt,l Trade Rep.(BNA) No.6 ,Feb . 8, 1989.
     25 . "Origin of Photocopiers defined" ,Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH) Vo1.625, Feb. 23,1989.
     26 . "Revised Rules of Origin for Photocopiers Said to be Aimed at Richo,s U.S. Assembly", Int,l Trade Rep. (BNA) No.29, July, 19, 1989.
     27. "Senate Task Force Urges Greater Monitoring, Coordination of 1992 Plans by U.S. Government 11 ,lnt,l Trade Rep. (BNA), No.44 , Nov. 8 , 1989.
     28.Brussels And Paris, " When Made-in-Europe isn,t" , The
     Economist, Oct. 8 ,1988.
     29.Edwin A. Vermulst, " 1992: Rules of Origin as Commercial
     Policy Instruments-Revisited" , Journal of World Trade, 26
     J. W.T. 6, Dec.
     30.Holmer & Bello, "Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 : The Reagan Record" , N.C.J. lnt,l L. & Corn. Reg., Vol.13 ,1988.
     31.Lussenburg, " New EEC Safeguard Measures : Regulation
     288/82" , 16 Case W. Res. J. Int,l L., 1984.
     32.Behney, " Escape Clause Relief in the EEC and the United
     States: Different Approaches to the Dilemma of Adjustment to a New World Trading Environment", N.C.J. Int,l L. & Corn. Reg., Vol.lS, 1990.
     (二)書籍
     1. John H. Jackson , the World Trading System, Cambridge, MA. MITPress, 1992 。
     2. J. Jackson, World Trade and The Law of GATT, § 23.3 0
     3. J. Michael Finger & Audrezej Olechowki , the Uruguay Round, A Handbook on the Multilateral Trade Negotiations, The World Bank, 1987 。
     4. Feenstra, Robert C. "Voluntary Export Restraint in U.S.
     Autos, 1980-1981 : Quality, Employment and Welfare Effects",
     in The Structure and Evolution of Recent U.S. Trade Policy,
     1984.
     5. Robert E. Scott, SHORT-SIGHTED SOLUTIONS: Trade and
     Energy Policies for the U.S. Auto Industry, Garland Pub, Inc. NEW YORK & LONDON, 1994 。
     6. Crandall, Robert W., "The Cost of Protectionism." , Import Quotas and the Automobile Industry, The Brookings Review (Summer) , 1984 。
     7. E.L.M. Volker, Protectionism And The European Community,
     " Import Relief Measures Taken by The European Economic
     Community and the Member States" ,and The Legal Remedies
     Available to Private, ch.3 ,1987
     8. Robert B. Cohen, Trade Policy In 1980 , William, ch.16, "The prospects for Trade and Protectionism in the Auto Industry" ,1984
     9. Bhagwati, Jagdish , " Trade, Growth and the Balance of
     Payment: Essays in Honor of Gottfried HaberleI`." , On the
     equivalence of tariffs and quotas, In Robert E. Baldwin et al. (eds.), , 1965, Chicago: Rand McNally
     10.Emerson, M., Aujean , M., Catinet., M., Goybet, P. and
     Jacquemin, A. The Economics of 1992 , Oxford University Press., 1988
     11. Shibata, H . The Impact of Voluntary Export Restraints on the Exporter`s Economy, " A Theory and the Case of Japanese Automobile Industry" , 1991
     12. Nicholas A Zaimis, 1992: European Practice Library, EC Rules of Origin, Chancery Law Publishing
     13.Jetro, 1993 Report on Unfair Trade Policies by Major Trading Partners, 1993
     14. David Senko, Import Practice, Customs and International Trade Law,2ded.1991
     15. Spair, A. , "Does 1992 Come Before or After 1990 ?" in R. Jones and A . Krueger (eds.) , The Political Economy of Trade Policy, London: Basil Blackwell, 1990 0
     (三)官方出版品
     1. Nogues , J .J.A. Olechosky and L.A. Winters, the Extent of Non-tariff Barriers to imports of Industrial countries, World Bank Staff Working, 1986 0
     2. GATT, Gray Area Measures, MTN. GNG/NG9/W6.
     3. WTO,WT/DS61l,1995,5,22 。
     4. WTO, FOCUS No.3 。
     5. U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1110, Certain Motor Vehicles and Certain Chassis and Bodies Therefor: Report to the President on Inv. No. TA-20-44, 1980.
     6. U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1203, "Automotive Trade
     Statistics 1964-80" ,U.S. Factory Sales, Retail Sales, Imports, Exports, Apparent Consumption. Suggested Retail Prices, and U.S. Bilateral Trade Balances With Eight Major Producing Countries 8 , 1981.
     7. U.S. Int`l Trade Comm`n, Pub. No.1648, "A Review of Recent Developments in the U.S. Automobile Industry Including an Assessment of the Japanese Voluntary Restraint Agreements" , Washington, Feb. 1985.
     8. USITC, Pub. Report No.2063 Washington , D.C. : U.S.
     International Trade Commission , " The U.S. automobile
     Industry: Monthly Report on Selected Economic Indicators" .
     9. U.S Int`1 Trade Comm., Pub. No.2204, "The Effects of Greater Economic Integration Within the European Community on the United States" ,Ch.11 .
     10.U.S. Int`1 Trade Comm`n, Pub. No. 746, "Wrapper Tobacco
     report to The President on Inv. No. TA-201-3" ,1976.
     11.O.J.1975 ,L29/26 。
     12. O.J.1977 ,L242/5 。
     13. O.J.1982 , L35/l 。
     14. O.J.1982, C243/17 。
     15. O.J.1986 ,C213/1。
     16. O.J.1986, C91/3 。
     17. O.J.1986 ,C161/3。
     18. O.J. 1968 ,L148/1 。
     19. O.J.1987 , L256 。
     20. Trade Policy Review of EEC, 1993。
     21.ECR, Case 41/76, Donckerwolcke v. Procureur de la
     Republique, 1976(para. 29) 。
     22.Barker & Mckenzie , Single European Market Reporter, Jan.92 。
     23.Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-618,88 Stat. 1978 (codified at 19 U.S.C. 2101-2487,1982) 。
     24.H.R. Rep. No. 571, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 45,1973 。
     25.Council Regulation (EEC) No.288/82 on common rules for
     imports, Feb. 5, 1982,25 O.J. Eur. Comm. No.L35 , 1982 。
     26.Revenue Canada, Customs and Excise No.4568-6-5/Honda
     (engine) Feb. 27,1992 。
     27.U.S. Customs Service, Memorandum HQ 000160 , Feb. 27,1992．
     28. U.S. Customs Service, Memorandum HQ 089427 , Dec. 9,1991．
     29. United States-Canada free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988, Pub. L. No.100-449, § 202(c)(3),102 Stat. 1851,1988 。
     30.EC Regulation No.3285/94。
     31. Staff of Subcomm. on Trade of the House Comm. On `Nays and Means, 96th Cong., 2D Sess., Auto Situation: 1980。
     32.U.S. Dep`t Of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Highlights of U.S. Exports and Imports, Dec. 1980。
     33.United Shoe Workers v. Bedell, 506 F.2d, (D.C. Cir. 1974) 。
     34.Federal Reserve Bulletin, July. 1980。		zh_TW